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新發展英語4Unit12ResearchPapersStudyFocusToknowaboutthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundsoffeminismintheWest.0102030405Tolearnusefulwords,expressionsandspecialtermsrelatedtofeminism.Tolearntousethestructures"benot...butrather...";"Itmightbenecessaryto..."Tolearntowritealetterofrecommendation.Toreadfurtheraboutresearchpapers.IntensiveReading01SkillsBuilding02Contents0203FastReadingIntensiveReading011.Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartners.Pre-readingPreparationHowmuchdoyouknowaboutfeminismandthefeministmovement?01Inwhatwaydoyouthinkcanwomenbestkeepthemselvesfreefromsexdiscriminationagainstthem?0101022.Readthefollowingsentencescarefullyandworkoutthemeaningofeachunderlinedwordorexpression.Pre-readingPreparation(1)Inordertoprotecttheenvironment,wemusttrytoutilizesolarenergyasmuchaspossible.(2)Johnhasagreatdiversityofinterests;helikessports,computergamesandtravel.(3)Theboydoesnotspendmuchtimewithhispeers;hewouldratherstaywithpeoplemuchyoungerorolderthanhim.2.Readthefollowingsentencescarefullyandworkoutthemeaningofeachunderlinedwordorexpression.Pre-readingPreparation(4)It'sapitythatfriendssplitoverdifferencesinopinions.(5)HeissorudethatIcannotputupwithhimanylonger.(6)Itusuallytakesalongtimeforimmigrantstointegrateintothecommunity.ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text1ABSTRACT:AnexperientialexercisethatisusedtoempowerMarriageandFamilyTherapystudentsandsystematicallyintroducestudentstofeministthemesisdescribed.Facultyintheuniversity'stheaterdepartmentrecruit
theirstudentstoserveasclientfamilies.Role-playexerciseswiththeaterstudentsbasedonvignettes
developedbyclinicalfacultyincreasesrealismandincludesothertrainingbenefits.Thisapproachisconsistent
withafeministmodeloftrainingandsupervision.摘要:本文所描述的是一項體驗式的訓練。該訓練旨在加強婚姻與家庭治療專業學生的能力,并向學生系統介紹女權主義思想。該大學表演系的教師邀請他們的學生扮演患者及其家屬。這種有表演系學生參與、由臨床系教師編寫腳本的角色扮演訓練增加了真實性,也帶來了其他益處。此方法符合女權主義訓練及指導模式的要求。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text關鍵詞:訓練;女權主義;差異性;角色扮演;婚姻與家庭治療ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性2KEYWORDS:training;feminism;diversity;role-play;marriageandfamilytherapy.Text3Theauthor'sworkingassumptionsaboutfeminismandfeministfamilytherapyonwhichthispaperisbasedareasfollows:Genderisanorganizingfeatureofrelationships(Walsh&Scheinkman,1989;Boss&Thorne,1989;Osmond&Thorne,1993;Walters,Carter,Papp,&Silverstein,1988).Powerinfluencesallrelationships(Osmond&Thorne,1993).Women,undercurrentconditions,aresubordinated
oroppressed(Osmond&Thorne,1993).Periodicdependenceiscommonforbothmenandwomen(Boss&Thorne,1989).Dependencevariesbasedonstageoflifecycle(e.g.,birthofaninfant,retirement),employmentdemands(e.g.,assistantprofessorseeking
tenureandpromotion),economicstress,andhealthoffamilymembers(e.g.,terminallyillspouse,recentlydeceasedparent).以下是作者對女權主義以及女性家庭療法的觀點,也是本論文的依據,即:性別是兩性關系的組成特征(沃爾什與沙音曼,1989;博斯與索恩,1989;奧斯蒙德與索恩,1993;沃爾特斯,卡特,帕普與希爾佛斯坦,1988)。權力影響兩性關系(奧斯蒙德與索恩,1993)。目前狀況下的婦女身處從屬和被壓迫的地位(奧斯蒙德與索恩,1993)。男性及女性都會有階性的依賴行性(博斯與索恩,1989)。由于所處生命周期的階段不同(如嬰兒出生,老人退休)、職業需求不同(如助理教授希望獲得終身職位或晉升)、經濟壓力以及家人的健康狀況不同(如配偶身患絕癥或父母最近離世),依賴性也因此而不盡相同。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text4Womenaresexualbeingswithrightstotheirbodies(Boss&Thorne,1989;Luepnitz,1988).Motherhoodismorethannurturance,andparentingisnotthesoleresponsibilityofwomen(Boss&Thorn,1989;Polatnick,1984;Walters,Carter,Papp,&Silverstein,1988).Therapistsshouldrecognizethattheyareinapowerfulpositioninrelationshipwithclients(Luepnitz,1988;Butler,1986).Althoughpsychotherapyisaweakstrategyforcreatingbroadsocialchange,itmayhelpwomentoresistthestatusquointheirownlives(Luepnitz,1988).Asaresult,familytherapistsshouldconsidersocioeconomicforces(Walters,Carter,Papp,&Silverstein,1988;Butler,1986;Boss&Thorne,1989;Goldner,1988;Luepnitz,1988;Walsh&Scheinkman,1989).Therapistsshouldutilizenon-sexistframesofreference(Butler,1986;Walters,Carter,Papp,&Silverstein,1988).Marriageandfamilytherapistsshouldencouragethedevelopmentofinnerresourcesandgoalsetting.Individualneedsareasimportantasneedsofthefamilysystem(Butler,1986).作為有性別的生物,婦女對自己的身體擁有支配權力(博斯與索恩,1989;呂普尼茲,1988)。母性不僅僅意味著生兒育女,撫養孩子也不單單是女性的職責(博斯與索恩,1989;波拉特尼克,1984;沃爾特斯,卡特,帕普與希爾佛斯坦,1988)。治療師應該認識到在與患者的關系中,他們處于強勢的地位(呂普尼茲,1988;巴特勒,1986)。雖然心理療法在促使廣泛的社會變革方面并非良策,但卻可以幫助婦女反抗生活現狀(呂普尼茲,1988)。因此,家庭治療師應考慮到社會經濟的因素(沃爾特斯,卡特,帕普與希爾佛斯坦,1988;巴特勒,1986;博斯與索恩,1989;戈德納,1988;呂普尼茲,1988;沃爾什與沙音曼,1989)。治療師應使用非性別原則(巴特勒,1986;沃爾特斯,卡特,帕普與希爾佛斯坦,1988)。婚姻及家庭治療師應鼓勵患者發展內在力量,制定個人目標。個人需求與家庭整體需求同樣重要(巴特勒,1986)。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性TextRELEVANTLITERATURE5DorothyWheeler,JudithMyersAvis,LorieA.Miller,andSitaChaney(1989)suggestthatlearningaboutfeminismisaprocess:"Feminismisnotasetoftechniquesorconclusions,butratheralensthroughwhichoneviewsandunderstandsrealities"(1989,p135).Itseemsthatthisprocessoflearningaboutfeministfamilytherapymaybeanidiosyncraticone.Forexample,VickyWhipple(1996),aftercompletingqualitativeinterviewswithself-describedfeministtherapists,suggestedthatthefirststeptowardbecomingafeministtherapistisdevelopmentofapersonalidentityasafeminist,butdevelopmentofthisidentityisdifficulttopredict.Thereweremultiplefactorsratherthanasinglefactorineachperson'slifethatinfluencedheracceptanceoffeminism.ThesefactorsincludedtheWomen'sMovementinthelate1960sand1970s,variousfamilyinfluences,readingfeministliterature,attendingconsciousness-raisinggroups,andpersonalreflectionand/ortherapy(Whipple,1996,p387).Inadditiontobeinganidiosyncraticprocess,developinganidentityasafeministfamilytherapistseemstobeafrustratingexperienceespeciallyintrainingprograms.InWhipple'sinterviews,forexample,someoftheparticipantsdescribeddirect"clashes"withsupervisorsaboutfeministprincipleswhileothersreportedthattheykepttheir"opinionstothemselvesoronlydiscuss[ed]theirconcernswithfellowstudentsbecauseofnegativeresponsestheyreceivedfromsupervisors"(1996,p388).相關文獻多蘿西·惠勒,朱迪斯·邁爾斯·阿維斯,洛里·A.米勒及西塔·錢尼(1989)提出了解女權主義是一個過程:"女權主義并不是一套技巧或結論,而是一個視角,通過這個視角可以看清現實并理解現實"(1989,第135頁)。研究女權主義家庭治療問題的過程似乎是帶有個人色彩的。如維基·惠普爾(1996)在對自詡為女權主義治療師進行定性采訪后指出,要成為一個女權主義治療師,首先就要確立自己女權主義身份,而這種身份的確立又是難以預測的。人生中會有多種因素而非單一因素影響到她能否接受女權主義思想。這些因素包括20世紀60年代末至70年代的女權主義運動、家庭的各種影響、對女權主義讀物的涉獵、參加有助于培養女權意識的群體活動,還有自身的反思、治療等(惠普爾,1996,第387頁)。另外,確立女權主義家庭治療師這個個體身份的過程,除了極具個性化,還似乎會讓人感到沮喪,尤其是在接受培訓的時候。比如,在惠普爾的采訪中就出現了這樣的情況:有些受訪人講到了他們與導師就女權主義的一些原則發生直接"沖突",而另一些受訪人則說他們"沒有坦陳自己的觀點,或是僅僅和一些同學們討論自己關切的問題,因為他們從導師那里只會得到否定的回答"(1996,第388頁)。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text6Intheirgroundbreakingdiscussionoffeministfamilytherapytrainingandsupervision,Wheeler,Avis,Miller,andChaney(1989)describedexecutiveskillsandconceptualskillsassociatedwiththreeaspectsoffamilytherapy:(a)therapeuticalliance,(b)definitionofatherapeuticproblem,and(c)facilitatingchange.Theyalsosuggestedthatthe
supervisory
relationshipshouldminimizehierarchy
andilluminateinfluenceofsocialforcesontherapyprocess.在惠勒,阿維斯,米勒和錢尼(1989)有關女權主義家庭治療培訓和指導的革新性討論中,他們描述了與家庭治療三個方面相關的實踐性和概念性技巧。(a)聯合治療法,(b)對需治療的問題的定義,以及(c)幫助患者改善病情。同時他們還提出治療師與患者之間的指導關系應注意盡量弱化地位上的差距,強化社會力量對治療過程的影響。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性TextPURPOSE7Althoughfeminismisaprocessandnotasetoftechniques,Whipple'sresearch(1996)suggeststhatthereareopportunitiestoimprovetheprocesssothatteachingaboutfeminismis(a)moresystematicand(b)lessfrustrating.Iwilldescribearole-playingexercisethathasbeenusedregularlysince1997toencouragestudentstoidentifyanddiscussfeministprinciples.ThisexerciseisconsistentwiththefeministmodelofsupervisiondescribedbyWheeler,Avis,Miller,andChaney(1989).Theapproachhasbeenusedexclusivelywithmaster'slevelstudentsduringtheirfirstsemesterofclinicaltraining.Sensitivitytodiversityshouldbeanongoingpartofclinicaltraining,sothevignettescouldbethoseusedwithmoreadvancedstudents.Itmightbenecessarytomodifythevignettestoincludeissuesrelevanttostageofclinicaldevelopment.目的盡管女權主義是一個過程而非一套技巧,惠勒的研究(1996)指出這個過程還是能得到改進,使得對女權主義的教學(a)更加系統,(b)不那么令人沮喪。這里我要講的是一種角色扮演練習,自1997年以來這種方法一直被用來引導學生們認識并討論女權主義原則問題。這種方法與惠勒,阿維斯,米勒及錢尼(1989)描述的女權主義指導模式是一脈相承的。該方法被專門用于研究生第一學期的臨床訓練中。臨床訓練一直強調對差異性的敏感度,因此腳本可以在訓練高年級學生時使用。并且最好不時地調整腳本內容,將治療進程各個階段的相關問題包括進去。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性TextINCREASINGTHEVALUEOFCLINICROLE-PLAYS8Role-playingexercisesserveanimportanttrainingfunctionbecausetheymaybeusedtohelpstudentspracticenewclinicaltechniquesanddevelopagreatersensitivitytofeministissues.Studentshaveoftenreportedthatthesetrainingexercisesfeel
contrivedwhentheir
peersarerecruitedtoplaytheroleofclients.Studentsindicatethattheprocessofrole-playingishelpfulbuttheresultsofthepracticeareunderminedbecause,intheirwords,"It'shardtotakeit[roleplays]seriouslybecauseIknowthatit'sjustanotherstudentintheprogram."Anotherstudentnoted,"They[roleplays]arealittlefrustratingbecausethe"clients"overreact.Theyactlikethey'retheclientsfromhell,soit'shardtostayfocused."Inordertoincreasethevalueofrole-playsIhavefoundithelpfultocollaboratewithfacultyintheuniversity'stheaterdepartmentwhohelplocatestudentsintheirprogramtousetheiractingskillstoenhancetheexperience.提升臨床角色扮演的價值角色扮演練習有重要的實訓功能,因為他們可以用來幫助學生練習新的臨床技巧,培養對女權主義問題的敏感性。學生們經常反映,當由他們的同學扮演患者時,總感覺練習缺乏真實性。學生們指出角色扮演練習是有幫助的,但這種練習的結果會被削弱,因為,用他們的話說,就是:"很難將這個(指角色扮演)當真,因為我知道那只不過是另一個同學而已。"還有學生指出:"這些(角色扮演)有點令人失望,因為‘患者'反應過度。他們表現得好像是從地獄里出來的,讓人很難集中注意力。"為了提高角色扮演的價值,我發現與大學表演系的教師合作很有幫助。他們會安排自己的學生參與訓練,利用他們的表演技巧來增強效果。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text提升臨床角色扮演的價值這項訓練還包括派遣學生在第一學期到美國西部的一所重點大學去參與訓練。這種體驗性訓練看起來有以下幫助:1.由于學生治療師們與生人而不是自己的同學互動,所以角色扮演具有更強的真實性。2.老師鼓勵治療系的學生與表演系的學生建立一種治療過程中的同盟關系,因此能從表演系的學生那里得到治療過程的反饋。3.指導老師們能更好地控制治療情況,講授某項特殊技巧或強調某個主題。4.要求表演系的學生不要將角色演成“來自地獄的患者”。5.表演系的學生有了額外的表演經歷,這也成為了他們職業訓練中的一部分。表演系的老師為自己的學生提供反饋意見。那些短劇是根據電視節目或電影里的有關夫妻關系的劇本創作而成的,因此表演系的學生可以對他們扮演的人物有一個參照目標(見附錄)。每個劇本包括有關性別、權力及家庭多樣性的某方面內容。這些劇本是即席表演的藍本,由表演系的老師擔任導演。治療系的學生并不了解劇情,這樣增強了角色扮演的真實感。INCREASINGTHEVALUEOFCLINICROLE-PLAYS8ItisanongoingpartofthetrainingprogramforstudentsenrolledintheirfirstsemesteratamajoruniversityinthewesternUnitedStates.Thisexperientialexerciseseemstohaveseveralbenefits:1.Thereisagreatersenseofrealismtotherole-playbecausestudenttherapistsinteractwithstrangersratherthanclassmates.2.Therapystudentsareencouragedtoemphasizedevelopmentofatherapeuticalliancewiththetheaterstudentsandaregivenfeedbackfromthetheaterstudentsaboutthisprocess.3.Supervisorshavegreatercontrolovertherapyconditionstohelpteachaparticulartechniqueoremphasizeatheme.Themesconsistentwithfeminismareincludedinthevignettes.4.Theaterstudentsareaskednottobe"theclientfromhell".5.Theaterstudentsareprovidedwithadditionalactingexperiencethatbecomespartoftheirprofessionalportfolio.Theaterfacultyprovidesfeedbacktotheirstudents.Aseriesofvignetteswasdevelopedbasedonrelationshipsfromtelevisionshowsormoviessotheaterstudentswouldhaveapointofreferencefortheircharacter(seetheappendix).Eachvignetteincludedsomeaspectofgender,power,andfamilydiversity.Thevignetteswereusedasthefoundationforimprovisationalworkthatwasdirectedbytheaterfaculty.Therapystudentswereunawareofthevignettesinordertoincreaseasenseofrealismintherole-play.ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性TextSTUDENTRESPONSE9Accordingtofeedbackfromtherapystudents,thishasincreasedtherealismofrole-playsandprovidedthemwithvaluableopportunitiestopracticenewskills.ThefollowingquotationsarefromfirstsemesterstudentsenrolledinaMarriageandFamilyTherapytrainingprogram.學生的反映從治療系學生的反饋來看,這樣的安排增強了角色扮演的真實性,也為他們提供了訓練新技巧的寶貴機會。下面引用的是來自參與婚姻與家庭治療訓練項目的一位一年級第一學期學生的話。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text從治療系學生的反饋來看,這樣的安排增強了角色扮演的真實性,也為他們提供了訓練新技巧的寶貴機會。下面引用的是來自參與婚姻與家庭治療訓練項目的一位一年級第一學期學生的話。學生們反映說這樣的練習幫助他們更好地適應臨床治療過程:“這種模擬使我必須用攝影機,(學著)如何使用攝影機,怎樣呆在擠滿人的屋子里,以及怎樣寫病例記錄。它確實能幫我消除焦慮,增加自信。”還有的學生反映說這樣的過程能幫他們訓練臨床技能:“(這是)一種學習如何應對患者以及如何與之交談而又不必因為是‘真事'而擔心的好辦法。……最大的好處在于要表演得像位真正的治療師。”10Studentsreportedthattheexercisehelpedempowerthemtobecomeacclimatedtoclinicprocedures:"Thesimulationforcedmetousethecameras,[tolearn]howtousethecameras,howtobeintheroomwithpeople,andhowtotakecasenotes.Itreallyhelpedtakeawayanxietyandmademefeelmoreconfident."Studentsalsoreportedthattheprocesshelpedthempracticeclinicalskills:"[Thisisa]greatwaytolearnhowtomanageaclientandconversationinasessionwithoutthefearofitbeingreal'...[The]biggeststrengthwashavingtoactlikeatherapist."ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text10"Itisimportanttohavefirstexperiencewithsomeoneotherthan‘realclients'.Itisgreatthatthesepeoplearestrangersandwehavetoinitiatejoining.Itisgreatpractice.""Thiswasanexcellentexerciseincontactingastrangerandsettingupappointments.Ifeltitwasvery'life-like'."Thesecommentssuggestthatthisexperientialexerciseincreasedconfidence.ThisisconsistentwiththethemeofempowermentthatwasdiscussedaspartofafeministmodelofsupervisionbyWheelerandassociates(1989).Theseexercisesalsoprovidedfacultywiththeopportunitytodirectlyinquireaboutgender,power,anddiversitybecauseweincorporateeachofthesethemesineveryvignette.This,too,isconsistentwithafeministmodeloftrainingandsupervision.“在接觸‘真正的患者’之前有一次體驗很重要。患者都是生人,而我們要主動建立合作關系,這一點很棒。這是一種很好的訓練。”“這很好地訓練了我們接觸生人,安排治療。我覺得很有‘生活感’。”這些評價表明這種體驗性訓練增強了自信。這與惠勒及其合作者所著一書(1989)中討論的關于作為女權主義指導模式一部分的授權主旨是一致的。這樣的訓練也為老師們提供了機會,使得他們可以直接地詢問學生有關性別、權力以及多樣性等方面的問題,因為我們可以將其中的任何一個主題寫到劇本里面去。這與女權主義的訓練及指導模式也是一致的。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性TextCONCLUSION11Ihavedescribedanexperientialexercisethatisusedtohelpempowerstudenttherapistsandtosystematicallyintroducestudentstofeministthemesundercontrolledconditions.Facultyandstudentsintheuniversity'stheaterdepartmentseemeagertoparticipateandstudenttherapistsseemtorespondpositivelytotheexercises.Thistypeofcollaborationcouldalsobeintegratedintospecificcontentcoursestohelpprovidemoredirectexperiencedevelopingskillswithsensitiveissuessuchasfamilyviolence.Thistypeofexerciseisconsistentwithafeministmodelofsupervisionandtrainingbecauseitencouragescollaboration,empowersstudents,andcanbeusedtofacilitatediscussionoffeministthemes.結論以上是我所描述的一種體驗性訓練方法,它被用來加強治療系學生的能力,并在可控條件下向他們系統介紹女權主義的主題。大學表演系的師生們似乎很期待參與,治療系的學生對這樣的訓練反映不錯。這種合作也可以納入到具體的課程內容中去,為培養解決諸如家庭暴力等敏感問題的技能提供更為直接的經驗。這種訓練與女權主義的指導及訓練模式是一致的,因為它鼓勵協作,給學生權力,并可以為女權主義的討論提供便利。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性Text12APPENDIX:ROLE-PLAYVIGNETTES1.ElliotandNancy:basedoncharactersfromthetelevisionshow"Thirtysomething".a)Hehadanaffair.b)Hefailedbusiness.c)Hewasa
clown,usinghumortokeeppeopleatadistance.2.GraceKellyandherchildren,Quentin(13),Libby(10),&Patrick(5):basedoncharactersfromthetelevisionshow"GraceunderFire",Graceisasinglemothertryingtorearthreechildren.a)Graceisarecoveringalcoholic.b)Herex-husbandwasabusive.c)HersonQuentinhashadacademicdifficulty.ThereisalsoconflictbetweenQuentinandLibby.…
附錄:角色扮演劇本1.艾略特與南希:根據電視劇《三十而立》中的人物編寫。a.他有過外遇。b.他的生意失敗了。c.他是個小丑式的人物,他用幽默使人們敬而遠之。2.格蕾絲·凱利和她的孩子們——昆廷(13歲),利比(10歲)帕特里克(5歲):
根據電視劇《雍容在火之下》中的人物編寫。格蕾絲是一位努力撫養三個孩子的單身母親。a.格蕾絲正在戒酒。b.她的前夫對她施虐。c.她兒子昆廷有學習障礙。另外昆廷和利比之間也有沖突。ExperientialExercisesinMFTTraining:Gender,Power,andDiversity婚姻與家庭療法的體驗性訓練:性別、權力及差異性TextREFERENCESBoss,P.&Thorne,B.(1989).Familysociologyandfamilytherapy:Afeministlinkage.InM.McGoldrick,C.M.Anderson&F.Walsh(Eds.),Womeninfamilies.NewYork:Norton.Butler,M.(1986).Guidelinesforfeministtherapy.InB.Rosewater&L.E.A.Walker(Eds.),Handbookoffeministtherapy.NewYork:Spring.Goldner,V.(1988).Generationandgender:Normativeandcoverthierarchies.FamilyProcess,27,17-31.Luepnitz,D.A.(1988).Thefamilyinterpreted.NewYork:BasicBooks.Osmond,MW.,&Thorne,B.(1993).Thesocialconstructionofgenderinfamiliesandsociety.InP.G.Boss,W.J.Doherty,R.LaRossa,W.R.Schumm,&S.K.Steinmetz(Eds.),Sourcebookoffamilytheoriesandmethods:Acontextualapproach.NewYork:PlenumPress.Polatnick,M.R.(1984).Whymendon'trearchildren:Apoweranalysis.InJ.Trebilcot(Ed.),Mothers:Essaysinfeministtheory.Tatowa,NJ:RowmanandAllanheed.Walsh,F.,&Scheinkman,M.(1989).(Fe)male:Thehiddengenderdimensioninmodelsoffamilytherapy.InM.McGoldrick,C.M.Anderson,&F.Walsh(Eds.),Womeninfamilies.NewYork:Norton.Walters,M.,Carter,B.,Papp,P.,&Silverstein,O.(1988).Theinvisibleweb:Genderpatternsinfamilyrelationships.NewYork:GuilfordPress.Wheeler,D.,Avis,J.M.,Miller,L.A.,&Chaney,S.(1989).Rethinkingfamilytherapytrainingandsupervision:Afeministmodel.InM.McGoldrick,C.Anderson,&F.Walsh(Eds.),Womeninfamilies.NewYork:Norton.Whipple,V.(1996).Developinganidentityasafeministfamilytherapist:Implicationsfortraining.JournalofMaritalandFamilyTherapy,22.381-396.參考書目:略LanguagePointsoftheText
1.Facultyintheuniversity'stheaterdepartmentrecruittheirstudentstoserveasclientfamilies.
(Para.1)1)faculty:n.(大學或院、系的)全體教員
Thereisafacultymeetingthisafternoon.
今天下午有一個全體教員會議。2)
serveas:服務,供職
Duringtheconference,Iservedasaninterpreter.
大會期間,我擔任翻譯。LanguagePointsoftheText
2.
Genderisanorganizingfeatureofrelationships…(Para.3)
比較:gender和sex這兩個詞都可以用來指生理上的性別分類,如:themaleandfemalegenders(男性和女性);Therehasalwaysbeenaconflictbetweenthesexes.(兩性之間向來就存在沖突)。但gender只能指男、女之性別,而sex既可指人類的性別,也可指動物的性別,如:Whatsexisyourcat?(你的貓是公的還是母的?)另外,sex可以用于與性有關的東西,如:sexchange(變性手術),而gender則無此義。最后,gender可以表示某些語言的性(有些語言的名詞和代詞可分為陰性和陽性),如:TherearethreegendersinGermany,masculine,feminineandneuter.(德語中有三種性,陽性、陰性和中性。)sex不能用于此義。LanguagePointsoftheText
3.Dependencevariesbasedonstageoflifecycle…(Para.3)比較:cycle與circle這兩個詞都和“圓”有關。circle表示圖形,如:drawacircle(畫圓圈);還指由少數具有共同職業或興趣的人組成的小集團,如:themedicalcircle(醫學圈子)。cycle強調某件事情由開始到結束的循環往復的過程,如:thecycleoflife(生命周期),強調從生到死的過程。LanguagePointsoftheText4.Asaresult,familytherapistsshouldconsidersocioeconomicforces…
(Para.4)force有可數、不可數和集合名詞等三種用法。作不可數名詞時,指的是人或事物的力量或武力,如:theforceoftheexplosion(爆炸力);theuseofforce(使用武力)。作可數名詞時,指具有這種力量的人、事物、信仰、影響等,如:Thelittlewomanisaforcetobereckonedwith.(那個小婦人是一股不可忽視的力量。);另外還指各種自然現象的力量,如:theforcesofnature(大自然的力量)。作集合名詞時,指為某種目的而組織起來的群體或武裝部隊,如:thesalesforce(銷售人員)
;peace-keepingforce(維和部隊)。LanguagePointsoftheText
5.Itseemsthatthisprocessoflearningaboutfeministfamilytherapymaybeanidiosyncraticone.
(Para.5)can,could,may和might均可以用來表示可能性,但用法略有不同。1)could或might比may更含懷疑或猶豫之意,如:Thatmaybeourtaxinow!
那輛可能就是我們叫的出租車了!Thatcould/mightbeourtaxi(butIdoubtit).
那輛有可能是我們叫的出租車(但我不肯定)。2)在疑問句和否定句中,用can代替may,如:ItmaybeJohn.
那可能是約翰。
CanitbeJohn?Itcan'tbeJohn.
那可能是約翰嗎?不可能是約翰。3)couldhave,mayhave或mighthave可以表示過去發生過某事的可能性,如:Hecouldhave/may/mighthavelosthisway.
他有可能是迷路了。LanguagePointsoftheText
6....someoftheparticipantsdescribeddirect"clashes"withsupervisorsaboutfeministprincipleswhileothersreportedthattheykepttheir"opinionstothemselves…"
(Para.5)keepsth.tooneself:保守秘密Shekeptallhertroublestoherself.
她不肯將自己的煩惱告訴任何人。keeptooneself:不和別人來往Hekeepstohimselfmostofthetime.
大部分時間里他都是獨來獨往。keeptosth.:堅持(某事)或留在(某處)Shekepttoherroomallthetime.
她一直待在自己的房間里不出來。LanguagePointsoftheText7.Althoughfeminismisaprocessandnotasetof
techniques…
(Para.7)比較technique,technology,skill這三個詞都表示技術,但它們的含義各不相同。technology指科學研究和應用,如:thetechnologyofcomputers(計算機技術);technique指具體運用科學的方法、手段或技巧,如
:thetechniqueforinterviews(面試技巧);而skill指做某事的技能或技藝,如:thegreatskillatplayingbilliards(打臺球的高超技術)。LanguagePointsoftheText
8.ItisanongoingpartofthetrainingprogramforstudentsenrolledintheirfirstsemesteratamajoruniversityinthewesternUnitedStates.
(Para.8)
enroll:vt.吸收(成員),招(生)TheyenrolledhimasamemberoftheEnglishClub.
他們吸收他為英語俱樂部的成員。
LanguagePointsoftheText
9.Themesconsistentwithfeminismareincludedinthevignettes.
(Para.8)
beconsistentwith:一致的,符合的Whathesaysisconsistentwithwhathedoes.他言行一致。
本句中的定語從句省略了關系代詞,完整的句子為:Themeswhichareconsistentwithfeminismareincludedinthevignettes.LanguagePointsoftheText
10."Itisimportanttohavefirstexperiencewithsomeoneotherthan‘realclients'.…"(Para.10)
otherthan:1)除了,而不2)決不;不同于……的a.Heneverspeakstomeotherthantoaskformoney.
他一開口準是向我要錢。b.ThetruthisquiteotherthanwhatIthink.
事實與我想象得完全不同。c.IborrowedsomeEnglishbooksotherthanFrenchbooks.
我借的幾本都是英語書,不是法語書。other與than之間也可以插入其他成分,如:
OthergirlsthanMarywouldhavesaidnothing.
除了瑪麗,別的女孩子們什么都不會說的。NewWordsNewWords
experientialadj.basedonexperienceorrelatedtoexperience由經驗得來的;與經驗相關的diversityn.thefactofincludingmanydifferenttypesofpeopleorthings(人或事物的)多樣性,多元化therapy/?θer?pi/n.thetreatmentofanillnessorinjuryoverafairlylongperiodoftime治療;療法systematically/s?st?'m?t?kl?/adv.inacarefullyorganized,thoroughandefficientway系統地,有條理地NewWords
faculty/?f?k(?)lti/n.alltheteachersinauniversity(大學的)全體教員recruit/r??krut/vt.tofindnewpeopletoworkinacompany,joinanorganization,doajobetc招聘;吸收,招收(新成員)vignette/vi'njet/n.ashortdescriptioninabookorplayshowingthetypicalfeaturesofapersonorsituation(書或劇本中對人物或場景的)簡介consistent/k?n?s?st?nt/adj.ifafact,ideaetcisconsistentwithanotherone,itseemstomatchit與某事物相一致,與某事物相吻合NewWords
supervision/sup?r?v??(?)n/n.managementbyoverseeingtheperformanceoroperationofapersonorgroup監督;管理;指導feminism/?fem??n?z?m/n.thebeliefthatwomenshouldhavethesamerightsandopportunitiesasmen女權主義subordinaten.toputsomeoneorsth.inalessimportantposition使處于次要地位,使從屬于periodicadj.happeninganumberoftimes,usuallyatregulartimes周期(性)的;定期的
NewWords
tenuren.therighttostaypermanentlyinateachingjob(大學教師的)終身職位,終身教席,終身教職terminallyadv.attheend,fatally晚期地,不治地spouse/spa?s/n.ahusbandorwife配偶nurturance/?n?rt??r?ns/adj.lovingcareandattentionthatyougivetosomeone關愛,關懷;養育
NewWords
therapistn.someonewhohasbeentrainedtogiveaparticularformoftreatmentforphysicalormentalillness治療專家psychotherapy/?sa?k???θer?pi/n.thetreatmentofmentalillness,forexampledepression,bytalkingtosomeoneanddiscussingtheirproblemsratherthangivingthemdrugs心理療法,精神療法statusquo/?ste?t?s?kw??/n.thestateofasituationasitis現狀utilizevt.tousesth.foraparticularpurpose利用,使用NewWords
lens/lenz/n.apieceofcurvedglassorplasticwhichmakesthingslookbigger,smaller,orcleanerwhenyoulookthroughit透鏡;鏡片idiosyncraticadj.havinganunusualhabitorbehavinginawaythatsomeonehas(個人特有的)氣質、習性或癖好的supervisor/'su:p?vaiz?/n.someonewhosupervisesapersonoractivity監督人;指導人;主管人ground-breaking/?ɡra?n(d)?bre?k??/adj.adj.groundbreakingworkinvolvesmakingnewdiscoveries,usingnewmethodsetc有突破性的,開創的
NewWords
therapeutic/,θer?'pju:tik/adj.relatingtothetreatmentorcureofanillness治療的supervisory/'su:p?varz?ri/adj.supervising監督的,管理的;指導的hierarchy/'hara:ki/n.asystemoforganizationinwhichpeopleorthingsaredividedintolevelsofimportance等級制度contrived/k?n'trarvd/adj.seemingfalseandnotnatural不自然的,矯揉造作的
NewWords
peer/p?r/n.yourpeersarethepeoplewhoarethesameageasyou,orwhohavethesametypeofjob,socialclassetc同齡人;社會地位相同的人collaborate/k?'l?b?rert/vi.toworktogetherwithapersonorgroupinordertoachievesth.,especiallyinscienceorart(尤指在科學或藝術方面)合作,協作portfolio/p?rt?fo?lio?/n.asetofpicturesorotherpiecesofworkthatanartist,photographeretchasdone(藝術家、攝影師等的)作品選集improvisa-tional/?mpr?va?'ze???nl/adj.composingorplaying(music),speakoractwithoutpreviouspreparation(即興)演奏、講話、表演的
NewWords
acclimate/??kl??me?t/vi.tobecomeusedtoanewplace,situation,ortypeofweather,ortomakesomeonebecomeusedtoit(使)適應simulationn.theactivityofproducingconditionswhicharesimilartorealones,especiallyinordertoteststh.,ortheconditionsthatareproduced模擬,仿真(尤用于試驗);模擬的環境initiate/??n??i?e?t/vt.toarrangeforsth.importanttostart,suchasanofficialprocessoranewplan開始實施,發起(重要的事,如正式的程序或新計劃)integratevt.iftwoormorethingsintegrate,orifyouintegratethem,theycombineorworktogetherinawaythatmakessth.moreeffective(使)合并,(使)結合
NewWords
facilitatevt.tomakeiteasierforaprocessor
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