考研英語(閱讀)模擬試卷182

一、閱讀(補全短文)(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共

20分。)

TheMostNobleOrderoftheGarterisanEnglishorderofchivalrywithahistory

stretchingbacktomedievallimes;lodayitisEurope'soldestnationalorderofknighthood

incontinuousexistenceandthepinnacleoftheBritishhonorssystem.[Cl]At

anyrate,theOrderwasmostprobablynotconstitutedbefore1346.Theoriginalstatutes

requiredthateachmemberadmittedtotheOrderalreadybeaknight(whatwouldtoday

becalledaknightbachelor),andseveralinitialmembersoftheOrderwerefirstknighted

inthatyear.[C2]TheOrdercanalsoincludecertainextramembers,namely

membersoftheBritishRoyalFamilyandforeignmonarchs,knownas"Supernumerary"

KnightsandLadies.TheSovereignalonegrantsmembershipoftheOrder;thePrime

Ministerdoesnottenderbindingadviceastoappointments,asheorshedoesformost

otherorders.[C3]WhoeverwearstheGartertakesprideinthehonor.The

GaiterisanactualaccessorywornbythemembersoftheOrderduringceremonial

occasions;itisalsodepictedonseveralinsignia.Variouslegendshavebeensetforthto

explaintheoriginoftheOrder.Themostpopularoneinvolvesthe"Countessof

Salisbury'1.ItmayrefertoJoanofKent,theKing'sfuturedaughter-in-law,ortoherthen

mother-in-law,whomEdwardisknowntohaveadmired.Wh:lstshewasdancingwith

(heKing,hergarterissaidtohaveslippedfromherlegto(hefloor.Whenthe

surroundingcourtierssnickered,theKingpickeditupandtiedittohisownleg,

exclaiming"Honisoitquimalypense".TheFrenchmaybelooselytranslatedas"Shame

onhimwhothinksevilofit";ithasbecomethemottooftheOrder.[C4]Most

Britishordersofchivalrycovertheentirekingdom,butthethreemostexaltedoneseach

pertaintooneconstituentnationonly.TheOrderoftheGarter,whichpertainsto

England,ismostseniorinbothageandprecedence.ItsequivalentinScotlandisThe

MostAncientandMostNobleOrderoftheThistle.WhilsttheOrderof(heThistlewas

certainlyinexistencebythesixteenlhcenturyandpossiblyhasmedievalorigins(oreven,

accordingtomorefancifullegends,dalestotheeighthcentury),thefoundationofthe

institutioninitsmodernformdatesonlyto1687.[C5][A]ThcChapelofthe

OrderisSt.George'sChapel,Windsor,locatedintheLowerWardofWindsorCastle.It

wasfoundedfortheOrderin1475.TheorderonceheldfrequentservicesattheChapek

buttheybecamerareintheeighteenthcentury.Discontinuedafter1805,theceremony

wasrevivedbyGeorgeVIin1948andithasbecomeanannualevent.[B]In1783anIrish

equivalent,TheMostIllustriousOrderofSt.Patrick,wasfounded,butsincethe

independenceofthegreaterpartofIrelandtheOrderhasfallendormant.Its"last

survivingknightdiedin1974.[C]ThehonorssystemoftheUnitedKingdomisameans

ofrewardingpersonalbravery,achievememorservicetothecountry.Thesystemis

madeupofthreetypesofaward:honors,decorationsandmedals.[D]Itsmembershipis

extremelylimited,consistingoftheSovereignandnotmore(hantwenty-fivefull

members,orCompanions.MalemembersareknownasKnightsCompanions,whilst

femalemembersarcknownasLadiesCompanions,notDames,asinmostotherBritish

chivalricorders.[E]ThcOrderwasfoundedcirca1348byEdwardIIIas"asociety,

fellowshipandcollegeofknights".Variousmoreprecisedatesrangingfrom1344to

1351havebeenproposed.ThewardrobeaccountofEdwardIIIfirstshowsGarterhabits

issuedin(heautumnof1348.[F|Asthenamesuggests,theOrder'sprimaryemblemisa

garterbearing(hemotto"Honisoilquimalypense",whichmeans"shameonhimwho

(hinksevilofit"ingoldletters.[G1Accordingtoanothermyth,RichardI,whilstfighting

intheCrusades,wasinspiredbySt.Georgetotiegartersaroundthelegsofhisknights;

EdwardIIIsupposedlyrecalledtheevent,whichledtovictory,whenhefoundedthe

Order.

1、(Cl)

標準答案：E

知識點解析：從下文可以推測出此處是在講述嘉德勛位創(chuàng)立的時間。據(jù)說，是愛德

華三世于1348年左右首創(chuàng)，其初衷是為了團結(jié)身邊的騎士，共建友愛社會。有人

把時間更準確地推算到1344到1351年之間。依據(jù)王室衣柜檔案記載，頒發(fā)勛位的

禮儀始于1348年秋季。

2、[C2]

標準答案：D

知識點解析：此項說明勛位獲得者的數(shù)量有嚴格限制。包括君主本人，總共不超過

25位。男性獲得者被稱為守護騎士。在對女性獲得者的稱呼上，嘉德勛位和大多

數(shù)的英國騎士勛位有所不同，前者稱守護夫人，后者稱女爵士。

3、[C3]

標準答案：F

知識點解析：參看下文可知此處應(yīng)該介紹勛位授予典禮上特別的儀式。最重要的徽

章是一只襪帶，上面鑲有“存小人之心者可恥”的金質(zhì)字樣。

4、[C4]

標準答案：G

知識點解析：此項是有關(guān)勛章的另外一種說法。據(jù)傳，理查德一世在參加十字軍東

征時，曾受圣?喬治的啟發(fā)，將藍色襪帶綁在騎士的腿上苻勇廝殺，終于獲得勝

利。愛德華三世創(chuàng)立嘉德勛章時大概想到了這一點。

5、[C5]

標準答案：B

知識點解析：前段介紹了英格蘭和蘇格蘭所獨有的勛位，接下來自然要介紹愛爾蘭

的圣帕特里克勛位。后者的歷史最短，于1783年確立。囁爾蘭獨立后，這一勛位

便被擱置起來(fallendormant),最后一位受封的騎士卒于1974年。

Wemightmarvelattheprogressmadeineveryfieldofstudy,butthemethodsoftesting

aperson'sknowledgeandabilityremainasprimitiveasevertheywere.Itreallyis

extraordinarythatafteralltheseyears,educationistshavestillfailediodeviseanything

moreefficientandreliable(hanexaminations.[Cl]Asanxietymakers,

examinationsaresecondtonone.Thatisbecausesomuchdependsonthem.Theyare(he

markofsuccessorfailureinoursociety.Yourwholefuturemaybedecidedinone

fatefulday.Itdoesn'tmatterthatyouweren'tfeelingverywell,orthatyourmotherdied.

Littlethingslikethatdon'tcount:theexamgoeson.Noonecangiveofhisbestwhenhe

isinnormalterror,orafterasleeplessnight,yetthisispreciselywhattheexamination

systemexpectshim(odo.[C2]Canwewonderat(heincreasingnumberof

"dropouts":youngpeoplewhoarewritlenoffasutterfailuresbeforetheyhaveeven

embarkedonacareer?Canwcbesurprisedatthesuiciderateamongstudents?[C3]

Theexaminationsystemdocsanythingbutthat.Whalhastohelearntisrigidly

laiddownbyasyllabus,sothestudentisencouragedtomemorize.Examinationsdonot

motivateastudenttoreadwidely,buttorestricthisreading;theydonotenablehimto

seekmoreandmoreknowledge,butinducecramming.Examinationslowerthestandards

ofteaching,fortheydeprivetheteacherofallfreedom.[C4]Theresultson

whichsomuchdependsarcoftennothingmorethanasubjectiveassessmentbysome

anonymousexaminer.Examinersareonlyhuman.[C5]Theremustsurelybe

manysimplerandmoreeffectivewaysofassessingaperson'strueabilities.Isitcynical

tosuggestthatexaminationsaremerelyaprofitablebusinessfortheinstitutionsthatrun

them?Thisiswhatitboilsdowntointhelastanalysis.Thebestcommentonthesystem

isthisilliteratemessagerecentlyscrawledonawall:"IwereateenagedropoutandnowI

arcateenagemillionaire."[A]Tcachcrsneverunderstandthatwcmaygetsick,

oversleep,gethangovers,havefamilyproblems,havehaddays,andbreakupwith

significantothers.Theyareonlyconcernedaboutthemarks.[BJTeachersthemselvesare

oftenjudgedbyexaminationresultsandinsteadofteachingtheirsubjects,theyare

reducedtotrainingtheirstudentsinexamtechniqueswhichtheydespise.[CJTheyget

tiredandhungry;theymakemistakes.Yettheyhavetomarkstacksofhastilyscrawled

scriptsinalimitedamountoftime.Theyworkunderthesamesortofpressureasthe

candidates.Andtheirwordcarriesweight.Afterajudge'sdecisionyouhavetherightof

appeal,butnolafteranexaminer's.[D|Insomecountries,theworkloadisexcruciatingly

heavy.Themomentachildbeginsschool,heentersaworldofviciouscompetitionwhere

successandfailureareclearlydefinedandmeasured.[E]Althoughmanypeoplecomplain

abouttheharmincurredbyexams.Butcanwemakesurethatthestudentscanstudywell

afterwedoawaywithexams?Bynomeans,studentsaretooyoungtorealizethe

importanceoflearning.Examsshouldbereservedforstudentsfortheyneverfailto

encouragethemtomakefurthereffort.[F]Agoodeducationshould,amongotherthings,

trainyoutothinkforyourself.[G]Forallthepiousclaimthatexaminationstestwhatyou

know,itiscommonknowledgethattheymoreoftendotheexactopposite.Theymaybe

agoodmeansoftestingmemory,buttheycantellyounothingaboutaperson'strue

abilityandaptitude.

6、[Cl]

標準答案：G

知識點解析：此項緊接上文，批判考試制度達不到檢驗學(xué)生成績好壞的初衷。盡管

教育學(xué)家們虔誠地聲稱考試測試的是學(xué)生的知識，可眾所周知的是考試效果常常適

increasinglyusedinobstetricsandhasbeenfoundtoreducemorningsicknessandease

labor.[C3]Atherapistwilltypicallyaskyou(ositorlieonatreatmentcouch.

Youmayremainfullyclothedorbeaskedtoremoveoutergarments.Heorshewillthen

feel12pulses—includingoneforeachinternalorgan—alongtheradialarteryonthe

outsideofeachwrist.Theabdomenandcertainacupuncturepointsmayalsobechecked

fortendernessorpain.[C4]Acupuncturepointswillthenbeselectedfor

(reatmenlandneedlesinserted,eitherbyhandorthroughaguidetube.Thisshouldbe

quickandpainless.Somepeoplefeelamiklsensationastheneedlesareinserted,butthis

usuallypassesquickly.Theneedlesaresmallandfine.Theyareusuallymadeofstainless

steel,althoughoccasionallythey'regoldandsilver.They'resterilizedtopreventanyrisk

ofinfectionandmostaredisposableTheneedlesusedvaryinlengthand(hickness

accordingtothebodypartandthetypeofacupunctureperformed.[C5]Other

therapiessuchasrnoxaandcuppingmaybeusedalongsideacupuncture.Moxausesa

burning,aromaticherbtowarmtheskin.Cuppinginvolvesplacingmetalorglasssuction

cupsoncoldorpainfulpartsofthebodytoincreasecirculation.|A]InChinese

philosophy,Qiisanenergyforce(hatrunsthroughout(hebody.Inaddition.Qiisalso

prevalentthroughoutnatureaswell.Qiiscomprisedoftwoparts,YinandYang.Yinand

Yangareoppositeforces,thatwhenbalanced,worktogether.Anyupsetinthebalance

willresultinnaturalcalamities,innature;anddiseaseinhumans.[B]Someresearchers

believetheresultingchangesinenergycanbemeasuredwithtechniquessuchasKirlian

photography,whichissaidtotakepicturesofenergyfields,butmoreproofisneeded.

[C]AninialacupuncturehasbeenusedinChinasince2000B.C.,butonlyhasbecome

popularinllicU.S.overthepast50years.[D]Asfewasoneortwoormorethan20

needlesmaybeusedintreatmentandtheyarcusuallyleftinfor15to30minutes.A

courseoftentreatmentsatweeklyintervalsiscommon.[EJIntotal,theWorldHealth

Organizationrecognizesmorethan100conditionsthatcanbehelpedbyacupuncture.

(F|Next,thecolor,shapeandcoatingofthetongue,faceandskinarecheckedforsigns

indicatingthoseinternalorgans(hathaveproblems.Thesoundofyourvoice,yourbreath

andanybodyodorswillbenotedandquestionsasked(oconfirmthediagnosis.[GJThere

aremanyacupointsalongeachmeridian.Insertingneedlesatthesepointsissaidtohelp

regulatethefunctionoftherelatedorganbyhelpingtheflowofenergy.Therearemore

than300acupointsonthebody.

11、[Cl]

標準答案：G

知識點解析：此處緊接上文。在每根經(jīng)絡(luò)上，都有很多穴位(acupoim)。亳針刺進

穴位時會打通經(jīng)脈，恢發(fā)器官功能。人體總共有300多個穴位。

12、[C2]

標準答案：B

知識點解析：此項緊接上文，針灸治療效果明顯，在體內(nèi)引起的變化可以用基爾良

攝影術(shù)(Kirlianphotography)進行測定，盡管這種說法目前還欠證據(jù)。

13、[C3]

標準答案：E

知識點解析：此處緊接上文，用具體數(shù)字印證針灸的神奇功效。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)

計，針灸可改善一百多種癥狀。

14、[C4]

標準答案：F

知識點解析：下文介紹診治的方法。在診斷前，中醫(yī)自然少不了“望聞問切”，即把

脈、察看病人的眼耳舌臉、詢問病情等。

15、[C5]

標準答案：D

知識點解析：此項緊接上文，針灸的過程中，刺針的數(shù)F從一根到一十多根不等，

15到30分鐘后即可拔出。通常一個療程為10次，隔周治療。

Biologicaldiversity-orbiodiversity—is(hetermgiventototalvarietyandcomplexity

andinteractionsofalllifeonEarth.Thebiodiversityweseetodayistheresultofbillions

ofyearsofevolution,shapedbynaturalprocessesand.increasingly,bytheinfluenceof

humans.Itformstheweboflifeofwhichweareanintegralpartanduponwhichweso

fullydepend.[Cl]Inthelast50yearswehavelost300,000species.Species

aredisappearingbetweenI(KJand1,000timesasfastastheywerebeforehumans

arrived.Oneinfourmammalspeciesandoneineightbirdspeciesfaceahighriskof

extinctionin(henearfutureandthepopulationofeachspeciesisexpectedtofallbyat

leastafifthinthenext10years.[C2]Thereareanumberoffactorsthat

threatenbiodiversityandthevastmajorityofthemareattributabletohumanactivity.

Thereislessandlesswildernessintheworld.Anincreasinghumanpopulationistaking

upevermorelandforagricuhureandaccommodation.Afterhabitatloss,thebiggest

threattobiodiversityisinvasionbynon-nativespecies.Thesenon-nativespecieshave

arrivedmainlythroughtradeandtourism.[C3]Anotherthreatcomesfromthe

illegaltradeinwildanimalsandplants.Accordingtosomeauthoritativesources,the

internationalillegaltradeinwildlifeisworthanestimated￡5billionayear.Itissecond

onlytothenarcoticstrade.Accordingtotheirresearch,some500millionanimalsand

plantsaretradedacrossborderseachyear,aquarterofthemillegally.Giventhefactthat

tradeinwildanimalsandplantscrossesbordersbetweencountriessointernational

cooperationisneededtosafeguardcertainspeciesfromover-exploitation.CITEShelps

coordinatethiseffort.CITESortheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangered

SpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraisaninternationalagreementbetweengovernments.Its

aimistoensurethatinternationaltradeinspecimensofwildanimalsandplantsdoesnot

threatentheirsurvival.[C4]Otherthreattobiodiversityincludethepettrade.

Itisestimatedthatnineoutoftenparrotsimportedforthepettradecomefromthewild.

Inaddition,disease,hunting,pestcontrol,pollution,humaneatingandthekeepingof

domesticanimals.Thegoodnewsisthatpeoplehaverealizedtheseriousconsequences

resultingfrominappropriatehumanactivity.[C5][A]Invertebratesaren't

faringsobadly-onlyaround0.1percentofthe1.6millionknownspeciesarethought

tobethreatened—butit'spossiblethatmanyundiscoveredspecieswilldieoutbeforewe

evenknowoftheirexistence.[BJThcWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthatmore

than60percentoftheworld'spopulationrelicsonplantsforprimaryhealthcare.There

are3,000plantspeciesusedinbirthcontrolalone.Withgreatdemandformedicine,

manyherbs,someofwhicharerareplants,havebeenkilledout.[C]Worldleadershave

agreed