UnitoneElementarySchoolsinearlyAmericaWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.Acuteforeignobserversrelatedamericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.robertfultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatamericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.inventionn.1.發明,發明物2.捏造,虛構inventorn.發明家,發明者[聯想詞]inventoryn.1.詳細目錄2.存貨清單breakthhroughn.1.突圍,突破2.重大成就,驚人發現[聯想詞]breakdownn.1.垮臺,破裂2.衰竭,衰弱3.損壞,故障4.分類premiumn.1.保險金2.額外費用3.獎品,贈品,額外津貼a.1.高級的,優質的2.售價高的[聯想詞]subsidyn.津貼,補貼verbala.1.口頭的2.用言辭的,用文字的[聯想詞]vocala.發聲的,嗓音的spatiala.空間的,與空間有關的literacyn.識字,有文化,讀寫能力literatea.1.有讀寫能力的2.有文化修養的stimulusn.1.促進2.刺激[聯想詞]provocationn.1.挑釁,挑撥2.刺激,激怒provocativea2.刺激的precedevt.在...之前,先于precedentn2.慣例patentn.專利,專利權a.專利(權)的,受專利保護的vt.得到...的專利權originatevi.起源于,來自,產生vt.創造,創始,開創[聯想詞]commencev.開始incentiven.刺激,鼓勵ambiguousa.引起歧義的,模式棱兩可的,含糊不清的[聯想詞]indefinitea.1.不明確的,含糊的2.無限期的exdplicita.1.明確的,明晰的;詳述的2.直言的,毫不隱瞞的,露骨的manipulatevt.1.操縱,控制,影響2.操作,使用levern,工具,手段vt.撬動,撬起wedgen.楔(子)vt.把...楔入,塞入[聯想詞]grooven.溝,槽hingen.鉸鏈interactvi.相互作用,相互影響emulationn賽,競爭2.仿效,仿真imitationn,仿制品3.贗品strivevi.努力,奮斗,力求sculpturen.1.雕刻,雕塑2.雕刻作品,雕塑品[聯想詞]carvevt.1.切,把...切碎2.雕刻,刻engravevt.1.在...上雕刻2.使銘記,使牢記statuen.雕像,塑像bustn.1.胸像,半身像2.胸部,胸圍marblen.1.大理石diploman.畢業文憑,畢業證書,資格證書[聯想詞]diplomatn.1.外交官,外交家2.有交際手段的人,圓滑的人perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,長期的2.無休止的,沒完沒了的UnitTwoFightAgainYouthSmokingThreeyearsagoappalledbyhowmanychildrenwerebecomingaddictedtocigaretteseveryyear,theVicePresidentandIcommittedthisadministrationtostoppingthesaleandmarketingofcigarettestochildren.Today,thankstotheseeffortsandthepersistenceofstateattorneysgeneral,thepublichealthcommunity,andleadersinCongress,wehavethebestopportunityevertopasscomprehensiveanti-smokinglegislationthatwellsavemillionsofourchildrenfromapremature,painful,andverypreventabledeath.Thisweek,inahistoricandresounding19to1vote,akeySenatecommitteegaveitsstampofapprovaltocomprehensivelegislationsponsoredbySenatorJohnMcCain,aRepublican,andSenatorFritzHollings,aDemocrat,thatwouldcutyouthsmokingbyhalfoverthenextdecade.Thisbillrepresentsadramaticstepforward.Itwouldraisethepriceofcigarettes,givetheFDAfullauthoritytoregulatetobaccoproducts,banadvertisingaimedatchildren,andprotecttobaccofarmers.Westillhaveworktodointhislegislation.Aboveall,weneedtoputinplacetoughpenaltiesthatwillcostthetobaccoindustryifitcontinuestosellcigarettestoyoungpeople.JustthisweektheCentersforDiseaseControlreleasedadisturbingreportthatmorethanathirdofteenagersintheUnitedStatesnowsmoke,eventhoughit'sillegal.Itistimetoholdtobaccocompaniesaccountable.Reducidngyouthsmokingmustbeveerybody'sbottomline.Let'sremember--thisisnotaboutpoliticsormoney,orseekingrevengeagainstthetobaccoindustryforpastpractices.We'renottryingtoputthetobaccocompaniesoutofbusiness;wewanttoputthemoutofthebusinessofsellingcigarattestokids.Thisweek'sprogressintheSenateshowswehaverealmomentuminbothpartiestodojustthat.There'restillmalyissuestobeworkedoutandmanylongnightsahead.Butwehavewithinourgrasponeofthemostimportantpublichealthvictoriesournationhaseverachieved.Finally,litmejustpauseamomenttoobservethe30thanniversaryofthedeathofoneofAmerica'sgreatestheroes,Dr.MartinLutherKing.Hisdream,deeplyrootedintheAmericanDream,isadreamforallAmericans.LetushereathomealwaysstrivetoheedDr.King'swordsandliveuptohislegacy.BillClintonappallvt.使驚駭,使大吃一驚[聯想詞]terrifyvt.使害怕,使驚嚇outragevt.激起...的義憤,激怒n.1.義憤,憤慨2.暴行,駭人聽聞的事件addictn.1.有癮的人2.入迷的人vt.使成癮,使入迷[聯想詞]cocainen.可卡因toxica.有毒的,中毒引起的persistenta.1.堅持不懈的,執意的2.持續的persistencen.1.堅持不懈,執意2.持續性,持續狀態[聯想詞]stubborna.1.頑固的,執拗的,倔強的2.難對付的,難于克服的legislationn.1.法律,法規2,立法的,法律的制定[聯想詞]legitimatea.1.合情合理的2.合法的,法律認可的judiciala.1.司法的,法庭的,審判的2.明斷的,公正的suevi.1.控告,起訴2.要求,請求vt.控告,起訴prosecutevt.1.對...提起公訴,告發,檢舉2.繼續從事vi.起訴,告發defendantn.被告invalida.1.無效的,作廢的2.無可靠依據的n.病弱者,殘疾者testifyvi.1.作證,證明2.表明,說明vt.作證,證明testimonyn.1.證詞2.見證,證明aauthorityn.1.權力,管轄權2.官方,當局3.當權者,行政管理機構4.權威,專家authoritativea.1.權威性的,可信的2.專斷的,命令式的authorizevt.授權,批準vulgara1.粗野的,下流的2.庸俗的,粗俗的[聯想詞]definitivea.1.最可靠的,權威性的2.決定性的accountablea.負起責任的genmomentumn.1.動力,沖力,勢力2.動量[聯想詞]impetusn.1.推動,促進,刺激2.推動力strivevi.努力,奮斗,力求egencyndeadlya.1.致死的,致命的2.不共戴天的,殊死的3.極度的,十足的ad.非常,極度地][聯想詞]drastica.1.極端的,嚴厲的2.激烈的,迅猛的epidemicn2.流傳,流行a.流行性的,流傳極廣的UnitThreeBeautyIsMeaninglessAyoungmanseesasunsetand,unabletounderstandortoexpresstheemotionthatitrousesinhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.Itisdifficultforanyofusinmomentsofintenseaestheticexperiencetoresistthesuggestionthatwearecatchingaglimpseofalightthatshinesdowntousfromadifferentrealmofexistence,differentand,becausetheexperienceisintenselymoving,insomewqyhigher.And,thoughthegleamsblindanddazzle,yettheydoconveyahintofbeautyandserenitygreaterthanwehaveknownorimagined.Greatertoothanwecandescribe,forlanguage,whichwasinventedtoconveythemeaningsofthisworld,cannotreadilybefittedtotheusesofanother.Thatallgreatarthasthispowerofsuggestingaworldbeyondisundeniable.Insomemoods,Naturesharesit.ThereisnoskyinJunesobluethatitdoesnotpointforwardtoabluer,nosunsetsobeautifulthatitdoesnotwakenthevisionofagreaterbeauty,awisionwhichpassesbeforeitisfullyglimpsed,andinpassingleavesanindefinablelingingandregret.But,ifthisworldisnotmerelyabadjoke,lifeavulgarflareamidthecoolradianceofthestars,andexistenceanemptylaughbrayingacrossthemysteries,iftheseintimationsofasomethingbehindandbeyondarenotevilhumourbornofindigestion,orwhimsiessentbythedeviltomockandmaddenus,if,inaword,beautymeanssomething,yetwemustnotseektointerpretthemeaning.Ifweglimpsetheunutterable,itisunwisetotrytoutterit,norshouldweseektoinvestwithsignificancethatwhichwecannotgrasp.Beautyintermsofourhumanmeaningsisensea劇烈的,緊張的2.認真的,專注的3.熱情的,熱切的aesthetica學的,審美的2.悅目的,雅致的gleamvin.1.閃光,閃亮2.閃現,流露[聯想詞]sparklevi.1.發光,閃耀,閃爍2.活躍,煥發n.1.發光,閃耀,閃爍2.活力,生氣glittervi.閃閃發光,閃耀n.閃光,燦爛的光輝2.耀眼,輝煌dazzlevt.使眩目n.1.耀眼的光2.令人贊嘆的東西serenityn.1.平靜,安詳2.晴朗,明朗denialn2.拒絕eniablea[聯想詞]boscenea.1.淫穢的,下流的2.可憎的,可惡的flarevi.1.(火焰)閃耀2.突發,突然發怒n.閃光信號,照明彈[聯想詞]eruptvi.1.(火山等)噴發2.(戰爭等)爆發,突然發生ignitevt.點燃,引發radianta.1.容光煥發的,喜形于色的2.光芒四射的,光輝燦爛的3.輻射的[聯想詞]radiatev.1.發出(光或熱),輻射2.流露,顯示radioactivea.放射性的,有輻射的brayvi響而粗的聲音說(或笑)whimsyn.1.怪念頭,離奇的想法2.稀奇古怪[聯想詞]bizarea.怪誕的,奇形怪狀的weirda.1.古怪的,離奇的2.怪誕的,神秘可怕的mockvt嘲笑,嘲弄2.(為了取笑)模仿vi.嘲笑,嘲弄a的,學習的2.假的,假裝的UnitFourWaitinginLineTheBritishqueueupandtheAmericanswaitinline,exceptforNewYorkers,whowaitonline.Nooneseemstoknowthereasonforthislocalidiom.Itissomethingtoponderwhilewaitingin/online.Anotherthingtoponder:ItisestimatedthatAmericansspednduptofiveyearsoftheirlivesinthattedious,wearybutunavoidableprocessknownaswaiting.Studiesshowthatotherwiserationalpeopleactirrationallywhenforcedtostandinlineorwaitincrowds,evenbecomingviolent.Queuesareagrimrealityofcitylife.Whilethereseemstobenoconsensusonthecity'sworstline,theonesmentionedmostoftenintalkshereandtherewerelunchtimelinesatbanksandpostofficesand,amongyoungerpeople,movielinesandcollege-registrationlines."Banklines,"saidMarkSloane,aninvestor."Nomatterwhattimeofdayyoubank,thenumberoftellersisinadequatetothenumberofpatrons.Evenwhenthebankisopenyouseelonglinesinfrontofthemoneymachinesoutside.""Supermarkets,"saidEdFrantz,agraphicartist,whoonceabandonedafullshoppingcartinthemiddleofalongcheckoutline.Itwasnotapoliticalact."Thelinewasfilledwithcouponclippersandcheckwriters,"herecalled."AndsuddenlyIhadtowalkaway.Foodnolongermattered."Inanylinethefundamentalruleisfirstcome,firstserved,orwhatdsocialscientistscall"distributivejustice."Exceptionsmaybemade,say,infancyrestaurantswheretheheadwaitershavetheirfavorites,but,ingeneral,theruleprevails.Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.Dr.LeonManndocumentedthisseveralyearsagowhen,asaHarvardprofessor,hestudiedthelongovernightqueuesforticketstoballgamesinhisnativeAustralia."Outsidethestadiumsomethingofacarnivalatmosphereprevails,"hewroteinTheAmericanJournalofSociology."Thedevoteessing,sipwarmdrinks,playcardsandhuddletogether."Liketheteamstheyhadcometowatch,thefansinlinetooktimeouts.Someworkedinshifts,withcertainmembersleavingtotakenapsoreatmeals,whileotherssavedtheirplacesinline.Somestakedclaimsinlinewithitemsofpersonalpropertysuchassleepingbagsandfoldingchairs."Duringtheearlyhoursofwaiting,"Dr.Mannnoted,"thequeuesoftenconsistedofonepartpeopletotwopartsinanimateobjects."NobodyhaseverseriouslystudiedHelenQuinn'sSaturdaymorninglineforMetropolitanOperatickets,butperhapssomeoneshould--MissQuinnisnotanofficialattheMet.For15yearsstandeesattheoperahavebeendoingjustthat,thankstoMissQuin'sticketingsystem.Shemakes,datesandnumbershertickets--oneforeachofthe175standingroomspotsavailable--anddispensesthemtoearlybirds.Assuredofaplace,ticketholdersthenleaveandreturnshortlybefore8A.M.tolineupfortherealtickets.idiomn.風格,特色ponderv.思索,考慮,沉思[聯想詞]contemplatevt.1.盤算,計議2.思量,周密考慮3.注視,凝視wearya.1.疲勞的,疲倦的2.使疲勞的,令人厭倦的vi.厭倦的,不耐煩[聯想詞]tiresomea.令人疲勞的,令人厭倦的grima厭的,糟糕的2.嚴厲的3.嚴酷的,無情的consensusn單](意見等)一致,一致同意patronn.老主顧,顧客resentvt.對...表示忿恨,怨恨couponn券,優惠券2.配券,票證clipn.1.夾子,回形針,別針2.彈夾,彈倉3.剪,修剪4.剪報,電影片斷vt.(clipped;clipping)1.夾住,扣住2.剪,修剪3.削減,縮短[聯想詞]clampn.夾頭,夾具,夾鉗vt.(用夾具等)夾緊,固定valentamiseryn難2.悲慘的境遇,貧苦carnivaln.1.表演會2.慶祝,歡宴3.狂歡節[聯想詞]feastn.1.盛宴,筵席2.節日sociologyn.社會學ippedsippignhuddlevi.把身子蜷成一團vt.使聚集在一起n亂的東西inanimatea物的2.無生氣的,單調的opolitanadispensevt.1.分配,分發2.配(藥),發(藥)3.實施,執行[聯想詞]dispersevi.1.分散,散開2.消散,消失vt.1.使分散,趕散2.使消散,驅散UnitFiveAggressivePatriotisminSportsSomepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenations.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicgameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonly,wastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,butthegameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockeyfinal.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,theusersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents'victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn'thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwellcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.InthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.tragica.1.悲慘的,可悲的2.悲劇(性)的[聯想詞]dreadfula.1.糟透了的,極不合意的2.極端的,極其大的3.可怕的,令人畏懼的pathetica.1.差勁的,令人生厭的2.可悲的,可憐的,引起憐憫的disastrousa.1.災難性的,造成災害的2.極壞的,很糟的catastrophen.大災難,災禍destructivea.破壞(性)的,毀滅(性)的comica.喜劇的,滑稽的incidentn.1.發生的事2.事件,事變incidencen.[單]發生率incidentallyad.順便說及,順便提一句indignationn.憤怒,憤慨,義憤indignanta.憤怒的,憤慨的,義憤的[聯想詞]furyn.1.狂怒,暴怒2.狂暴,猛烈furiousa.1.狂怒的,暴怒的2.強烈的,激烈的dismayn.1.失望,氣餒2.驚恐,驚愕vt.1.使失望,使氣餒2.使驚恐,使驚愕hockeyn.曲棍球[聯想詞]versusprep.1.以...為對手,對2.與...相對,與...相比之下federationn.1.聯合會2.聯邦disturbancen.1.擾亂,打擾2.騷亂,混亂3.心神不安,煩惱[聯想詞]harassmentn.1.侵擾,騷擾2.煩惱,困苦ismnrioticaUnitSixMannersArePracticallyNon-ExistentMannersnowadyasinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves"Firstcome,firstserved,"whileagreyhairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviourofthesestuotyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen?Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,either--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxi-driversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonorofferthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.Youmaybedisappointedifyoufail,butyouaredoomedifyoudon'ttry.erlySillsmetropolitana.大城市的,大都會的[聯想詞]municipala.市的,市政的courtesyn禮2.有禮貌的舉止(或言詞)cripplen.跛子,傷殘人vt.1.使跛,使受傷致殘2.嚴重削弱,使陷于癱瘓stouta.1.發胖的,胖而大的2.結實的,牢固的3.勇敢的,大膽的,頑強的[聯想詞]sturdya.1.強壯的,結實的,堅固的2.堅定的,堅強的hardya.1.強壯的,堅強的,能吃苦耐勞的2.耐寒的robusta.強壯的,健康的musculara.肌肉發達的,強壯的fragilea.1.易碎的,脆的,易損壞的2.虛弱的,脆弱的irritatevt.1.使惱怒,使煩躁2.使(身體某部分)不適,使疼痛irritablea.1.易怒的,急躁的2.(器官等)過敏的[聯想詞]aggravatevt.1.加重,加劇,使惡化2.激怒,使惱火angeln.1.天使2.可愛的人briska.1.輕快的,生氣勃勃的2.興隆的,繁忙活躍的3.寒冷而清新的[聯想詞]energetica.精力充沛的,充滿活力的slacka.1.不活躍的,蕭條的,清淡的2.懈怠的,馬虎的3.松(馳)的n.(繩索等)松弛部分vi.懈怠,懶散wearya.1.疲勞的,疲倦的2.使人疲勞的,使人厭倦的vi.(of)厭煩,不耐煩shovevt.1.亂推,擠2.亂塞,隨意做vi.用力推,擠n.猛推commendvt,稱贊2.推薦imperativea令的n.必要的事,必須完成的事growlvi.1.(動物)發狺狺聲2.低志咆哮著說話[聯想詞]howlvi.嚎叫,吼叫,(風)呼嘯n.嚎叫,吼叫,(風)呼嘯yellvi.號叫,叫喊n.號叫,叫喊mutterv.n.輕聲低語,小聲抱怨mutea.1.緘默的,無聲的2.啞的,舉說話的3.(字母)不發聲的vt.消除(聲音),減輕聲音ideterioratevi.變壞,惡化deteriorationn.變壞,惡化,墮落[聯想詞]crumblevt.弄碎vi.崩潰,瓦解perfectionn.完美,完善[聯想詞]intacta.完整無缺的,未經觸動的,未受損傷的UnitSevenOnAmbitionIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared:anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthanthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnotthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placemanesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilynadopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious."Theattasksinambitionaremanyandcomefromvarionsangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.destinyn.1.命運2.定數,天命destineda.1.命中注定,預定的2.以...為目的地的deemvt.認為,視為hypocrisyn.偽善,虛偽locationn.1.位置,場所2.外景拍攝地localityn.地區,地點situateda.位于...的,坐落在...的spectaclen場面2.景象,壯觀3.[-s]眼鏡amplea的2.寬敞的,面積大的amplifyvt大,增強2.擴大,詳述exceptionala.1.優越的,杰出的2.例外的,獨特的[聯想詞]abnormala.反常的,異常的queera1.奇怪的,異常的2.不舒服的,眩暈的ambitiousa.1.有抱負的,雄心勃勃的2.有野心的[聯想詞]aspirationn.強烈的愿望,志向,抱負enrollvi.(in,on)入學,加入vt.招收,吸收[聯想詞]expel(expelled;expelling)vt.1.把..除名,把..開除2.驅逐3.排出formulatevt1.構想出,規劃2.系統地闡述formulationn1.公式化2.系統的闡述3.規劃,構想impulsen.1.沖動,一時的念頭2.驅動,驅使3.脈沖[聯想詞]propel(propelled,propelling)vt.1.推進,推動2.激勵,驅使curbvt.控制,約束n.控制,約束slya.1.狡猾的,狡詐的2.會意的,會心的[聯想詞]shrewda.機靈的,敏銳的,精明的confidentiala.1.秘密的,機密的2.表示信任的UnitEightTheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCarsTheuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld'spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travelingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheair-conditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighborhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmorecarsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors'surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferformtrafficjams.Infact,anyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherattheintersections.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedtollsandroadtaxalladdtothedriver'sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.mobilityn2.機動性mobilizevt動vi.動員起來summonvi.1.召喚2.(up)鼓起勇氣3.召開,召集irritatevt躁2.使(身體某部分)不適,使疼痛irconditioningndrawbackn.缺點,欠缺,不利條件setbackn.挫折,倒退,失敗handicapn.1.缺陷2.障礙vt.(handicapped;handicapping)妨礙,使不利productivea2.富有成效的productivityn.生產力,生產率surgeryn科,外科手術2.手術室dentistnwardn.病房bandagenvtintersectionn口,交點junctionn.聯結點,交叉口,樞紐overpassn交橋barricaden.路vt.在...設路障bewildervt.使迷惑,難住perplexvt.使困惑,使復雜化bafflevt.使困惑,難住tolln1.過路費2.(事故等的)傷亡人數,損失v.(緩慢而有規律的)敲(鐘)diversionn移,轉向2.消遣,娛樂3.臨時繞行路blessv到,使具有2.為...祈神賜福blessingn幸事,恩惠menacen.1.具有危險的人2.威脅,威嚇vt.威脅,威嚇bullyvtn欺弱者jeopardizevt.危及,損害terrifyvt.使害怕,使驚嚇terrifica1.可怕的,嚇人的2.極度的,極大的UnitNineTheDefinitionofaGentlemanItisalmostadefinitionofagentlemantosayheisonewhoneverinflictspainThisdescriptionisbothrefinedandasfarasitgoes,accurate.Heismainlyoccupiedinmerelyremovingtheobstacleswhich