22.主題閱讀-自然地理知識積累知識積累在有關自然地理閱讀材料中，我們通常會遇到描述地球各個自然景觀、氣候特點、地理現象以及它們對人類生活影響的文章。這類閱讀不僅要求我們掌握一定的詞匯和語法，還需要我們具備理解和分析地理信息的能力。文章往往會通過生動的描述和具體的例子，讓我們感受到大自然的奇妙和地理知識的實用性。在閱讀過程中，我們需要注意文章中的細節描述，如地理位置、氣候特征、地形地貌等，同時也要理解文章所傳達的深層含義，比如人類與自然的關系、環境保護的重要性等。主題相關核心詞匯??geography?地理學??continent?大陸??ocean?海洋??mountain?山??river?河流??lake?湖泊??desert?沙漠??forest?森林??valley?山谷??glacier?冰川??plateau?高原??island?島嶼??peninsula?半島??volcano?火山??earth?地球??sky?天空??star?星，恒星??sun?太陽??moon?月球，月亮??cave?洞穴??cliff?懸崖??swamp?沼澤??waterfall?瀑布??tundra?苔原??archipelago?群島??equator?赤道??longitude?經度??latitude?緯度??erosion?侵蝕??delta?三角洲??canyon?峽谷??tsunami?海嘯??drought?干旱??rainforest?雨林??savanna?熱帶草原??coralreef?珊瑚礁??estuary?河口?相關形容詞??自然的?natural??晴朗的?clear/sunny??多云的?cloudy??有風的?windy??多雨的?rainy??下雪的?snowy??暴風雨的?stormy??有霧的?foggy??溫暖的?warm??熱的?hot??涼爽的?cool??冷的?cold??干燥的?dry??濕的?wet?突破練習突破練習1ManyCanadiankidswokeuptothesmellofwildfiresmokelastsummer.Somearewondering:Isitdangerous?HowcanIprotectmyself?CBCKidsNewstalkedtotwochildren’slung(肺)experts,TomKovesiandDanHughes,tofindouthowkidscanstaysafe.Iswildfiresmokedangerous?Formostpeople,theeffectofwildfiresmokeisonlyshort-term.Effects(影響)canincludeirritation(刺激)oftheeyes,noseandthroat;coughingandshortnessofbreath.Theywillgetworsethemoretimeyouspendoutdoors,especiallyifyou’reactiveoutside—doingsportsandotherexercise.Ispendmysummersaroundacampfire.▲Thedifferencebetweencampfiresmokeandwildfiresmokeisthatwildfiresmokeishardertoavoid,Hughessaid.“Whenyou’recamping,youtypicallydon’tstayinfrontofafirefortoolong,”hesaid.“Andifit’sreallysmoky,you’dprobablysitupwindfromthesmokeortakeabreak.”Wildfiresmoke,ontheotherhand,iseverywhere.Therefore,theeffectscanbemorelong-termanddangerous.Thekeytostayingsafe?Stayinside.BothKovesiandHughesagreethatthebestthingforkidstodoisstayinsidewhenwildfiresmokeisintheair.“It’sespeciallyimportantforkidswhoaresuperactivetostopthoseactivities.Thisisnotthetimetogojogging,playsoccerandothersports,”Hughessaid.“Thoseactivitiesrequireyoutobreatheharderanddeeper,whichgivesyouagreaterexposure(暴露)tothesmokeandtheparticles(微粒)thesmokecarries.”Otherstepsyoucantake.It’sbesttocloseyourwindowsanddoorswheninside.Youcanalsouseanairconditioner(空調),ifyouhaveone,tofilter(過濾)theairmore.Kovesisaidthatmaskscanalsohelplowertheriskalittle,particularlyN95masks.Buttheyneedtobeworncorrectly.1．What’sthepurposeofParagraph1?A．Togiveanexample. B．Toleadintothetopic.C．Todescribeastory. D．Toaskaquestion.2．Wildfiresmokecanmakepeople________.A．dieyoung B．besuperactive C．stopcoughing D．feelbreathless3．Whichsentenceshouldbeputintothe________?A．Whereiscampfiresmokefrom? B．Howisitdifferentfromwildfiresmoke?C．Whatcauseswildfiresmoke? D．Howcanwestopthem?4．Whichofthefollowingcanwedotostaysafefromwildfiresmoke?A．ac B．ad C．bc D．cd5．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Howcankidsstaysafewhenthereiswildfiresmoke?B．Whatarethedifferencesbetweencampfiresmokeandwildfiresmoke?C．Whateffectsmaythewildfiresmokecause?D．Whatsportscanwedowhenwildfirehappens?2Weshouldallhaveatleastonefireextinguisher(滅火器)somewhereinourhouseorofficebuilding.However,it'snotenoughtosimplykeepanextinguishersomewhere.Thebestwaytobereadyforasuddenfireistostudythisguidecarefullyandreviewitfromtimetotime.{1}Haveaclearexitroute(疏散路線)Beforeusingthefireextinguisher,makesureyouhaveaclearexitroute.Ifyoucannotputoutthefire,youwillneedtomakeasafeexit.Also,makesureeveryoneelseisout.{2}ReportthefireEvenifthefireappearsmanageable,youshouldalwayshavethefiremenontheway.Oncetheyarrive,theycandouble-checktoseeifthefirehasbeencompletelyputout.{3}StandbackFacethefireandkeepyourbacktotheclearexit.Youshouldstaybetween1.8and2.5.metersawayfromtheflames(火焰)asyoupreparetousethefireextinguisher.{4}UsetheextinguisherItcanbedifficulttothinkclearlyduringafire.Onemethodtohelpyourememberhowtouseanextinguisheristoremember“PASS”:?P-Pull:Pullthepinonthefireextinguisher.

?A-Aim(瞄準):Aimlow.Pointthenozzleatthebottomofthefire.?S-Squeeze:Squeeze(擠壓)thehandletoletouttheextinguishingchemicals.?S-Sweep:Sweepthenozzlefromsidetosideuntilthefireisputout.{5}_________Afterthefireappearstobeout,continuetowatchthefireareatomakesureitdoesn’tstartburningagain.Ifthefiredoesstartupagain,repeatthe“PASS”.{6}GottoasafeplaceOncethefireisout,orifyouareunabletoputitout,findaplaceoutofreachofthefire.1．Whatisthetextabout?A．Howtopreventabigfire. B．Howtouseanextinguisher.C．Howtokeepanextinguisher. D．Howtodealwithasuddenfire.2．Whyisafiremanneededevenifthefireisundercontrol?A．Toteachusefulmethods. B．Tomakesurethefireisout.C．Tofindthemissingpeople. D．Tohelpleavethedangerousplace.3．Whichorderofthepicturesdescribes“PASS”?A．②①④③ B．⑧②④① C．②④③① D．③①④②4．Whichisthemostproperfor_________?A．Keepaneyeonthings B．LookforasafeplacetogoC．Checkthelossinthefire D．Improvethe“PASS”process5．Inwhichtheme(主題)activityofaschoolcanthetextbeused?A．Abetterself. B．Safetywithme. C．Youngscientists. D．Home,sweethome3Fromredapplesandyellowlemonstoblueberriesandgreenmelons,fruitcomesinmanydifferentcolors.Whydodifferentkindsoffruithavesomanycolors?Fruitcolorsactuallycomefromtheirdifferentpigments(色素),suchasredoryellowcarotenoid(類胡蘿卜素)andblueorpurpleanthocyanin(花青素).Thesepigmentsappearindifferentnumbers,dependingonthefruit’senvironment.Thiscausesthefruittoturnacertaincolor.Tofindouthowenvironmentaffectsfruitcolors,Chinesescientistsstudiedmorethan280differentfruitcolors,includingwhite,red,blue,purpleandblack.Theyfoundthatredfruittends(傾向)togrowincoolerplaces.Andinsteadofjustgrowinginoneplace,youcanfindthemgrowinginmanyplacesaroundtheworld.Blueandpurplefruitmostlygrowsinwarmerplaces.Thesefruitstendtogrowalotinjustonespecialarea.Thescientistsalsofoundthatthecloserthefruitistotheequator(赤道),thedarkeritscolorwillbe.Animalshavealsohadaninfluenceontheevolutionoffruitcolors.Animalseatfruitanddroptheseeds(種子)inotherplaceslater.Thishelpsthefruitspreadandgrowindifferentplaces.Therefore,inordertoattractanimals,somefruitdevelopcolorsthatareeasyforanimalstosee.However,animalsseecolorsinadifferentway.Fruitneedstodevelopcolorsthataresuitedtoanimals’seeingabilities.Forexample,birdscanseeredmoreeasilythanhumanscan.Therefore,theretendstobemoreredfruitinareaswherebirdslive.Thelemurs(狐猴)ofMadagascararered-greencolor-blind.Manyyellowfruitcanbefoundintheirlivingareas,astheycaneasilyseethiscolor.1．Accordingtoparagraph1,fruitcolorsdependon________.A．redcarotenoid B．blueanthocyaninC．theirnumbers D．theirenvironment2．Youaremorelikelytofindblueandpurplefruitin________places.A．cooler B．warmer C．higher D．lower3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“evolution”inparagraph3probablymeaninChinese?A．特性 B．辨識 C．演變 D．參數4．Somefruitdevelopcertaincolorsto________.A．frightenanimalsaway B．getmoresunlightC．attractanimalstoeatthem D．protectthemselves5．Whatdoweknowfromthetext?A．Darkfruitenjoysgrowingclosetotheequator.B．Greenfruitisfondofgrowingincoolplaces.C．Humanscanseeredmoreeasilythanbirds.D．Lemursarecolor-blindandcan’tseeanycolors.4Tomatoesarered,theskyisblue,andbananasareyellow,right?Well,notexactly—colordoesnotreallyexist(存在).Whatexistsislight.Lightisreal,butcolorisnot.Itisourbrainthatcreatescolor.We’retoldtotrustoureyes,butoureyeshavelittletodowithvision(視覺).Weseemuchmorewithourbrains.Yousometimesseedifferentcolorsbecauseyourbrainthinkstheyhaveadifferentmeaning.Thebraindoesthisbylookingatwhat’saroundtheobject.Hereisanexample.Ifyouseeapersonwearingawhiteshirtagainstdifferentbackgrounds,yourbrainmightexpressthesamewhitecolordifferently.Supposethispersonstandsinfrontofabrightyellowbackground,yourbrainmightthinkthewhiteshirtismorelikegray.Ifthepersonmovestoadarkbluebackground,thesamewhiteshirtmightappearclosertoabrightercolor.Coloriscreatedaccordingtoourpastexperiences,andsometimesthereareopticalillusions(視錯覺).Thatisbecauseyourbrainincludestherecenthistoryofwhatyousaw,atleastforabrieftime.Butifyouwatchthethingforalongertime,yourbrainmayforgettherecenthistoryandseetherealcolor.Thisraisesthequestion:DoyouseewhatIsee?Theanswer,inshort,isno.Ourpastandpresentexperiencesaredifferent.Noneofusevenseestheworldasitreallyis,butasameaningthatcomesfromourownexperiences.It’sclearthatseeingisnotalwaysbelieving.1．Whatisrealaccordingtothewriter?A．Light. B．Mind. C．Meaning. D．Color.2．WhydoesthewritergiveanexampleinParagraph2?A．Tomakethetextlonger. B．Tomakeacomparison.C．Tosupporttheidea. D．Toshowaproblem.3．WhatdoesParagraph3mainlytellus?A．Colorisinfluencedbythebackgroundofanobject.B．Colorcomesfromourpastexperiences.C．Colorischangingallthetime.D．Whiteisthelightestcolor.4．Whichwordisclosetotheunderlinedword“brief”?A．Hard. B．Simple. C．Quick. D．Short.5．Whichcanbeapropertitleforthetext?A．DoesColorStaytheSame? B．IsSeeingReallyBelieving?C．DoYouSeeWhatISee? D．IsColoraRecentHistory?5Thenaturalworldisfullofcolors,seeninhumans,plants,andanimals.Humanskincomesindifferentshades(色塊),whichisinfluencedbysunlight,emotions,andhealth.Whenwefeelstrongemotionslikeangerorexcitement,ourskincanturnredasaresultofincreasedbloodflowtotheface.Therefore,peopleoftensay“seeingred”whensomeoneisangry.Plantsalsousecolorstosurvive.Flowershavebrightcolorstoattractinsectslikebees,whichhelpwithpollination(授粉)bymovingpollenfromoneflowertoanother.Beescanseecolorswecan’t,sothey’reattractedtothesebrightflowers,whichisimportantfortheplants’reproduction.Withoutbees,manyplantswouldstruggletosurvive.Animalsalsousecolorsforsurvival.Somechangetheirfurorskincolorstoblendinwiththeirsurroundingsandavoidbeingseenbypredators(捕食者).Forexample,thesnowshoeharechangesitsfurfrombrowninthesummertowhiteinthewintertomatchthesnow.Othersusebrightcolorstowarnpredatorstostayaway.Insummary,colorsplaymanyrolesinthenaturalworld.Theycontributetothebeautyofourplanetandarehelpfulforlifetothrive.Fromthedifferenttonesofhumanskintothebrightcolorsofflowersandthepretendingstrategyofanimals,theroleofcolorinnatureisfascinatingandimportant.1．WhichisNOTthecausetochangehumanskincoloraccordingtothepassage?A．Sunlightexposure. B．Emotionalintensity.C．Healthconditions. D．Facialexpressions.2．Whydoflowershavebrightcolorsasmentionedinthepassage?A．Tomakethemeasiertomove. B．Toattractinsectsforpollination.C．Toprotectthemfrompredators. D．Tokeepthemwarmincolddays.3．Howdosomeanimalsusecolorsasasurvivalstrategyaccordingtothepassage?A．Bychangingcolorstomatchwithpredators.B．Byusingbrightcolorstoattractsomemates.C．Byusingcolorstokeepawayfrompredators.D．Bychangingcolorstoshowdifferentfeelings.4．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A．Natureisbeautifulbecauseofitscolors.B．Flowersneedinsectstosurvivewell.C．Animalschangecolorstoavoidpredators.D．Colorsserveimportantfunctionsinnature.5．Howistheinformationorganizedinthispassage?A．Bylistingexamplesofcolorsinsomedangeroussituations.B．Bydiscussingthehistoryofcolorsdevelopmentinhumans.C．Bycomparingthecolorsofplants,animals,andhumans.D．Byshowingdifferentrolesofcolorsinthenaturalworld.6Differentcountrieshavedifferentlanguagesandcultures.Inthisarticle,I’llsimplyintroducethemeaningoftwocolorsbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.InChineseculture,redusuallyrepresents(代表)somethinggood.Thebrideandgroom(新娘和新郎)usuallywearredclothesattheirwedding,becausetheybelieveitwillbringhappinesstothem.ButinWesterncountries,redisthecolorofforceanditusuallyrepresentsastrongfeeling.Wearingredcanmakeiteasiertotakeaction.Sowhenyouhavedifficultymakingadecision,justwearred.Anothercolorisgreen.InChina,greenusuallyrepresentsanewlife,whichhasthesameculturewithWesterncountries.However,greenisalsothecolorofenvy(嫉妒)inWesterncountries.Sopeoplemaydescribesomeoneis“greenwithenvy”.Inaword,itcanbesaidthatcolorwordscarrydifferentcultures.LearningthedifferenceofcolormeaningsbetweenChinaandWesterncountriescannotonlyhelpustoknowaboutourculturesbetter,butalsoopenoureyes.Andit’salsointerestingtoknowabouttheculturaldifferencesbetweencountries.1．Whichtwocolorsarementionedinthepassage?A．Redandblack. B．Greenandred. C．Greenandpink. D．Redandpink.2．WhydothebrideandgroomusuallywearredclothesinChina?A．Tomakeadecision. B．Totakeactioneasily.C．Togethappiness. D．Toshowastrongfeeling.3．WhatdoesgreenrepresentbothinChineseandWesternculture?A．Strongenvy. B．Anaction. C．Anewlife. D．Specialfeeling.4．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“greenwithenvy”mostprobablymean?A．眼紅的 B．后悔的 C．開心的 D．自豪的5．What’sthewriter’spurposeaccordingtothetext?A．Tointroducedifferentpeople. B．Tointroducemodernlanguages.C．Tointroduceculturaldifferences. D．Tointroducemeaninglesscolors.7Youhavejustfinishedeatinganapplewhileonacamp.Therearen’tanyrubbishbinsaround;whatdoyoudowiththeapplecore(核)?Ifyouanswered“throwitinthegrass”becauseyouthoughtfruitwouldnothaveabadinfluenceonnature,youarewrong.Accordingtothescientists,decomposition(分解)offruitlittertakesmuchlongertimethanyouimagine.Someofthese“natural”foodcantakeyearstodecomposedependingontheenvironmenttheyarein!Whenanimalsstarttogettheirfoodfrompeople,theymaystoplookingfortheirownfoodinnature.Thisisverydangerousbecauseanimalsneeddifferentfoodstostayhealthy.Foodwastealsodrawsanimalstogotoareaswheretherearealotofpeople.Andwhenfoodisthrownoutofacarwindow,animalsmaydevelopthehabitofsearchingroadsidesforfood,whichincreasesthechancesoftheirbeinghitbyacar.Infact,apples,bananasandorangesarenotfromwildforests.Iftheyareeatenbywildanimals,theywillprobablycausetheanimalstogetsick.Seeds(種子)ofthesefruitorvegetablesthatenduponthegroundcouldgrowintoanexoticplantthere.It’snotgoodtothelocalenvironment.Andthen,ofcourse,nobodywantstoseesomebodyelse’sfruitlitter,whichhasalreadygonebad,whileenjoyingthebeautifuloutdoors.So,nolitterissafelitter,notevenanapplecore.1．Howdoesthewriterstartthetext?A．Bycollectingreaders’answers. B．Bydescribingasituationinlife.C．Byencouragingpeopletoprotectnature. D．Byexplaininghowtodealwithfruitlitter.2．Whatinfluencewouldthrowingfoodwastehaveonanimals?A．Itprovidesdifferentfoodsforthem.B．Itpreventsthemfromdyingofhunger.C．Itmakesthemdependonhumanstoomuch.D．Itmakesthemdeveloptheabilitytoliveinnature.3．Theunderlinedword“exotic”inParagraph4means“________”.A．foreign B．beautiful C．bad D．strong4．What’sthepurposeofthepassage?A．Toadviseusnottoeatwhilecamping.B．Toaskustoprotectthewildanimals.C．Toexplainhowfoodwasteisdecomposed.D．Tocallonpeoplenottolitterfoodwaste.5．Thispassageismainlyabout________.A．HEALTH B．ENVIRONMENT C．SPORTS D．PEOPLE8Whenanewcellphonestartstobesoldinstores,manypeoplerushouttobuyone.Weallwantthenewest,latestthing.Butwhatshouldwedowithouroldcellphones?MikeTownsendworksatTotalRecall,acellphonerecyclingcompany.“Don’tthrowyouroldphoneaway.Sendittousandwe’llrecycleit,”hesays.“Ifyouthrowitaway,itgoeswithotherrubbishtobecomelandfill.Inotherwords,itisputinabigholeintheground—anditbecomesabigproblem.”Cellphonescontainsometoxicmaterials(有毒物質),likelead,mercuryandcadmium.Ifyourphonegoestoalandfill,thesetoxicmaterialscangetoutandgetintothewaterundertheground.That’sthewaterwewanttothinkorthewaterthatgoesintoriversortheocean.Millionsofcellphonesarethrownawayeveryyear.“AtTotalRecall,wetaketheoldphonesapart.Mostofthematerialsinacellphonecanberecycledandusedagain,”explainsMike.“Wesellthepartsandtheyareusedtomakenewproducts.Forexample,phonebatteriescontainnickelandcadmium(鎳幣和鎘).Thenickelisusedtomakesteel,andthecadmiumcanbeusedtomakenewbatteries.Theplasticcasesofthephonesaremadeintoplasticfenceposts(圍欄柱子).”Mikesaysrecyclingyouroldphoneiseasy.“Youcanusuallytakeitintoacellphoneshopandthey’llsendittous.”So,beforeyouthrowyouroldcellphoneaway,useitonelasttime:searchforacellphonerecyclingcompanynearyouandgivethemacall.1．WhatkindofcompanyisTotalRecall?A．sellsnewcellphones B．recyclesoldcellphonesC．repairsoldcellphones D．producesnewcellphones2．What’sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“landfill”?A．anareaoflandwherealargeamountofrubbishareburiedB．anareaoflandthatishigherthanthelandarounditC．somethingusedforfillingholesandseemsasalandD．somethingaddedtosoiltomakeplantsgrowfastandtall3．Whatwillhappeniftheoldcellphonesgotoalandfill?A．Theywillmakeabigholeinthegroundandcauseabigproblem.B．Acellphonecompanywillreuseandsellthemagain.C．Theywillbeusedtomakenewproductsinashorttime.D．Toxicmaterialswillcomeoutandgetintothewaterundertheground.4．Whichkindofthematerialscannotberecycledinphonebatteries?A．Cadmium. B．Mercury. C．Plasticcases. D．Nickel.5．Tonyhasanoldphone,whichofthefollowingistherightwaytodealwiththeoldcellphone?①breaktheoldphoneintopieces

②takeitintoacellphoneshop③throwitwithotherrubbish

④callforacellphonerecyclingcompanyA．①② B．②③ C．①④ D．②④9AIislikegivingsuperpowertocomputers.Ithelpsthemtolearnthingsanddotasksthatpeopleusuallydo.Accordingtoscientists,AIcouldbeusedtotelltheweathermorequicklyandcorrectlythantraditionalmethods.Thetraditionalwaytotelltheweatherisbycollectingdataonwhatishappeningintheair.Thedatamaycomefromplaceslikeweathersatellites,planesandsoon.Thenthedataissenttosupercomputersforweatherreports.Althoughsupercomputersarepowerful,itcantakemanyhourstoproduceresults.AImodelshavebeendevelopedtoquicklytellfutureweather.Theycantelltheweatherbyusingtwosetsofdata:theweatheratpresentandtheweatherfromsixhoursago.AImodelsareveryhelpful.Theycanbeusedonstandardcomputerslikeofficecomputers,anditonlytakesafewminutestogettheresults.However,theresultsmaynotincludeasmuchinformationasthoseproducedbytraditionalmodels.WillAItaketheplaceoftraditionalmodels?Scientistssayitprobablywon’t,butitwillbeusedtogetherwiththem.That’sbecauseAIstillneedstolearnfromthedatacollectedbytraditionalmethods.Buthopefully,AIwillbeabletodealwithtasksthatoldermethodsfinddifficult,suchastellingwhenandhowmuchitwillraininthenearfuture.Thiscouldgivepeopleenoughtimetosolvetheproblemscausedbybadweather.1．Thedataintraditionalweatherreportsmaycomefrom________.A．clouds B．towers C．trees D．planes2．HowdoesAIknowaboutfutureweather?A．Bylearningexperiencefromsatellites.B．Bycomparingpastandpresentweather.C．Bycollectingdatafromdifferentplaces.D．Bywatchingwhatishappeninginthesky.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“standard”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Huge. B．Slow. C．Ordinary. D．Expensive.4．WhichtaskwillAIprobablydoaccordingtothelastparagraph?

A．Offeringpeopleweathermaps.B．Reportinghowmuchitwillrain.C．Reportingwhenasnowwillend.D．Offeringfullweatherinformation.5．Whichcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AIWillCauseBadWeather.B．AICouldStopBadWeather.C．AICouldTellFutureWeather.D．AIWillChangeFutureWeather.10Thesunshinesagainafterrain,andyouseered,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,andpurplelight