項目五：識讀與繪制橋梁工程圖路橋22-3/4工程制圖與識圖0006Project5：ReadingandDrawingBridgeEngineeringFigureBridgesiteplane:determiningthelocationofthebridgeandthesurroundingterrainandfeatures.橋位平面圖：確定橋梁所處的位置及其周圍的地形和地物Geologicalprofilediagram:expressingthegeologicalandhydrologicalconditionsofthebridgesite.橋位地質斷面圖：表示橋梁所在位置的地質水文情況Bridgelayoutfigure:generalarrangementofbridge.橋梁總體布置圖：橋梁的全貌Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖Content橋梁工程圖內容Pierfigure:themiddlesupportingstructureofbridge.橋墩圖：橋梁的中間支撐構筑物Abutmentfigure:Supportingstructuresatbothendsofabridge.橋臺圖：橋梁的兩端支撐構筑物Bridgespanfigure:Superstructureinabridgeunderdirectmotionload.橋跨圖：橋梁中直接承受運動荷載的上部結構Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖Content橋梁工程圖內容Bridgesitereferstotheconstructionlocationinthesurveyprocess.橋位是指在勘測過程中所選擇的建橋位置。Bridgesiteplanrepresentsthegeographicalpositionofthebridgeinthewholeroad,anditindicatesthepositionrelationshipbetweenthebridgeandthesurroundingterrainfeatures.Themapgenerallyindicatestheroad,river,levelpoint,geologicalboreholeandnearbyterrainandgroundobjects(suchasoriginalBridges,houses,etc.)atthebridgesite,soastoserveasthebasisforbridgedesignandbridgeconstructionpositioning.橋位平面圖表示橋梁在整個線路中的地理位置，它表達了橋梁與周圍地形地物的位置關系。圖上一般標明橋位處的道路、河流、水準點、地質鉆孔以及附近地形和地物(如原有橋梁、房屋等)，以便作為橋梁設計、橋梁施工定位的依據。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Themaincontentsofbridgesiteplaneinclude:橋位平面圖識讀的主要內容包括:(1)Topography,groundobjects,levelingpointsandboreholepositionsatthebridgesite.（1）橋位處的地形、地物、水準點、鉆孔位置。(2)Distributionlocationofadverseengineeringgeologicalphenomena,suchaslandslides,faults,etc.（2）不良工程地質現象的分布位置．如滑坡、斷層等。(3)Theplanerelationshipbetweenbridgelocationandriver.（3）橋位與河流的平面關系。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Themaincontentsofbridgesiteplanreadinginclude:橋位平面圖識讀的主要內容包括:(4)Theplanerelationshipbetweenbridgelocationandroadlineandthecentralmileageofbridge,etc.（4）橋位與公路路線的平面關系及橋梁的中心里程等。(5)Thedirectionofthebridgeandtheoverallenvironment(suchastherelationshipwiththesurroundingterrain,featuresandriver).（5）橋梁的走向、所處的整體環境(如與周圍地形、地物、河道的關系)。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Reading：Ascanbeseenfromthefigure,thescaleis1:500.Showedbythelegend,themainlandfeaturesnearthebridgeincludedryland,fruittreeandpaddyfields.Inaddition,therearealsotwowaterpondsandsomehouses.Dryland旱地Paddy水稻Fruittree果樹Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖識讀：讀圖可知，本圖采用比例尺為1:500，圖中圖例所示，橋位附近的主要地物包括旱地、果園和稻田，另外還分布有2處水塘和一些民房。Dryland旱地Paddy水稻Fruittree果樹Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖識讀：指北針標明方位。箭頭所指方向為正北方向，由此判斷橋的走向為西南—東北向。Reading：Thenorthfingermarksthedirectionwhichindicatingthenorthdirection.Thus,itcanbejudgedthatthedirectionofthebridgeisfromsouthwesttonortheast.Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Horizontalcurve平曲線Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Horizontalcurve平曲線Reading：Thereisahillonbothsidesofthebridge,andthelowestelevationofthelefthillis11m,thehighestelevationis29m,sotheheightdifferenceis18m.Thelowestelevationofthehillontherightis5m,anditshighestelevationis25m,sotheheightdifferenceis20m.Toavoidcrossingthehill,horizontalcurvesaresetonbothsidesofthebridge.識讀：橋位兩側各有一座山丘，其中左側山丘最低處高程11m，最高處高程29m，高差18m。右側山丘最低處高程5m，最高處高程25m，高差約20m。為了避免直接穿越山丘，在橋頭兩側均設置了平曲線進行繞避。Horizontalcurve平曲線Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Horizontalcurve平曲線Embankment路堤Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Reading：ThebridgecrossestheQingshuiRiverwhichflowsfromsoutheasttonorthwest.Thereisawoodenbridgeintheupstreamoftheproposedsite(onthelowerside).Surfacefeaturesonthewestareaofthebridgearericefieldsandontheeastareaareorchards.Thereisanembankmentalongtheriveronthewestareaofthebridge.識讀：該橋跨過一條名為“清水河”的河流，河水流向為東南—西北向。在擬建橋位上游方向（下側)原有一座木橋。橋西岸是稻田，東岸是果園。橋西岸沿河堤有一段路堤。Embankment路堤Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Reading：ThecenterpilenumberofbridgeisK0+738.00.Thestartingpointofthebridgeisontheleftsideofhectometerpile.ThepileofthewestabutmentisnumberK0+690,andtheeastabutmentisnumberK0+780.識讀：橋位中心樁號K0+738.00。橋的起點在百米樁“7”左側,可判斷西側橋臺位置約在樁號K0+690左右，東側橋臺約在樁號K0+780左右。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Reading：Tolocatingthebridgeposition,threeholeswereselectedintheriverbedtodrilling,namelyhole1,hole2andhole3.ThebridgepositionisdeterminedbasedonthebenchmarksBM1andBM2nearthebridge.TheelevationofBM1andBM2is5.10mand8.25m,respectively.識讀：橋位定位時，在河床上選擇了三個孔進行了鉆探，分別為孔1、孔2和孔3。橋梁定位主要依據兩端橋頭附近的水準點BM1和BM2,其中BM1高程為5.10m,BM2高程為8.25m。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Conclusion:Thebridgesiteplanecanclearlyshowthebridgepositionintheroadengineering.Bythebridgesiteplane,itcanbedeterminedtheorientationanddirection,aswellastheterrainandgroundobjectsaroundthearea.總結：橋位平面圖能夠清楚地表示出橋梁在整個線路中的地理位置置。通過橋位平面圖能宏觀把握橋梁的整體情況、橋梁在地形圖上的方位走向，以及橋梁所在地區周圍的地形、地物。Notesofreadingbridgesiteplane:識讀橋位平面圖應注意：(1)Thebridgesiteplanegenerallyadoptssmallerproportion,suchas1:200,1:500,1:1000,1:2000.(1)橋位平面圖一般采用較小的比例，圖幅比例一般為1:200、1:500、1:1000、1:2000等。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖(2)Thebridgedirection,road,terrainandgroundobjectsaredeterminedbyplanecoordinatesorpointingneedles.(2)確定橋梁、路線及地形、地物的方位采用平面坐標或指北針定位。(3)Thegraphicalmethodofterrainandgroundobjectsisthesameastheroadplane,thatis,contourlinesorgroundpointsrepresentterrainconditions,legendsrepresentgroundobjectsconditions,andlevelpointsrepresentposition,numberandelevationwithprescribedsymbols.(3)地形、地物的圖示方法與道路路線平面圖相同，即等高線或地形點表現地形情況，圖例表現地物情況，水準點用規定的符號表示位置、編號及高程。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖(4)Roadline,mileagepilenumber,controlpointsarecontainedintheroadplane.(4)路線線形情況、里程樁號、路線控制點等，均與道路路線平面圖相同。(5)Thebridgepositionandthepositionandnumberofthedrillingholearepresentedbythelegendsymbols.(5)用圖例符號表明橋梁位置和鉆探孔的位置及編號。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.1Bridgesiteplane橋位平面圖Definition:Thegeologicalprofilefigureofbridgepresentsthegeologicalsectionoftheriverbed.Itisdrawnonthebasisofthegeologicalandhydrologicaldataobtainedfromthehydrologicalsurveyandfielddrilling.Ifthegeologyconditionoftheriverbediseasy,thegeologyconditioncanalsobeplottedonthebarcharttotheleftoforjustbelowthegenerallayoutofthebridge.定義：橋位地質斷面圖是表明橋位所在河床位置的地質斷面情況的圖樣，是根據水文調查和實地鉆探所得到的地質水文資料繪制的。如果河床地質情況不復雜，也可將地質情況用柱狀圖繪制在橋型總體布置圖中的立面圖左側或正下方。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgesite橋位地質斷面圖Content:Generally,itisnecessarytomarktheriverbedcrosssection,geologicalconditionsoflayers,highestwatertable,normalwatertableandlowestwatertable.Inaddition,itisalsonecessarytomarkthelocationoftheborehole,theelevationofthehole,thedepthoftheboreholeandthespacingofthehole內容：橋位地質斷面圖一般要標注出河床斷面線、各層地質情況、最高水位線、常水位線和最低水位線等，另外還應該標識出鉆孔的位置、孔口高程、鉆孔深度與孔間距等信息。作用：橋位地質斷面圖為設計橋梁下部結構的形式和深度提供資料，也是確定橋梁基礎工程施工方案的依據，作為設計橋梁、橋臺、橋墩和計算土石方工程數量的根據。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Effects:Thegeologicalprofilefigureprovidesdataforthedesignoftheformanddepthofbridgesubstructure.Itisalsothebasisfordeterminingtheconstructionschemeofbridgefoundationengineering,aswellasthebasisforthedesignofbridge,abutment,pierandthecalculationofthequantityofearthwork.作用：橋位地質斷面圖為設計橋梁下部結構的形式和深度提供資料，也是確定橋梁基礎工程施工方案的依據，作為設計橋梁、橋臺、橋墩和計算土石方工程數量的根據。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure

識讀橋梁工程圖2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖RiverbedCrosssection河床斷面線Stratigraphicboundary地層分界線Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Reading：Thescaleusedinthisfigureis1:300inthehorizontaldirectionand1:200intheverticaldirection.識讀：讀圖可知，本圖采用比例尺為水平方向1:300，豎直方向1:200。RiverbedCrosssection河床斷面線Stratigraphicboundary地層分界線Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Reading：Itcanbeseenfromthefigurethattherearetwodrillingboreholes,ZK1andZK2.Thevalue574.10abovethescorelinepresentstheelevationofthehole,andthevalue10.5belowisthedepthoftheborehole.Similarly,theelevationoftheNo.2holeis574.60mandtheholedepthis12.0m.Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Reading：Itcanbeseenthatthepositionofborehole1isatpilenumberofK2+683.50,andthatofborehole2isatpilenumberofK2+696.50,withadistanceof13mbetweenthetwoholes.Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖識讀：讀圖可知，該橋位有兩個勘探鉆孔，ZK1和ZK2，分數線上方數值574.10為孔口高程，下方數值10.5為鉆孔深度。同理可知，2號鉆孔孔口高程為574.60m，孔深12.0m。閱讀下方鉆孔表可知，鉆孔1所在位置為樁號K2+683.50處，鉆孔2位于樁號K2+696.50處，兩孔間距離13m。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Reading：TheabutmentsonbothsidesofthebridgearelocatedatK2+668.48andK2+711.52respectively,andthelengthofthebridgeis43.04m識讀：讀圖可知，橋兩側橋臺分別位于K2+668.48和K2+711.52處，全橋長度為43.04m。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖識讀：河床斷面的設計水位、常水位及低水位分別為579.50m.577.50m和575.40m。Watertable水位情況Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.2Geologicalprofileofbridgelocation橋位地質斷面圖Reading：Thedesignwaterlevel,constantwaterlevelandlowestwaterlevelare579.50m,577.50mand575.40m,respectively.Thebridgelayoutfigureismainlycomposedofverticalfigure,planefigure,crosssectionfigure,subgradedesigntableandnotes.橋梁總體布置圖主要由立面圖、平面圖、橫斷面圖、路基設計表和附注組成。Theverticalfigureexpressesthetotallengthofthebridge,thespanofeachspan,thelongitudinalslope,theelevationofthebridgepartsnecessaryforconstructionloftingandinstallation,theshapeoftheriverbedandtheheightofthewaterlevel.Theverticalfigurealsoreflectthestartingpoint,theendpointofthebridge,themileagepilenumberofthebridgecenterlineandthepositionrelationshipbetweenthemaincomponentsofthebridgeintheelevationdiagramdirection.立面圖上主要表達橋梁的總長、各跨跨徑、縱向坡度、施工放樣和安裝所必需的橋梁各部分的標高、河床的形狀及水位高度。同時，立面圖還應反映橋位起始點、終點、橋梁中心線的里程樁號以及立面圖方向橋梁各主要構件的相互位置關系。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖Thebridgeplanefigureincludesthelayoutofthebridgepierandabutmentaswellasthelocationoftheroad,sidewalkandrailings.平面圖上主要表達橋梁在水平方向的線形、橋墩、橋臺的布置情況及車行道、人行道、欄桿等位置。Thecrosssectiondiagramexpressesthewidthofthebridgedeck,thecrosssectionlayoutofthebridgespanstructureandthesettingofthecrossslope.橫斷面圖主要表達橋面寬度、橋跨結構橫斷面布置及橫坡設置情況。Thepilenumberofabutmentandpier,thedesignelevationofeachpilenumber,thegroundelevationofeachmeasuringpointandthelongitudinalslopeofeachspanshallbelistedinthesubgradedesigntable.路基設計表中應列出橋臺、橋墩的樁號及各樁號處的設計高程、各測點的地面高程及各跨的縱坡。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖2Readingbridgeengineeringfigure識讀橋梁工程圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-立面圖Reading：Thescaleoftheelevationis1:100.Thebridgeisafour-spanreinforcedconcretehollowslabbridge.ThestartingpilenumberofthebridgeisK38+367.50,andtheendpilenumberisK38+412.50.ThecenterofthebridgeislocatedatK38+390.00,andthecenterelevationofthebridgedeckis104.18m.Thewholebridgehasfourspans,withthespanofeachholebeing1000cmandthelengthoftwosideearwallsbeing250cm.Thetotallengthofthebridgeis250+1000+1000+1000+1000+250=4500cm.識讀：立面圖的比例為1:100。該橋是一座四跨鋼筋混凝土空心板橋。該橋起點樁號為K38+367.50，終點樁號為K38+412.50，中心位于K38+390.00處，橋面中心標高104.18m。全橋共四跨，每孔跨徑均為1000cm，兩側耳墻長度均為250cm，橋梁全長為250+1000+1000+1000+1000+250=4500cm.Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-立面圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-立面圖Reading：Theabutmentsonbothsidesarecolumnabutmentswithearwalls,whicharecomposedofcolumnandboredpilefoundationunderthecolumn.Therearethreecolumnpiersinthemiddleoftheriverbed,whicharecomposedofcolumn,tiebeamandboredpilefoundation.Theverticalfiguremarkstheelevationofthebottomsurface,topsurfaceandcolumnpageofthepilefoundationonthecentrallineofthebridge.識讀：兩邊橋臺為帶耳墻的柱式橋臺，由立柱和柱下的鉆孔灌注樁基礎組成。河床中間有3個柱式橋墩，它由立柱、系梁和鉆孔灌注樁基礎共同組成。立面圖上標注出橋梁中心線上樁基礎底面、頂面、立柱頁面各部分的標高。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-立面圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-平面圖Reading：Theplanefiguredrawingadoptsthesegmentalpeelingmethod.TheleftsideofthecenterlineofNo.2pieristheprojectiondiagram,fromwhichtheconicalslopeprotectionandthelayoutofthebridgedeckcanbeseen.Therightofthecenterlineistheimaginaryremovalofthebridgesuperstructure,fromwhichcanbeseenthearrangementofpiercoverbeamsandsupports.識讀：平面圖采用分段揭層的畫法。2號橋墩中心線左側為投影圖，從中可以看到錐形護坡以及橋面的布置情況;中心線右側是假想揭去橋梁上部結構，從中可以看到橋墩蓋梁和支座的布置情況。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-平面圖Project5：ReadinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigureReading：AtpierNo.3,thesoundsectionabovethecoverbeamisremoved:thedistributionofcolumnsandpilefoundationscanbeseenfromit.AtNo.4abutment,thebridgesuperstructureissupposedtoberemoved,fromwhichthearrangementofcoverbeams,supports,earwalls,abutmentcolumnsandpilescanbeseen.2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-平面圖識讀：3號橋墩處是假想揭去了蓋梁以上的部分:從中可以看到立柱、樁基礎的分布情況。4號橋臺處是假想揭去橋梁上部結構，從中可以看到橋臺的蓋梁、支座、耳墻、橋臺立柱和樁柱的布置情況。Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-平面圖Project5：Readinganddrawingbridgeengineeringfigure2.3Bridgelayoutfigure橋梁總體布置圖-斷面圖Reading：Thelayoutofcrosssectionofbridgespanstructure:thewidthofbridgedeckis1100cm,andthetransverseslopeis2.00%;Thecrosssectionofthemainbeamiscomposedof2sideplatesand7middleplates—atotalof9reinforcedconcretehollowbeams.Bothsidesofthebridgedeckareprovidedwithguardrail50cmwide.Abutmentshapeandsize:abutmentcoverbeamheight100cm,width50+1100+50=1200cm;Thecolumnunderthecoverbeamiscylindricalwithadiameterof100cmandaheightof241cm.Thedrilledpilefoundationunderthecolumnisalsocylindrical,withadiameterof120cmandaheightof2000cm.UnderthetwoBridgesarerespectivelyprovidedwiththreecolumnsandcorrespondingthreedrilledpilefoundations.識讀：橋跨結構橫斷面布置情況:橋面寬度為1100cm，橫坡坡度為2.00%;主梁橫斷面方向由2塊邊板和7塊中板—共9塊鋼筋混凝土空心板梁拼接而成;橋面兩側設有均為50cm寬的護欄。橋臺形狀和尺寸:橋臺蓋梁高100cm，寬為50+1100+50=1200cm;蓋梁下立柱為圓柱形，直徑100cm，高241cm;立柱下鉆孔樁基礎也是圓柱形，直徑120cm，高2000cm;兩個橋臺下分別設