第頁2025年高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)《閱讀理解之議論文》專項(xiàng)測(cè)試卷及答案學(xué)校:___________姓名：___________班級(jí)：___________考號(hào)：___________考向分析考向分析議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。 議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：寫法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我認(rèn)為……寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題。寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由(證據(jù))，重申論點(diǎn)。議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。注意事項(xiàng)：1.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)2.要先看題目，后讀文章。(與先讀文章，后看題目的比較)高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有：(1)標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。①表示并列關(guān)系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；④表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；⑤表示重要性的詞：prime,aboveall,first等。以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的(貶),excessively過分的(貶),objective(客觀)等。4.常見問題：(1)讀不懂怎么？問題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問題所在。unconsciousincompetent(無意識(shí)無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第一階段；consciousincompetent(有意識(shí)無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第二階段；consciouscompetent(有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第三階段；unconsciouscompetent(無意識(shí)有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第四階段。從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過程。(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對(duì)癥下藥。考點(diǎn)導(dǎo)航考點(diǎn)導(dǎo)航議論文說理性強(qiáng)，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長(zhǎng)詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點(diǎn)、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)為主要目的。議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對(duì)象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個(gè)別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn)，然后分別進(jìn)行論述，分析各個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到一般的論證方法。它通過許多個(gè)別的事例或分論點(diǎn)，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個(gè)一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到個(gè)別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對(duì)比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對(duì)比法是通過性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來證明論點(diǎn)的方法。命題要點(diǎn)由于議論的目的是表明自己對(duì)事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時(shí)常考察其觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時(shí)也對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考察。解題技巧1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開篇，因?yàn)槲恼碌拈_篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點(diǎn)，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因?yàn)槲捕问菍?duì)前面所舉事例和分論點(diǎn)的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點(diǎn)以及不同點(diǎn)，并由此來把握文章的主旨。做題時(shí)可使用以下三個(gè)步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測(cè)。解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個(gè)方面著手考慮：作者在開始敘述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后對(duì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強(qiáng)調(diào)的解釋，閱讀時(shí)要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結(jié)果(Cause&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個(gè)問題(相當(dāng)于一個(gè)現(xiàn)象)，然后給出該問題的答案(相當(dāng)于解釋)。針對(duì)文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，答題時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內(nèi)容得出答案)，然后從中心、態(tài)度或利用解答特征等其他角度對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；如果從文章內(nèi)容中直接無法解決，則從中心和態(tài)度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時(shí)，記住：首先從整體上把握文章中心和作者所持的態(tài)度，靠近中心的就是答案。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點(diǎn)或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論。考生在理解議論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。歷年全國(guó)高考英語閱讀理解的題型無非基本都是考查主旨大意、詞義猜測(cè)、推理判斷和細(xì)節(jié)理解四大題型。其中，命題以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題為輔，又兼顧詞義猜測(cè)題和主旨大意題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題主要考查的是對(duì)原文具體細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把控能力，難度相對(duì)較小，廣大考生除了平時(shí)必要的閱讀量和詞匯量的積累以外，掌握一定的解題技巧對(duì)解答閱讀理解題來說也是至關(guān)重要的。具體說來：1.主旨大意型干擾項(xiàng)可能是文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。干擾項(xiàng)可能是從文中某些(不完全的)事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。干擾項(xiàng)可能是非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。正確答案根據(jù)文章全面理解而歸納概括出來；不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實(shí)或以偏概全。主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中某些細(xì)節(jié)或重要事實(shí)的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解題和語意理解題兩種。直接理解題的答案與原文直接掛鉤，從閱讀材料中可以找到。這種題難度低，只要考生讀懂文章，就能得分，屬于低層次題。做此類題時(shí)可以使用定位法與跳讀法。定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子(即定位)，然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換)，從而選出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文，并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子)或段落，然后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析、推理等，從而找出正確答案。(1)解題原則：忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。文章中心是論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)或主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)問題常對(duì)文中某個(gè)詞語、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問，所提問題一般可直接或間接在文章中找到答案。提問的特殊疑問詞常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。(2)干擾項(xiàng)：范圍過大、過小；偷換概念；正誤并存，某個(gè)分句是正確的。閱讀理解中細(xì)節(jié)理解題的干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置有以下幾個(gè)原則：①包含項(xiàng)原則在答案選項(xiàng)分析中，假如對(duì)A選項(xiàng)的理解概括了對(duì)其他三項(xiàng)(或其中某一項(xiàng))的理解，那么我們就說選項(xiàng)A與其他三項(xiàng)是包含或概括關(guān)系，包含項(xiàng)A往往就是正確答案。如在＂花＂與＂玫瑰＂兩選項(xiàng)中，正確答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。②正反項(xiàng)原則所謂正反項(xiàng)，是指兩選項(xiàng)陳述的命題完全相矛盾。兩個(gè)相互矛盾的陳述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四選項(xiàng)中A、B互為正反項(xiàng)，那我們通常先排除C、D項(xiàng)，正確答案一般在A、B項(xiàng)當(dāng)中。③委婉項(xiàng)原則所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項(xiàng)中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項(xiàng)一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達(dá)，如：probably,possibly,

may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有絕對(duì)語氣的表達(dá)往往不是正確答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形項(xiàng)原則命題者往往先將正確答案設(shè)置在一個(gè)大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細(xì)微變化來考查考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項(xiàng)原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結(jié)構(gòu)相似的選項(xiàng)中有正確答案的存在。⑤常識(shí)項(xiàng)原則議論文中，那些符合一般常識(shí)、意義深刻富有哲理、符合一般規(guī)律、屬于普遍現(xiàn)象的往往是正確答案。⑥因果項(xiàng)原則閱讀理解的邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進(jìn)行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進(jìn)。然而，在推理題的選項(xiàng)中，有的選項(xiàng)會(huì)推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理過頭(止于后果)，這就是所謂的干擾項(xiàng)。因果項(xiàng)原則啟示我們：假如四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關(guān)系，那么正確答案就是兩個(gè)因果項(xiàng)中的其中之一。如果因項(xiàng)可產(chǎn)生幾個(gè)結(jié)果，那么答案就是因；如果果項(xiàng)可以對(duì)應(yīng)幾個(gè)原因，那么答案就是果。解題方法：原文定位法。查讀法：(1)帶著問題找答案，把注意力集中在與who,what,when,where問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)上。(2)細(xì)心!3.詞義猜測(cè)型閱讀理解的測(cè)試中經(jīng)常有猜測(cè)詞、短語、習(xí)語、句子意義的題目，近幾年高考閱讀中詞義猜測(cè)題的考查方法呈多樣化，其中根據(jù)上下文語境推測(cè)詞義將會(huì)越來越多。有時(shí)短文中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)需猜測(cè)其意義的詞或短語，后文接著會(huì)出現(xiàn)其定義、解釋或例子，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。除此之外，我們還可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號(hào)(；)也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義。還可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。當(dāng)然了，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握以下做題技巧。(1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷。(2)根據(jù)文中的定義、事例、解釋猜生詞。用事例或解釋猜生詞；用重復(fù)解釋的信息猜生詞。(3)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行選擇。文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。(4)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。根據(jù)上下句的連接詞如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。俗話說，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。(6)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行判斷。閱讀中有時(shí)出現(xiàn)新詞、難詞，后面跟著一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋。(7)利用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和提示詞猜測(cè)詞義。分號(hào)還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義；破折號(hào)表示解釋說明。常見的問題形式有：(1)The

word

＂…＂

in

Line

…

means/can

be

best

replaced

by

…(2)As

used

in

the

passage,

the

phrase

＂…＂

suggests…(3)From

the

passage,

we

can

infer

that

the

word/phrase

/the

sentence

＂…＂

is/refers

to

/means…(4)The

word

＂…＂

is

closest

in

meaning

to

…常用應(yīng)對(duì)方法：同義法：常在詞或短語之間有并列連詞and或or，它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可以推測(cè)詞義。反義法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句為肯定，后句為否定。總之，互為反義的詞與詞間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法：對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(從句)、表語，甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說明。此外，還有情景推斷法、代詞替代法等。做題要領(lǐng)(1)從文中找線索或信息詞；(2)根據(jù)熟悉的詞及詞義判斷新詞的意思；(3)根據(jù)上下文判斷新詞在特定句中的確切意思。(4)要特別注意熟詞新意！4.推理判斷型做題要領(lǐng)：既要求學(xué)生透過文章表面文字信息推測(cè)文章的隱含意思，又要求學(xué)生對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度考慮而不是固守自己的看法。常見的命題方式有：【題型分析】Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力)countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto________.A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContentedB.ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearn檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練1、Forsomereasonwewereremindedthatweprimates(靈長(zhǎng)目)needlove.KimBardoftheUniversityofPortsmouthinEnglandandhercolleaguescarriedoutastudyon46babychimpanzeesorphans(黑猩猩孤兒),whichhadlosttheirmothers.Thestudyshowedthatprimatebabiesthathavetightrelationshipswithmotherfiguresdomuchbetteroncognitive(認(rèn)知的)teststhanbabieswhoonlygrewupwithpeers(同伴),butthisisnotbreakingnews.Infact,it'soldnews.Inthe1950s,HarryHarlowdidaseriesofexperimentswithbabymonkeysthatshowed,thatlackofloveandcomfortmakesforacrazymonkey.Harlowmadeacagethatincludedawiremonkey“mother”withaplasticface.Thenheequippedthe“mother”withamilkbottle.Thecagealsohadanotherwire“mother”whowascoveredwithsoftcloth.Thebabymonkeysspentalltheirtimewiththecloth“mother”andonlywenttothewire“mother”tofeed.Harlow'smonkeyexperimentwasimportant,becauseatthetime,childcareexperts,andeverybody'sgrandmotherhada“notouch,nocomfort”policy(方針)towardchildren.Theyadvisedparentsnottorespondtocryingbabies.Theythoughtthatbabiesshouldsleepalonetobecomeindependent,andputthatkiddown.ButHarlow'sworkchangedthatpolicy.Mothersweresoonallowedtohavetheirbabiesnexttotheminthehospital.Thecurrentchimpresearch(研究)basedonHarlow'sworkshowsthatmother'slovedoesn'tjustmakeforapsychologically(精神上地)healthychild,italsomakesforasmartchild.Thehighlyraisedchimpsdobetterthanthosethatarenotloved,andthewell-raisedchimpsdoevenbetterthanhumankidsonIQtests.Weareprimates,socialanimalswhichneedlove.Weneedtobeheldandtalkedtoandmadetofeelthatatleastonepersonwantstobewithusallthetime.1.ThestudyKimBardandhiscolleaguesdid________.A.included46babyandmothermonkeysB.isnothingnewtopeopleaboutthefindingsC.showedthatmanychimpanzeeslackoflovewhentheywereyoungD.showedmanychimpanzeeshadgoodrelationshipwiththeirmothers2.Theunderlinedpart“makesfor”inthethirdparagraphmeans________.A.dosomethingforB.headforC.bringaboutD.connectto3.Harlowbuilttwo“mothers”forbabymonkeysto________.A.makethemlivecomfortablyB.letthemhavemorechoicesC.givethemmoreloveD.makecomparisonwell4.Whichofthefollowingcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Well-raisedchimpsarebetterthanpeopleinIQ.B.Sometimesit'snotwrongtohavenotouchandnocomforttobabies.C.Chimpsgrowingupincagesarelesssmarterthanchimpsgrowingupinwild.D.Babieswhosleepwithmotherstendtobeclevererthanbabiessleepalone.2、Theideaoflowmaterialdesire,lowconsumptionandrefusingtowork,marryandhavechildren,concludedasa“l(fā)yingdown”lifestyle,recentlystruckachordwithmanyyoungChinesewhoareeagertotakepausetobreatheinthisfast-pacedandhighly-competitivesociety.Manymillennials(千禧一代)andgenerationZscomplainedtotheGlobalTimesthatburdens,includingworkstress,familydisputes(紛爭(zhēng))andfinancialstrains,havepushedthem“againstthewall”.Theysaidtheyhatethe“involution(內(nèi)卷),”jokingthattheywouldrathergiveupsomeofwhattheyhavethangettrappedinanendlesscompetitionagainstpeers.“Insteadofalwaysfollowingthe‘virtues’ofstruggle,endureandsacrificetobearthestresses,theypreferatemporarylyingdownascatharsis(宣泄)andadjustment,”saidascholar.“Itisnowonderthatsomeyoungpeople,underthegrowingpressuresfromchild-raisingtopayingthemortgage(按揭)today,wouldtrytoliveinasimplewayandleavetheworriesbehind.”Interestingly,themajorityofmillennialsandGenZsreachedbytheGlobalTimes,whoclaimtobebigfansofthelyingdownphilosophy,acknowledgedthattheyonlyacceptatemporarylyingdownasashortrest.Itistruethatwiththegreatimprovementoflivingconditions,someChineseyouthhavepartiallylostthespiritofhardshipandarenotwillingtobeartoomuchhardwork.Butinfact,lyingdownisnotentirelycomfortable.Youngpeoplewholiedownalwaysfeelguiltyabouttheirconstantlossofmorale(士氣)farbeyondtheirreach.“Youngpeopleoncampushavebothaspirationsandconfusionabouttheirfuture,butmostofushaverejectedsettingourselvesupinchainstowasteopportunitiesandchallenges,”apostgraduatestudenttoldtheGlobalTimes.“It’snouserunningaway.Ihaveto‘standup’andfacetherealitysoonerorlater.”5.Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseinparagraph1mean?A.Warned. B.Criticized.C.Touched. D.Amused.6.Whatmighthavecausedthe“l(fā)yingdown”lifestyleamongtheyoung?A.Improvementsinlivingconditions.B.Growingpressurefromfamilyandsociallife.C.Increasingmaterialpossessionsfromfamilies.D.Temporaryadjustmenttofailureincompetitions.7.What’sthescholar’sattitudetowardthe“l(fā)yingdown”group?A.Understanding. B.Intolerant.C.Supportive. D.Unclear.8.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheyounggenerationfromthetext?A.Theyneverreallydroptheirresponsibilities.B.Theyreallyenjoythe“l(fā)yingdown”lifestyle.C.Theyfindtheirdreamsfarbeyondtheirreach.D.Theywouldratherescapethantakechallenges.3、IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亞馬遜)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectricityItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingalittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?”Iwassurprised.AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld.InJuan’sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan’sworld.theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan’svillage.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan’squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldofinsectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(無知的)arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andonandontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomach.TheseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthingsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.Inlookingintothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acollectionofscientists,usuallybrilliantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethingsthatotherscientistssee,buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion(窮盡),andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmostofwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedtothinkthatinsectswerethesmallestorganisms(生物),andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,whensomethingnewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.65.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?A.Outofplace.B.Fullofjoy.C.Sleepy.D.Regretful.66.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.B.Theyhadaniceconversationwitheachother.C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.67.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan’squestionaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.Theauthordidn’tknowhowtoanswer.D.Theauthordidn’tthinkJuanwassincere.68.Whatwastheauthor’sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaperarticles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures.69.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.B.Theyfollowedotherscientistsclosely.C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.70.Whatcouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.D.TheIgnorantandtheIntelligent.4、Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力)countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.13.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto________.A.proposeadefinition B.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusion D.presentanargument14.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth. B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority. D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.15.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou. B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure. D.Followthefashion.16.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.5、AttheWorldEconomicForumlastmonth，PresidentTrumpdrewclapswhenheannouncedtheUnitedStateswouldrespondtotheforum'sproposaltoplantonetrillion（萬億）treesjofightclimatechange.ThetrilliontreeideawonwideattentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas"themosteffectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate".Ifonlyitweretrue.Butitisn't.Plantingtreeswouldslowdowntheplanet'swarming,buttheonlythingthatwillsaveusandfuturegenerationsfrompayingahugepriceindollars，livesanddamagetonatureisrapidandconsiderablereductionsincarbonreleasefromfossilfuels，tonetzeroby2050.Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion（偏離）.Worsestill，ittakesattentionawayfromthoseresponsibleforthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.Forexample，intheNetherlands，youcanpayShellGroupofCompaniesanadditional1eurocentforeachliterofregulargasolineyouputinyourtanktoplanttreestobalancethecarbonreleasefromyourdriving.That'sclearlynomorethandisasterslightlydelayed.Theonlywaytostopthisplanetfromoverheatingisthroughpolitical，economic，technologicalandsocialsolutionsthatendtheuseoffossilfuels.Thereisnowaythatplantingtrees，evenacrossthesizeoftheUnitedStates，canabsorbthehugeamountsoffossilcarbonreleasedfromindustrialsocieties.Treesdotakeupcarbonfromtheatmosphereastheygrow.Butthisuptakemerelyreplacescarbonlostwhenforestswereclearedinthefirstplace，usuallylongago.Regrowingforestswheretheyoncegrewcanundosomedamagedoneinthepast，butevenatrilliontreescan'tstoreenoughcarbontoheadoffdramaticclimatechangesthiscentury.Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalinOctoberthatthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat"theclaimthatglobaltreerestorationisourmosteffectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading".5.Whatdoweknowaboutthetrillion-treeidea?A.Itwaspublishedinajournal.B.Itwasproposedlastsummer.C.ItwasputforwardbyTrump.D.Itdrewlotsofpublicattention.6.Whatparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Adrawbackofthetreeplantingstrategy.B.Anexampleofbalancingcarbonrelease.C.AnanecdoteofmakingapurchaseatShellD.Aresponsibilityforpoliticiansandeconomists.7.WhatwasJustinGillis'sattitudetowardsglobaltreerestoration?A.Reserved B.Opposed C.Hesitant D.Supportive8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ContradictoryIdeasonTreePlantingB.ATrillionTreesCometotheRescueC.PlantingTreesWon'tSavetheWorldD.TheBestSolutiontoClimateChange參考答案考向分析考向分析議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。 議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、提供充分的證據(jù)，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：寫法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我認(rèn)為……寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題。寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由(證據(jù))，重申論點(diǎn)。議論文的內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。注意事項(xiàng)：1.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)2.要先看題目，后讀文章。(與先讀文章，后看題目的比較)高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點(diǎn)讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項(xiàng)，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)、中心句的能力。3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號(hào)的有：(1)標(biāo)志類、指示類的信息。①表示并列關(guān)系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；③表示因果關(guān)系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；④表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；⑤表示重要性的詞：prime,aboveall,first等。以上關(guān)鍵詞有助于我們對(duì)文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞：blind盲目的(貶),excessively過分的(貶),objective(客觀)等。4.常見問題：(1)讀不懂怎么？問題本身太空泛，應(yīng)該仔細(xì)分析問題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識(shí)到自身問題所在。unconsciousincompetent(無意識(shí)無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第一階段；consciousincompetent(有意識(shí)無能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第二階段；consciouscompetent(有意識(shí)有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第三階段；unconsciouscompetent(無意識(shí)有能力)屬于問題認(rèn)知的第四階段。從認(rèn)知的第三階段達(dá)到第四階段，是一個(gè)反復(fù)熟練的過程。(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯(cuò)題怎么辦？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對(duì)自己的實(shí)際進(jìn)行分析，從而對(duì)癥下藥。考點(diǎn)導(dǎo)航考點(diǎn)導(dǎo)航議論文說理性強(qiáng)，語言莊重，邏輯縝密，常用難詞、長(zhǎng)詞和復(fù)雜句，給我們的閱讀理解帶來一定難度。議論文是運(yùn)用邏輯推理和證明來闡述某一觀點(diǎn)、看法和主張的文體。這類文章或從正面提出某種見解，或駁斥別人的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)，以說服讀者同意自己的觀點(diǎn)為主要目的。議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，即中心思想，是論據(jù)和論證的服務(wù)對(duì)象。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以支持和證明論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等。論證是作者組織、運(yùn)用論據(jù)的手法。議論文文章類型演繹論證議論文是從已知的一般原理，規(guī)律出發(fā)，推知個(gè)別事物本質(zhì)的論證方法。該類文體一般先提出一個(gè)總論點(diǎn)，然后分別進(jìn)行論述，分析各個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，最后得出結(jié)論。歸納論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到一般的論證方法。它通過許多個(gè)別的事例或分論點(diǎn)，然后歸納出它們所共有的特性，從而得出一個(gè)一般性的結(jié)論。比較論證議論文是一種由個(gè)別到個(gè)別的論證方法。通常分為類比法和對(duì)比法兩類。類比法是將性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比較而引出結(jié)論的方法。對(duì)比法是通過性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)在某一方面相反或?qū)α⒌牟煌挛锏谋容^來證明論點(diǎn)的方法。命題要點(diǎn)由于議論的目的是表明自己對(duì)事物的看法和態(tài)度，因此，命題時(shí)常考察其觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度以及根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容歸納主旨大意等，有時(shí)也對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行考察。解題技巧1.演繹論證議論文：注意文章的開篇，因?yàn)槲恼碌拈_篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的觀點(diǎn)，從而把握了文章的中心思想。2.歸納論證議論文：注意文章的尾段，因?yàn)槲捕问菍?duì)前面所舉事例和分論點(diǎn)的歸納和概括。3.比較論證議論文：注意事物的相同點(diǎn)以及不同點(diǎn)，并由此來把握文章的主旨。做題時(shí)可使用以下三個(gè)步驟：重首尾，明方式，細(xì)推測(cè)。解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從