句子結構&三大從句objectcomplementreviewEnglishsentenceverbsubjectintransitive(vi.)transitive(vt.)objectIO+DODO+to/for+IOS+VS+V+OS+V+O+OCadverbiallinkingverbpredicativetime,place,reason,manner,degree,purpose,etc.S+V+IO+DOS+Link.V+PS+V+O+A/S+V+ASentencestructure句子按結構劃分：簡單句(simplesentence)并列句(compound

sentence)復合句(complexsentence)簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）1①He

oftenreads

Englishinthemorning.②TomandMike

areAmericanboys.③She

likesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthenewspapers.并列句：兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構成的句子2①HelikesEnglish,hisEnglishisverygood.②Hiswifewasill,hehadtosayathome.當一個句子中含有兩個簡單句時，就要考慮兩個簡單句的連接問題了。直接用逗號連接兩個簡單句是錯誤的。①這時我們可以用and,but,or等并列連詞來連接這兩個句子；②也可以用分號（；）來連接。此時，這兩個簡單句（此時也可稱作分句）之間是并列關系。用并列連詞或分號連接起來的句子是并列句。并列句用分號：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分號，后跟一個連接副詞：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing.簡單句+并列連詞或分號+簡單句常見的并列連詞1.平行關系and,but,notonly...butalso...,both...and....,neither…nor,aswellas,then等It'sthesummervacationand

I'mhelpingmy

dadonthefarm.Heisnotonlyourteacher,butalsoourfriend.Ihavereadoneofhisnovelsaswellasafewofhisplays.常見的并列連詞2.轉折關系but,yet,however,while等Theworkerhuntedforjobsformonths,

yet

hecouldn'tfindanyjob.3.選擇關系or,whether...or,either...or等Takethisbusor

youwon'tgetthereintime.Onecannotseewind,however,itdoesexist.注：however在使用時必須與句子的其他成分用逗號分隔開來。Theessayisgood;itcouldbeimproved,however.常見的并列連詞4.因果關系Shewasconfused,forshedidn'tknowFrench.It'stimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.for,so,thereforeIt'sraining,therefore

wehadtostayathome.Exercise:請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.

2.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.復合句:復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成，指的是含有兩個或更多的主謂結構的句子。3在復合句中，其中有一個（或更多）主謂結構充當句子的某一（些）成分，如主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、同位語等。主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句都屬于復合句，主句是全句的主體，通?？梢元毩⒋嬖?，從句則只用作句子的一個成分，不能獨立。引導從句的關聯詞1.從屬連詞:that(無詞義),

whether(是否),before(在…前)，whether(是否),

after(在…之后),

if(假如、是否),

since(既然、自從),because(因為),

as/solongas(只要),

when(當時…候),sothat(結果)。2.

疑問代詞:who,which,whom,what,whose3.

疑問副詞:when,why,where,how4.

關系代詞:who,which,whom,that,whose5.

關系副詞:when,why,where復合句副詞性從句(狀語從句—adverbialclause)：Iwasreadingabookwhenshecameintomymom.形容詞性從句(定語從句—attributiveclause)：Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.名詞性從句(主語從句—subjectclause、賓語從句—objectclause、表語從句—predicativeclause、同位語從句—appositiveclause)WhatImeanistoworkharder.Ihave

foundthatEnglishisveryimportant.

Thisis

where

Ifirstmether.The

thought

thatIwanttobuymymotherabirthdaygiftmakesmeexcited.簡單句+關聯詞+簡單句狀語從句(adverbialclause)Part01狀語：基本概念結構：從屬連詞連接兩個（或多個）獨立的句子本質：表達句子之間特定的邏輯語義關系九類狀語從句時間條件原因地點目的結果讓步比較方式用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、短語或整個句子等，一般由副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語或句子充當。狀語從句時間狀語從句圈出下列句子中的從句和引導詞1)MymumwascookingwhenIgotintothekitchen.2)Afterheleftthecollege,hewenttoAmerica.3)I’llcallhimassoonasIgetthere.4)Hedidn’tgotobeduntilhisfathercameback.5)HehaslivedinBeijingsincehewasborn.步驟：1.先找關聯詞；2.關聯詞后的句子就是從句。時間狀語從句說明動作或狀態發生、存在的時間。常用引導詞:when,while,as,until/till,before,after,assoonas,…特殊引導詞:themoment,theminute,everytimethefirsttime…Thechildrenranawaythemomenttheysawtheguard.IfellinlovewiththebookthefirsttimeIsawit.易混引導詞while，when，as的區別：①when既可以指“時間點”，與瞬間動詞連用，也可以指“時間段”，與延續性動詞連用(＝while)。如：Whenhecamein,

hismotherwascooking.When/Whilewewereatschool,

wewenttothelibraryeveryday.時間狀語從句②while表示時間段，因此，while從句的謂語動詞要用延續性動詞。Pleasedon'ttalksoloudwhileothersareworking.③as與when用法相似，但著重強調主句動作與從句動作同時發生，有“隨著……”或“一邊……一邊……”之意。Asyougetolder,

yougetmoreknowledge.條件狀語從句連接詞:

if,

unless,

aslongasWewon’tletyouinunlessyoushowyourpass.Ifyoufailagainthistime,whatwillyoudo?AslongasIamalive,

Iwillgoonstudying.說明動作或事情發生、存在的條件。原因狀語從句連接詞:as,because,sinceAsitisraining,you’dbettertakeataxi.IdoitbecauseIlikeit.Sincewelivenearthesea,weenjoyniceweather.說明動作或事情發生、存在的原因。原因狀語從句because,

as,

since的區別：①because用于表示直接原因，回答why提出的問題，語氣最強；Waterisveryimportantbecausewecan'tlivewithoutit.②as用于說明原因，著重點在主句，常譯成“由于”；Hedidn'tcomeyesterdayashismotherwasill.③since表示顯然的或已知的理由或事實，常譯成“既然”。如：I'lldoitforyousinceyouarebusy.地點狀語從句連接詞:wherePutitwhereweallcanseeit.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.說明動作或事情發生、存在的地點。目的狀語從句連接詞:sothat,

inorderthatFinishthissothatyoucanstartanother.Healwaystakesaseatinthefirstrowsothat/inorderthathecanhearbetter.=Inorderthathecanhearbetter,healwaystakesaseatinthefirstrow.

說明動作或事情發生、存在的目的。結果狀語從句連接詞:sothat,so...that,such...thatHewassoangrythathecouldn'tsayaword.Hewenttothelectureearly,sothathegotagoodseat.Hemadesuchanexcellentspeechthateveryoneadmiredhim.說明動作或事情發生的結果。such...that,

so...that,

sothat引導狀語從句的區別：(1)sothat表示結果和目的時的區別：sothat表示目的時，從句中往往有can,could,may,might等情態動詞，而表示結果時沒有；sothat引導結果狀語從句可用逗號與主句分開，引導目的狀語從句則不可。Theysetoutearlysothattheyarrivedintime.(結果)Theysetoutearlysothattheymightarriveintime.(目的)(2)so…that…與such…that…的區別so為副詞，修飾形容詞、副詞，不能修飾名詞；such是形容詞，用來修飾名詞。兩者的常用結構如下：so＋形容詞/副詞＋that從句so＋形容詞＋a/an＋可數名詞單數＋that從句so＋many/few＋可數名詞復數＋that從句so＋much/little＋不可數名詞＋that從句such＋a/an＋形容詞＋可數名詞單數＋that從句such＋形容詞＋可數名詞復數＋that從句such＋形容詞＋不可數名詞＋that從句Sheissokindthatpeoplelikeherverymuch.Thisisso

interestingabookthatweallenjoyreadingit.Thereareso

manybooksherethatitisdifficulttocount.Ihaveso

littlemoneythatIcannotaffordacar.Thisissuch

aninterestingbookthatweallenjoyreadingit.Theyaresuch

interestingbooksthatweallenjoyreadingthem.Itwassuch

fineweatheryesterdaythatwewentoutforapicnic.讓步狀語從句連接詞:though,although,while,evenif,however等Thoughitwasraining,shestillwentoutwithoutanumbrella.

Althoughtheweatherwasbad,theydecidedtogoonapicnic.Whileit'srainingoutside,Istillwanttogoforawalk.

Evenifhismotheragrees,hisfatherwon'tlethim

go.Some

people

will

gain

weight,however

hard

they

try

to

slim.

說明雖然存在一種情況或條件A，但另一種情況或條件B仍然存在。方式狀語從句連接詞:as,

as

if/though,(just)as

...so...,thewayWhen

inRome,doastheRomansdo.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifitwerebroken.Justaswateristofish,soairistoman.Hedidnotdoitthewayhisbrotherdid.說明動作或事情發生的方式。比較狀語從句連接詞:than,

(not)so/as…as…Althoughheisa10-year-oldboy,

heismoreintelligentthanmanypeople.

Theworkisn’taseasyasIthought.用于表示兩個事物之間的比較關系。Quicksummary狀語從句Adverbialclause原因時間條件地點目的結果方式比較讓步when,while,as,until/till,before,after,assoonas,…as,because,sinceif,unless,aslongaswheresothat,inorderthatsothat,so...that,such...thatthough,although,while,evenif,howeveras,asif/though,(just)as

...so...,thewaythan,(not)so/as…as…賓語從句(objectclause)Part02賓語：基本概念結構：從屬連詞連接兩個（或多個）獨立的句子定義：置于動詞、介詞、形容詞等后充當賓語成分的從句叫賓語從句。三類賓語從句指動作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞組或句子充當，位于動詞之后。賓語從句圈出下列句子中的從句和引導詞1.Couldyoutellmewhoheiswaitingfor?2.Ourteachersaidthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.3.Idon'tknowifhewillcometonight.4.IamsorrythatIamlate.5.Iamthinkingaboutwhathesaid.賓語從句通常位于_______、_______或_______的后面動詞形容詞介詞tellsaidknowsorryabout1.引導詞Conjunction3.時態Tense2.語序OrderThreemainpointsofobjectclause賓語從句的三要素1.引導詞Conjunctionloading…由______引導的賓語從句，其只有語法作用，沒有實在的意義，在口語和非正式文體中可以________。Ibelieve__________

flyIbelieve__________touchtheskyIthinkaboutiteverynightanddaySpreadmywingsandflyawayIcanIcan省略聽歌填詞(that)

(that)

1.引導詞Conjunctionthat在由連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which和連接副詞when,where,why,how引導的賓語從句中，這些連接代詞和連接副詞在賓語從句中充當某個成分。Ifonlyyousaw______IcanseeYouwillunderstand______IwantyousodesperatelyRightnowI'mlookingatyouandIcan'tbelieveYoudon'tknowohohYoudon'tknowyou'rebeautifulOhohThat’s_______makesyoubeautiful聽歌填詞whywhat1.引導詞ConjunctionwhatDoyouknowwhatisinthebox?Iwonderedwhotookmyumbrellabymistake.Telluswhoseshirtitis.Idon'tknowwhichIshouldchoose.Sheaskedwhomyouwerelookingfor.連接代詞what“什么”指物

who“誰”指人whose“某人/物的”后要加名詞which“哪一個”whom“誰”賓格只做賓語在從句中充當主語在從句中充當主語在從句中充當定語在從句中充當賓語在從句中充當賓語Weknowwhereshelives.Doyouknowhowhecametotheofficeyesterday?Theyhaven'tdecidedwhenthemeetingwillbeheld.Canyoutelluswhyyouliedtoyourmother?連接副詞where“哪里”指地點

why“為什么”指原因

when“什么時候”指時間how“怎樣”指方式Idon’tknow___I’mworthit.Maybewewereperfect.Ireallyneedtocallyoutonight.ififwhether聽歌填詞1.引導詞Conjunction以____或___________引導的賓語從句，主要用來引導一般疑問句意思或選擇疑問句意思的賓語從句。注意：一般情況下，whether和if可以互用，但有些情況例外。注意(1)當從句作介詞的賓語時只用whether不用if。Everythingdependson

whetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切取決于我們是否有足夠的錢。(2)引導詞后直接跟動詞不定式或ornot時，只用whether。Wewerewonderingwhether

togotodayortomorrow.我們想知道今天走還是明天走。1.Iwonder

Icangetsomeadvicefromyou.2.Ithink

it'sfuntodressupasacartooncharacter.3.——Excuseme，couldyoupleasetellme

Icanbuysomemedicine?——Sure.There'sasupermarketdownthestreet.4.Couldyoupleasetellme______canIgettopostoffice?為下列句子填入合適的引導詞whether/ifthatwherehowloading…2.語序Order、賓語從句的語序句子的兩種語序:1.陳述句結構叫陳述語序Thereisashopnearhere.2.

疑問句結構叫疑問語序Isthereashopnearhere?

賓語從句必須用___________。陳述語序OrderIknow(that)

Lily

isclever.Iwonderif/whether

he

canswim.Doyouknowwhereshe

lives?賓語從句用陳述語序＋＋＋······主語謂語引導詞先主后謂Willtheygotomanyplaces?

Couldyoutellme?→Couldyoutellme_____________________gotomanyplaces.Whether/if

they

will3.時態Tenseloading…Idon'tknowwhereheworks.whatsheboughtyesterday.whomheisspeakingto.whenthecontestwillbegin.whetherhehasbeentoChinabefore.主句時態是一般現在時，賓語從句時態取決于從句。主句是一般將來時或祈使句時，從句時態也取決于從句。TenseTenseIhear(that)Jim

(be)aworkertwoyearsago.Jim

(be)anEnglishteacher.Jim(cook)dinnertomorrow.Jim(sing)apopularsongnow.Jim(be)totheGreatWalltwice.Jim(play)basketballwhenhisfathercameback.wasiswillcookissinginghasbeenwasplayingSuetoldmethatshewouldgoshoppingwithhersisterthenextday.Hesaidthathewantedtostayathome.Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.主句時態是一般過去時，賓語從句只能用相應的過去式（一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時，過去完成時）1)HewillgotoHongKong.2)Heissick.3)Heisreadingabook.4)Hehasfinishedhiswork.1)he

toHongKong.2)he

sick.3)he

abook.4)he

hiswork.HesaidwouldgowaswasreadinghadfinishedTenseOurteachersaidthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.HesaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.當主句是一般過去時，但賓語從句所陳述的是自然現象、客觀真理、科學原理、格言等時，從句用一般現在時。引導詞省略語序時態that陳述語序先主后謂Quicksummary·主現從不限·主過從必過·客觀真理永一現if/whether連接代詞連接副詞賓語從句objectclause定語從句(attributiveclause)Part03定語：基本概念對名詞或代詞進行修飾、限制或說明，一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞及句子等充當，位置可在所修飾的詞之前，也可在所修飾的詞之后。定語從句定語從句在句中作定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時也可以修飾部分或整個句子。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫作先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后，由關系詞(關系代詞—relativepronoun或關系副詞—relativeadverb)引出。eg.Sheistheonethatyouneverforget.定語從句結構：從句關系詞修飾名詞或代詞的句子先行詞關系詞被修飾的名詞或代詞引導定語從句替代先行詞充當句子成分關系代詞關系副詞whowhomthatwhichwhosewhenwherewhy定義：Whatistheattributiveclause?(relativepronouns)(relativeadverbs)一、關系代詞引導的定語從句1.

who,

whom,

that這些詞代替的先行詞是指人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?Heistheman(who/whom/that)Isawyesterday.(who/that在從句中作主語)(who/whom/that在從句中作賓語)2.whose用來指人或物(只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同ofwhich互換)。如：Pleasepassmethebookwhose/ofwhichthecoverisgreen.3.which,that它們所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。如：Anairofprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在從句中作賓語，可省略)(which/that在從句中作主語)Attention!:關系代詞that和which都可以指物，that和who都可以指人，其用法區別：

(1)不用that的情況①在引導非限制性定語從句時Thetree,

whichisfourhundredyearsold，isveryfamoushere.②直接在介詞后作賓語時Wedependonthelandfrom

whichwegetourfood.③下列情況多用whoa)關系代詞指人且在從句中作主語Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.b)先行詞為those,

people時Those

whowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.c)先行詞為all,

anyone,

ones,

one(指人時)One

whodoesn'tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.d)在therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.e)在被分隔的定語從句中Anewteacher

willcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.(2)只能用that的情況①在不定代詞，如anything，nothing，everything，all，much，few，any，little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。All

thatisneededisasupplyofoil.②先行詞被theonly，thevery，thejust等修飾時，只用that。Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.③先行詞被序數詞(含thelast)或形容詞最高級修飾時，只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIread