PAGE1-推理推斷題專練(五)——結(jié)構(gòu)推斷類A[2024·貴陽市高三適應(yīng)性考試(一)]Brits(英國(guó)人)areextremelybadatlanguages,withmanyofusrelyingonthefactthattherestoftheworldspeakEnglish.Onlyhalf(51%)areabletospeakasecondlanguagetoanystandardandasmorepeopletravelabroad,thisisbecominganincreasingregret,accordingtoanewstudy.Almosttwo-thirds(62%)ofUKadultswishtheywerebetteratspeakinglanguages.Sotheycanbetterunderstandacity'sculture(38%ofrespondents),talkwithlocals(24%)andgobeyondtheguidebook(21%)．Overcominglanguagebarrierscanbeoneofthemostdifficultpartsofaholiday,particularlywheninunfamiliarsurroundings.Sostressfulinthefactthat10%ofrespondentssaidtheydidn'ttravelbecauseoftheproblem.ThesurveybyHostelworldshowedthatoneinfiveblamedgettinglostonthelanguagebarrier,whileasimilarnumberhadproblemsorderingfoodandoneintengotonthewrongtrain,planeorotherformoftransportation.Iflanguagesweren'tanissuethenoneineight(12%)BritswouldvisitJapan.China,ItalyandRussiawerealsopopularchoices.Despitethecommunicationproblem,Japanhasseena7.5%increaseinthenumberofBritishvisitorsbetweenJanuaryandApril,comparedtothistimelastyear.“ThenumberofBritishtravelerstoJapanhasbeengrowingyearonyear，”accordingtoHollieMantle,marketingandcommunicationmanagerfortheJapaneseTouristBoard.“PeoplearerealizingthatJapanisoneofthemosthospitableandbeautifulcountriesonearth,withsomanynewexperiencesfortravelerstotry,nottomentionworld-classcuisine！”TheyhadthismessageforBritsthinkingaboutvisiting:“Thoughsometravelersworryaboutlanguagebarriers,assoonasyouarriveinJapan,you'llrealizethatpeoplewillgooutoftheirwaytohelpyouenjoytheircountry.Therereallyarefew‘barriers’—roadsignsandtrainstationsareinEnglish,you'llfindthatpeoplespeakmoreEnglishthantheyleton,andevenwhentheydon't,theywillgoaboveandbeyondtohelpyouout.”體裁：說明文題材：社會(huì)生活主題：英國(guó)人的語言實(shí)力【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了語言障礙成為英國(guó)人出國(guó)旅游的一大顧慮。【難句分析】Brits(英國(guó)人)areextremelybadatlanguages,withmanyofusrelyingonthefactthattherestoftheworldspeakEnglish.分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，在從句中不作句子成分，對(duì)fact的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說明說明。譯文：我們很多人基于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即世界其他地方的人都說英語，由此得出英國(guó)人語言實(shí)力特殊差。1．Whatdoweknowfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Britsarepooratlanguages.B．Britsregretwhattheyhavedone.C．Britslikerelyingonothers.D．Britsaregoodatlanguages.答案與解析：A考查推理推斷。第一段第一句“Brits(英國(guó)人)areextremelybadatlanguages,withmanyofusrelyingonthefactthattherestoftheworldspeakEnglish”點(diǎn)題，并結(jié)合對(duì)前兩段的整體理解可推知，英國(guó)人的語言實(shí)力比較差，故選A項(xiàng)。2．HowmanyBritscan'torderfoodcorrectlybecauseoflanguagebarriers?A．About10%.B．About12%.C．About20%.D．About21%.答案與解析：C考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第四段中的“ThesurveybyHostelworldshowedthatoneinfiveblamedgettinglostonthelanguagebarrier,whileasimilarnumberhadproblemsorderingfood”可知，1/5也即20%的英國(guó)人因?yàn)檎Z言障礙不能正確訂餐，故選C項(xiàng)。3．Howisthetextmainlydeveloped?A．Byanalyzingcauses.B．Bygivingexamples.C．BymakingdescriptionD．Bylistingdata.答案與解析：D考查推理推斷。依據(jù)對(duì)文章的整體理解可知，本文列舉了大量的數(shù)據(jù)來論證作者的觀點(diǎn)，由此可推知，本文是通過列出數(shù)據(jù)來發(fā)展的，故選D項(xiàng)。B[2024·銀川質(zhì)量檢測(cè)]Bothbeesandantsaresocialinsectsthatliveingroupscalledcolonies.Theysurvivebymeansoftheircollectiveintelligence.Theirdecision-makingpowerisdistributedthroughoutthegroup;thatis,oneantorbeecan'tmakedecisionsforthegroup.Instead,theyworktogether.AsDeborahM.Gordon,abiologistofStanfordAntscommunicatebyusingchemicalscalledpheromones(信息素),whichcanalertotherstodangerortoafoodsource.Forexample,whenworkerantsfindapromisingsource,theylettherestofthecolonyknowhowtofinditbyleavingatrailofpheromonesonthewaybacktothecolony.Theotherantspickupthemessageusingtheirsenseofsmell.Bees,ontheotherhand,usemovementtocommunicatewitheachother.Workerbeessendmessagestoeachotherbymeansofa“dance”.Differentspeedsandmovementssenddifferentmessages.Forexample,whenworkerbeescalledscouts(偵察員)goouttofindanewhomeforthecolony,theyreturnanddoadancefortheotherworkerbeesthatindicatesthelocationofthenewhomeandhowsuitableitis.Thefasterthescoutsdance,thebetterthenewlocationis.Beesandantsarebothcapableoflearning.OneChinesestudyfoundthatbeescanbetrainedtolearnandrememberaroutetoafoodsource.Theresearchersalsofoundthatbeescanbetaughttorecognizehiddenobjectsandusetheconceptsof“sameness”and“difference”toaccomplishcertaintasks.Antstakethisonestepfurther.RecentAmericanresearchhasshownthatantsnotonlyhavetheabilitytolearn,butalsocanteachtheirforaging_skillstootheryoungerants.Theyobservedthatolderantsaccompanyyoungantsinsearchoffoodandteachthemtherouteandhowtoavoidobstacles.Aswecansee,thesocialbehaviorofbeesandantsisquitesimilar.Bothcoordinatecomplexactionsandaccomplishcrucialsurvivaltasksbycooperatingingroupsconsistingofmanyindividuals.Unintelligentastheymaybeasindividuals,asgroupstheyoftenshowamazingbrillianceastheygoabouttheireverydayactivities.體裁：說明文題材：科學(xué)探討主題：蜜蜂和螞蟻的習(xí)性探討【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，探討發(fā)覺，蜜蜂和螞蟻在社會(huì)行為方面有很多共同之處，它們都是通過群體合作來協(xié)調(diào)困難的活動(dòng)和完成重要的生存任務(wù)。【難句分析】Althoughbeesandantsarequitedifferentphysically,theyhavealotincommonintermsoftheirsocialbehavior.分析：Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；have...incommon意為“有……共同之處”；intermsof意為“在……方面”。譯文：雖然蜜蜂和螞蟻在身體上有很大的不同，但它們?cè)谏鐣?huì)行為方面有很多共同之處。4．Whatdoantsandbeeshaveincommon?A．Theymakeuseofcollectiveintelligence.B．Theyliveinsimilar-sizedcolonies.C．Theyhavesmallleadershipgroupsthatmakealldecisions.D．Theyusethesamemethodstocommunicatewitheachother.答案與解析：A考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)第一段其次句“Theysurvivebymeansoftheircollectiveintelligence”和最終一段的內(nèi)容可知，螞蟻和蜜蜂都依靠集體的才智來生存，故選A項(xiàng)。5．Whatdoesthespeedofabee'sdanceindicate?A．Thedistancetoaneighboringcolony.B．Thequalityofanewcolonylocation.C．Thediscoveryofanewfoodsource.D．Thedirectiontoapotentialfoodsource.答案與解析：B考查細(xì)微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)其次段最終一句“Thefasterthescoutsdance,thebetterthenewlocationis”可知，被稱為偵察員的工蜂跳舞的速度越快，新地點(diǎn)就越好。由此可知，蜜蜂跳舞的速度反映了新的群體地點(diǎn)的質(zhì)量，故選B項(xiàng)。6．InParagraph3,howdoestheauthordemonstratetheideathat“Beesandantsarebothcapableoflearning”？A．Byusingstatistics.B．Byexplainingreasons.C．Bypresentingstudyfindings.D．Bystatingopinions.答案與解析：C考查寫作手法。依據(jù)第三段其次句中的“OneChinesestudyfoundthat”和第五句中的“RecentAmericanresearchhasshownthat”可知，作者在證明螞蟻和蜜蜂都有學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)力時(shí)，用的是展示他人的探討成果的方法，故選C項(xiàng)。7．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“foragingskills”refertointhethirdparagraph?A．Theskillsofcommunicating.B．Theskillsofseekingfood.C．Theskillsoflearning.D．Theskillsoffindinganewhome.答案與解析：B考查詞義揣測(cè)。依據(jù)第三段最終一句“Theyobservedthatolderants...howtoavoidobstacles”可知，他們視察到年長(zhǎng)的螞蟻陪伴年幼的螞蟻找尋食物，教它們路途以及如何避開障礙物。由此可推知，畫線部分是指找尋食物的技能，故選B項(xiàng)。C[2024·重慶其次次調(diào)研]Nowadays,wecanreadalmostall“truths”onsocialmediasites.Butaretheyreallyreliable?Sitessuchasthemicro-messagingservice,thesocialnetworkingsiteandthephoto-sharingappInstagrammight“misrepresenttherealworld”，accordingtoastudybycomputerscientistsfromMcGillUniversityandCarnegieMellonUniversity.Thescientistswarnthatgatheringinformationaboutpublicviewsandtrendsfromthesesitesisunwise.Therearestilllargepartsofthepopulationwhodonottakepartinsocialmediaactivities.Also,there'sariskthatmanysocialmediausersareunder-represented.Instagram,forexample,appealstoyoungeradultsinurbanareaswhilePinterestisusedmainlybyfemalesaged25to34.Andonly5percentofthemicro-messagingserviceusersareover65yearsold,accordingtothestudy.However,thisisnottheonlyissue,accordingtothescientificteam.Thedesignofawebsitecaninfluencehowpeoplebehaveonline,creatingwhattheresearcherscall“Internetbias”.Forexample,micro-bloggingsitessuchasWeibopromote“popular”stories.Itsavestimeforsomebutitalsolimitsreaders'choiceofwhattheysee.Intheend,manypeopleopenthosestoriesandmakethemmore“popular”.Butit'snotbecausetheychoosethosestories.Rather,itisbecausethecontentisrightinfrontofthem.Besides,it'spossiblethatnoteveryoneonyoursocialnetworksisreal.Theremightactuallybeafewfakeaccountsamongthem.Fake“bots”pretendtobehumansandareoftenincludedwhenmeasuringorpredictinghumanbehaviorsonline.Thefindingsmightbemoreimportantthanyouwouldthink,sincemanysocialmediastudiesareusedtoinformandjustifydecisionsandinvestmentsamongthepublicandinindustryandgovernment,accordingtoDerekRuths,anassistantprofessorofComputerScienceatMcGillUniversity.Iftheteamisright,youmighthavetothinkcarefullynexttimeyousay,“It'strue,youknow;IreaditonWeibo.”體裁：爭(zhēng)論文題材：熱點(diǎn)話題主題：網(wǎng)上的東西可信嗎？【語篇解讀】本文是一篇爭(zhēng)論文。時(shí)下，網(wǎng)站上的信息林林總總，讓人紛繁蕪雜，有人認(rèn)為這些信息是真實(shí)的，但探討表明，網(wǎng)上信息往往存在片面性和誤導(dǎo)性，從網(wǎng)站上收集關(guān)于公共觀點(diǎn)和趨勢(shì)的信息是不明智的。【難句分析】Thefindingsmightbemoreimportantthanyouwouldthink,sincemanysocialmediastudiesareusedtoinformandjustifydecisionsandinvestmentsamongthepublicandinindustryandgovernment,accordingtoDerekRuths,anassistantprofessorofComputerScienceatMcGillUniversity.分析：該句為主從復(fù)合句。句中“sincemanysocialmediastudiesareusedtoinformandjustifydecisionsandinvestmentsamongthepublicandinindustryandgovernment”為since引導(dǎo)的緣由狀語從句，其中從句主語為“manysocialmediastudies”，和動(dòng)詞use之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。譯文：據(jù)麥吉爾高校計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)院的助理教授DerekRuths說，這些發(fā)覺可能比你想象的更重要，因?yàn)楹芏嗌缃幻襟w探討被用來為公眾、工業(yè)和政府的決策和投資供應(yīng)信息，并證明其決策和投資是正確的。8．Whydoestheauthormentionthemicro-messagingandInstagram?A．Becausetheyarethebestsocialmediasitestoday.B．Becausetheyarenotinfavorofthecurrentstudy.C．Becausethepublicaresharingtruthsonthesesites.D．Becauseinformationonthesesitesmaynotbereliable.答案與解析：D考查目的意圖。依據(jù)第一段其次句“Butaretheyreallyreliable？”可知，作者對(duì)這些網(wǎng)上信息的真實(shí)性提出質(zhì)疑；依據(jù)第一段第三句“Sitessuchasthemicro-messagingservice,thesocialnetworkingsiteandthephoto-sharingappInstagrammight‘misrepresenttherealworld’”可知，微信息服務(wù)、社交網(wǎng)站和照片共享應(yīng)用Instagram等網(wǎng)站可能“歪曲了現(xiàn)實(shí)世界”。據(jù)此可知，第一段提及微信息服務(wù)和Instagram等網(wǎng)站旨在說明這些網(wǎng)站上的信息可能不行靠，故D項(xiàng)正確。9．Howisthepassagedeve