專題14閱讀理解高中英語教學大綱明確規定“側重提高閱讀能力”，這為我們的備考指明了方向。分析近幾年的高考英語試題，我們不難看出，閱讀理解是高考試題中難度最大，區分度最高的題型，自始至終占據著主導地位。閱讀理解能力屬于語言的領會技能，它不僅考查對語篇的整體把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、準確理解特定細節以及復雜句子的能力。不僅要準確理解文章表層的意思，還要通過表層去推理、判斷。除此之外，還涉及非語言因素，如：對所學語言國家的社會和文化背景知識的掌握、生活常識、邏輯知識和語言修養等。Ⅰ.閱讀理解題策略一、先看題干，帶著問題讀文章。即先看試題，再讀文章。閱讀題干，首先要掌握問題的類型，分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。其次，了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息，然后有針對性地對文章進行掃讀，對有關信息進行快速定位，再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比，有根有據地排除干擾項，選出正確答案。二、速讀全文，了解大意知主題。近幾年的高考閱讀速度大約是每分鐘40詞左右。必須在十分有限的時間內運用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速搜尋關鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時空、順序、情節、人物、觀點，并且理清文章脈絡，把握語篇實質。速讀全文對于主旨大意題的解決尤其有效，能快速抓住主干，確定好答案。三、詳讀細節，理順思路與文章脈絡。文章絕不是互不相干的句子的堆砌。作者為文，有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心，以時間或空間為線索，按事件的發生、發展、結局展開故事；議論文則包含論點、論據、結論三大要素，通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點。四、邏輯推理，做好深層理解題。深層理解主要包括歸納概括題(中心思想，加標題等)和推理判斷題，是閱讀理解中的難點。深層理解是一種創造性的思維活動。它必須忠實于原文，以文章提供的事實和線索為依據，立足已知推斷未知，不能憑空想像，隨意揣測；讀者要對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理，不能就事論事，以偏概全。推理題在提問中常用的詞有：conclude，infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。五、猜詞悟義，掃除閱讀攔路虎。猜詞是應用英語閱讀的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構詞法，語法，定義，同位語，對比，因果，常識，上下文等線索確定詞義。Ⅱ.閱讀理解常見問題及原因分析問題一：已經找對了題干與原文對應處，為何還做錯？原因：①精確定位：要看清真正的問題，即用信息詞定位之后，要看清句子邏輯關系，弄清意思。②學會看選項的方法：a．找最貼近原文意思的選項；b．去除選項間的相同信息，專門關注區別點；c．分清褒貶；d．分清程度大小，強烈關注選項中表內容的單詞；e．看清范圍，分清是整體還是局部。考點一、主旨大意題1．主旨大意題常分為兩類：(1)選出文章最佳標題；(2)概括文章或段落大意。2．主旨大意題主要考查對文章進行概括或總結的能力，它要求在閱讀短文時，能夠提煉文章的中心思想，體會作者的寫作意圖，充分運用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、論點及作者的情感傾向。研讀近幾年高考閱讀理解，可以發現對主旨大意類的考查占有相當重要的地位。【方法技巧】主旨大意題的三種思路：①尋找主題句，確定文章大意。在許多情況下，尤其是在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結尾(或在開頭結尾同時出現首尾呼應的主題句)，因此，仔細閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關鍵。做主旨概括類試題多采用瀏覽法，即瀏覽文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句，重點搜索主題信息。②抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在尋找各段落中心句的基礎上。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。在這個過程中，不能僅依據只言片語或某一段落，而應該觀察全文的結構安排，理解文章濃墨重筆的“重心”，考慮文章的材料及支撐性細節是服務于什么，分析故事情節圍繞什么發展，最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達出來。③抓住文章主線和關鍵詞語，歸納文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時主題句隱含在段落中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據文章的細節來分析，繼而概括出段落的主題，推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內容，這些內容在邏輯上有什么聯系，然后加以歸納形成主題。考點二、細節理解題1．此類題型一般分兩種情況；直接事實題(在原文中可直接找到答案，常見的類型有對號入座題、是非判斷題、語意轉換題、表格理解題等)以及間接事實題(需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語意上的轉換)。2．細節理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實和細節進行理解。有些問題，考生可以直接從文中找到明確的答案，但有些則需要在理解的基礎上將有關信息進行處理，如計算、排序、判斷、比較等。【技巧歸納】做事實細節題最基本也最常用的方法是題干定位法。一般在原文中找到相關的句子，然后進行比較和分析，便可確定答案。此類題通常用一些疑問詞來提問，或是判斷正誤。點撥：細節理解題的三個步驟：①瀏覽全文，了解信息。快速通讀全文，大致了解不同信息間的差異，為解決問題做好信息儲備。②抓關鍵詞，快速尋讀。根據題目要求，從題干中抓住關鍵性詞語，以此為線索，通過略讀和尋讀的方法快速而準確地在文章中尋找與此問題相關的信息，找到后仔細閱讀，反復品味，認真比較選項和文中細節，在準確理解該細節的前提下，排除干擾項，從而確定答案。③回讀信息，驗證答案。確定答案后，必須回讀原文，再一次根據原文中的信息對選項進行驗證。總之，對于細節理解題，我們要恰當地運用略讀、查讀等技巧，在文章中尋找與此問題相關的段落、語句，仔細品味，對照比較，確定答案。考點三、詞義猜測題1．詞義猜測題的常見形式：(1)直接對某個陌生的詞匯進行理解；(2)對文中的某個代詞確認指代的對象；(3)對多義詞或短語進行文中含義的精確定義；(4)對英語中特有的表達、格言、諺語等進行直接的或解釋性的描述。2．詞義猜測題是從特定的角度考查考生的閱讀理解和處理生詞的能力，它包括對詞、詞組和句意的理解。詞義猜測不僅是一項閱讀技巧，也是高考閱讀能力考查的一個方面。【方法技巧】詞義猜測題的三大突破1．根據定義猜測詞義。如果生詞由定語從句、同位語(同位語前常有or，similarly，thatistosay，inratherwords，namely，orrather，say等)或同位語從句來定義，或使用破折號、冒號、分號后的內容或引號中的內容加以解釋，理解這些定義或解釋就是在理解詞義。2．根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義。在一個句子或段落中如有對兩個事物或兩種現象的對比性描述，我們可以從生詞的對立面猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞語主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，inspiteof，incontrast等。表示對比關系的句子結構有：while引導的并列句。表示比較關系的詞語主要有：similarly，like，justas，also，aswellas等。3．通過構詞法猜測詞義。生詞的前綴、后綴、復合詞的各部分，詞性的變化都可以暗示出詞義。注意①不管這個詞多超綱，根據上下文都能得出其意思；②不管這個詞多熟悉，都要通過上下文得出其在特定場合的意思。考點四、推理判斷題1．推理判斷題的考查形式通常為：推斷隱含含義；推斷作者的觀點和態度；推斷寫作目的和意圖；推斷文章的出處；推斷文章中人物的性格態度等。2．推理判斷題主要考查考生在理解全文的基礎上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發，運用邏輯思維，同時借助一定的常識進行分析、推理、判斷的能力。【方法技巧】推理判斷題的五大技巧：1．抓特定信息，逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段話中的關鍵信息，如關鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷，利用逆向思維或正面推理，從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。2．整合全文(段)信息進行推斷。做推理題時，有時需要在弄懂全文的基礎上，整合與題目相關的信息，綜合推理判斷，確定最佳結論。3．利用語境的褒貶性進行推斷。幾乎每篇文章的語境都有一定的褒貶性，它反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態及作者的寫作意圖，因此利用好這一點，就能在把握主旨大意的基礎上對文章進行準確的邏輯判斷。4．根據文章的結論推斷作者的態度。作者的思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，在推斷過程中，應特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達感情色彩的形容詞。5．根據上下文的邏輯得出結論。邏輯結論是指嚴格根據文章中所陳述的事實、論點、例證等一系列論據材料進行推理，從而得出合乎邏輯的結論，而不是根據自己的經驗、態度、觀點或愛好去理解文章的內涵。考點五、篇章結構題解答此類題目首先要了解文章結構，從段落組織方式上看，有三種形式：總分式結構(總→分→總；總→分；分→總)、并列式結構(段落之間是平行關系，并且相對獨立)、對照式結構(結構形式是一正一反)。要想準確深刻地理解一篇文章，必須對文章的結構有所了解，把握文章的脈搏，特別是把握段與段之間的邏輯關系，然后分析作者采用了什么論證手段證明主題，從而正確解答試題。近幾年還有些試題考查全文或某一段落是以什么樣的形式展開論述的，一般來說有的按事情發展的順序，有的按時間的先后順序，有的按人物的活動內容，還有的按地點或空間的位置變換，閱讀時要特別注意。1.【2017·全國新課標I】APacificScienceCenterGuide◆VisitPacificScienceCenter’sStoreDon’tforgettostopbyPacificScienceCenter’sStorewhileyouareheretopickupawonderfulscienceactivityorsouvenirtorememberyourvisit.Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLasterDome.◆HungryOurexhibitswillfeedyourmindbutwhataboutyourbody?Ourcaféoffersacompletemenuoflunchandsnackoptions,inadditiontoseasonalspecials.ThecaféislocatedupstairsinBuilding1andisopendailyuntilonehourbeforePacificScienceCentercloses.◆RentalInformationLockersareavailabletostoreanybelongingsduringyourvisit.ThelockersarelocatedinBuilding1neartheInformationDeskandinBuilding3.PushchairsandwheelchairsareavailabletorentattheInformationDeskandDennyWayentrance.IDrequired.◆SupportPacificScienceCenterSince1962PacificScienceCenterhasbeeninspiringapassion(熱情)fordiscoveryandlifelonglearninginscience,mathandtechnology.TodayPacificScienceCenterservesmorethan1.3millionpeopleayearandbeingsinquiry-basedscienceeducationtoclassroomsandcommunityeventsalloverWashingtonState.It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.WishtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.21.WherecanyoubuyasouveniratPacificScienceCenter?A.InBuilding1.B.InBuilding3.C.AtthelastDome.D.AttheDennyWayentrance.22.WhatdoesPacificScienceCenterdoforschools?A.TrainScienceteachers.B.Distributesciencebooks.C.Distributescientificresearch.D.Takesciencetotheclassroom.23.Whatisthepurposeofthelastpartofthetext?A.Toencouragedonations.B.Toadvertisecomingevents.C.Tointroducespecialexhibits.D.TotellabouttheCenter’shistory.【答案】1．B2．D3．A【解析】本文是一篇廣告應用文。文章主要從購物點、就餐點、租借服務三方面介紹了PacificScienceCenter，并展示了PacificScienceCenter為人們做的貢獻，呼吁人們的支持。1．B細節理解題。根據文章第一段中的Thestoreislocated(位于)upstairsinBuilding3rightnexttotheLasterDome.可知，PacificScienceCenter的購物點在LasterDome旁邊的3號樓的樓上。故選B。3．A寫作意圖題。根據文章最后一段WishtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.可知，作者呼吁讀者支持PacificScienceCenter，也就是鼓勵人們為之提供幫助，做貢獻。故選A。2.【2017·全國新課標I】BIworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl(貓頭鷹)ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl.Ithadalreadybeenplacedinacarrierforsafety.Iexaminedthechick(雛鳥)anditseemedfine.IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.Mynextworkwastoconstructanestandanchoritinatree.Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.Theseadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadults;theymightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.Igavetheownerasmuchinformationaspossibleandheadedhometoseewhatnewsthenightmightbring.Anervousnighttobesure,butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!Thehomeownercalledtosaythattheparentshadrespondedtotherecordings.Idroveoverandsawthechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.Anditwasaccompaniedinthenestbythegreatestsightofall—LUNCH!Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodoso.4．Whatisunavoidableintheauthor’srescueworkaccordingtoparagraph1?A.Efforts

made

in

vain.B.Getting

injured

in

his

work.C.Feeling

uncertain

about

his

future.D.Creatures

forced

out

of

their

homes.5．Why

was

the

author

called

to

Muttontown?A.To

rescue

a

woman.B.To

take

care

of

a

woman.C.To

look

at

a

baby

owl.D.To

cure

a

young

owl.6．What

made

the

chick

calm

down?A.A

new

nest.B.Some

food.C.A

recording.D.Its

parents.7．How

would

the

author

feel

about

the

outcome

of

the

event?A.It’s

unexpected.B.It’s

beautiful.C.It’s

humorous.D.It’s

discouraging.【答案】4．A5．C6．A7．B【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了救助小動物并沒有那么簡單，因為你所做的救助行為到最后可能都成了無用功。但無論結果怎樣，救助小動物的這種行為是美好的。本文主要介紹了作者救助一只小貓頭鷹，給它做新的窩，幫助它回到父母身邊的故事。4．A細節理解題。根據文章第一段中的Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.可知，救助受傷動物是令人心碎的，因為不知道救助的動物是否能活下去，也就是為救助動物而花費的努力可能會白費，這是不可避免的。故選A。6．A細節理解題。根據文章第四段中的Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown可知，在作者把小貓頭鷹放在窩里之后，它很快就安靜下來，所以是窩讓小貓頭鷹安靜下來的。故選A。7．B推理判斷題。根據前文描述可知作者為小貓頭鷹做了窩，并且幫助它找回了它的父母。小貓頭鷹的父母還為它帶回了午餐。作者的救助成功了，說明結局是美好的。再結合第一段的However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.可推測，作者感覺很美好。故選B。4.【2017·全國新課標I】DAbuild-it-yourselfsolarstill（蒸餾器）isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,it’sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceit’sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5＇5＇sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圓錐體)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸發)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.11．Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It’sdelicate.B.It’sexpensive.C.It’scomplex.D.It’sportable.12．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.13．What’sthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.Digaholeofacertainsize.B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet’scenterdown.D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.14．Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupform.A.theplastictubeB.outsidetheholeC.theopenairD.beneaththesheet【答案】11．D12．B13．C14．D【解析】本文是一篇科普文章。文章主要介紹了一種自己可以親手制作的簡單易行的太陽能蒸餾器的方法和它的工作原理。這種蒸餾器所需的材料簡單，適用于任何缺水的地方。12．B猜測詞義題。根據文章Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher’sproductivity可知，最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮濕地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一個杯子，杯子上方用覆蓋膜遮擋。整個裝置構成接水器，而不是某個部分。這一題很容易錯選D。就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事實并不會因為周圍的環境變化而變化，杯子的工作效率是不變的。故選B。14．D推理判斷題。根據第四段中的Groundwaterevaporates(蒸發)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerialandfalloffintothecup可知，地下水蒸發，在覆蓋膜上聚集起來直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。覆蓋膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里。所以水滴是凝聚在覆蓋膜的下面。故選D。10.【2017·新課標III】BMinutesafterthelastmovieendedyesterdayatthePlazaTheater,employeeswerebusysweepinguppopcornsandgatheringcokecups.Itwasascenethathadbeenrepeatedmanytimesinthetheater’s75-yearhistory.Thistime,however,thecleanupwasalittledifferent.Asonegroupofworkerscarriedouttherubbish,anothergroupbeganremovingseatsandothertheaterequipmentinpreparationforthebuilding’send.ThefilmclassicTheLastPictureShowwasthelastmovieshownintheoldtheater.Thoughthemovieis30yearsold,mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary-eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood-betotheoldbuilding.TheaterownerEdBradfordsaidhechosethemoviebecauseitseemedappropriate.Themovieissetinasmalltownwheretheonlymovietheaterispreparingtoclosedown.BradfordsaidthatlargemoderntheatersinthecitymadeitimpossibleforthePlazatocompete.Headdedthatthetheater’slocation(位置)wasalsoareason.“Thisusedtobethecenteroftown,”hesaid.“Nowtheareaismostlyofficebuildingsandwarehouses.”Lastweeksomecityofficialssuggestedthecitymightbeinterestedinturningtheoldtheaterintoamuseumandpublicmeetingplace.However,theseplanswereabandonedbecauseoffinancialproblems.Bradfordsoldthebuildingandlandtoalocaldevelopmentfirm,whichplanstobuildashoppingcomplexonthelandwherethetheaterislocated.Thetheateraudiencesaidgood-byasBradfordlockedthedoorsforthelasttime.After75yearsthePlazaTheaterhasshownitslastmovie.Thetheaterwillbemissed.24.Inwhatwaywasyesterday’scleanupatthePlazaspecial?A.Itmaderoomfornewequipment.B.Itsignaledtheclosedownofthetheater.C.Itwasdonewiththehelpoftheaudience.D.Itmarkedthe75thanniversaryofthetheater.25.WhywasTheLastPictureShowputon?A.Itwasanall-timeclassic. B.Itwasaboutthehistoryofthetown.C.Theaudiencerequestedit. D.Thetheaterownerfounditsuitable.26.Whatwillprobablyhappentothebuilding?A.Itwillberepaired. B.Itwillbeturnedintoamuseum.C.Itwillbeknockeddown. D.Itwillbesoldtothecitygovernment.27.Whatcanweinferabouttheaudience?A.TheyaredisappointedwithBradford. B.Theyaresadtopartwiththeoldtheater.C.Theyaresupportiveofthecityofficials. D.Theyareeagertohaveashoppingcenter.【解析】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了一家具有75年歷史的劇院因為不利的地理位置和現代劇院的競爭，而面臨著不得不關門，轉手出售的故事。24．B細節理解題。根據首段第三、四句可知，這次散場后的清理工作與之前不同的是工人不僅清理走垃圾，而且還挪走了座椅和其他劇院的設備，為了劇院的轉賣和拆遷。26.C細節理解題。根據第四段末句“whichplanstobuildashoppingcomplexonthelandwherethetheaterislocated.”可以推斷這個劇院將被拆除，取而代之的是一個現代的購物中心。27.B推理判斷題。根據第二段中“mostofthe250seatswerefilledwithteary-eyedaudiencewantingtosaygood-byetotheoldbuilding.”可知，人們非常難過，不愿意看到老劇院被拆掉。11.【2017·新課標III】CAfteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(來源)forthewolf–grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredforeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?A.Tested. B.Separated. C.Forcedout. D.Trackeddown.30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout？A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject？A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了美國黃石公園重新引進灰狼的事情。因為人類活動影響到灰狼數量逐漸減少，鹿群數量逐漸增加，從而造成植被遭到大量破壞。28．主旨大意題。文章開門見山指出黃石公園引進灰狼的舉措，之后在下文詳細介紹了原因以及帶來的良好的轉機，由此判斷本文主要是關于美國黃石公園對灰狼的引進。故選D。30．細節理解題。根據第三段內容可知，灰狼的減少造成了鹿群的增多，從而植被遭到了破壞；而且紅狐和海貍也不斷減少，由此推斷灰狼的消失引起了當地生態的破壞。故選A。31．推理判斷題。根據文章末段末句可知，作者認為引進灰狼的項目是很有價值的實驗，是很值得推廣的。可知作者對黃石公園引進灰狼的態度是”積極的，贊成的“，故選B。12.【2017·新課標III】DTheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔絕)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(導航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains,“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.

“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解決方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”32.WhatisthepurposeoftheDrivelAB?A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.C.Tofindoutolderdriver`sproblems.D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.33.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?A.Itkeepsthemindependent.B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.34.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.B.Developdriver-assisttechnologles.C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.AnewModelElectricCarB.ASolutiontoTrafficProblemC.DrivingServiceforeldersD.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad【解析】本文主要介紹了老年司機在需要停止開車的年齡之前就不得不停止開車，所以一些研究人員就開始了解老年司機存在的問題，想要用技術去解決這些問題，比如發開了控制速度的系統、制定導航工具、夜視系統和智能速度適應。32．細節理解題。由文章第一段TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DrivelAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.可知DrivelAB為了理解老年司機所面對的挑戰，發現關鍵點在哪里。即發現老年司機的問題，故選C。33.A推理判斷題。根據第四段中PhilBlythe所說的內容“drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers”可知，在PhilBlythe看來，能夠開車是老年人能夠保持獨立生活的重要條件。35.D主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了科研人員通過把電動車改裝成一款“DriveLAB”來研究如何幫助解決老年司機在開車時候遇到的問題，以便延長他們獨立生活的時間，提高他們的生活質量。13.【2017·北京卷】AItwasacoldMarchdayinHighPoint,NorthCarolina.ThegirlsontheWesleyanAcademysoftballwerewaitingfortheirnextturnsatbatduringpractice,stampingtheirfeettostaywarm,Eighth-graderTaylorBisbeeshivered(發抖)alittleasshewatchedherteammateParisWhiteplay.Thetwodidn’tknoweachotherwell—Taylorhadjustmovedtotownamonthorsobefore.Suddenly,Parisfelltotheground,“Paris’seyerolledback,”Taylorsays.“Shestartedshaking.Iknewitwasanemergency.”Itcertainlywas,Parishadsufferedasuddenheartfailure.Withoutimmediatemedicalcare,Pariswoulddie.Atfirstnoonemoved.Thegirlswereinshock.Thenthesoftballcoachshoutedout,“DoesanyoneknowCPR?”CPRisalife-savingtechnique.TodoCPR,youpressonthesickperson’schestsothatbloodmovesthroughthebodyandtakesoxygentoorgans.Withoutoxygenthebrainisdamagingquickly.Amazingly,TaylorhadjusttakenaCPRcoursethedaybefore.Still,shehesitated.Shedidn’tthinksheknewitwellenough.Butwhennooneelsecameforward,TaylorrantoParisandbegandoingCPR,“Itwasscary.Iknewitwasthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath,”saysTaylor.Taylor’sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse,whobroughtadefibrillator,anelectronicdevices(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem:Paris’heartbeatreturned.“IknowIwasreallylucky,”Parissaysnow.“Mostpeopledon’tsurvivethis.Myteamsavedmylife.”ExpertssayParisisright:Forasuddenheartfailure,thesinglebestchanceforsurvivalishavingsomeonenearbystepinanddoCPRquickly.Today,Parisisbackonthesoftballteam.Taylorwillapplytocollegesoon.Shewantstobeanurse.“Ifeelmoreconfidentinmyactionsnow,”Taylorsays.“IknowIcanactunderpressureinascarysituation.”56.WhathappenedtoParisonaMarchday?A.Shecaughtabadcold.B.Shehadasuddenheartproblem.C.Shewasknockeddownbyaball.D.Sheshiveredterriblyduringpractice57.WhydoesParissayshewaslucky?A.Shemadeaworthyfriend.B.Sherecoveredfromshock.C.ShereceivedimmediateCPR.D.Shecamebackonthesoftballteam.58.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeTaylor?A.Enthusiasticandkind.B.Courageousandcalm.C.Cooperativeandgenerous.D.Ambitiousandprofessional.【解析】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了壘球隊一名女孩Paris在打球的過程中突發心力衰竭，隊友Taylor緊急對Paris進行了心肺復蘇，送往醫院后她恢復了心跳的故事，旨在說明面臨心力衰竭時，保持冷靜并進行緊急心肺復蘇的重要性。56．根據第三段第一行，“Itcertainlywas。Parishadsufferedasuddenheartfailure。”可知，Paris突發心臟病，故B項正確。58．根據第五段第二行“Butwhennooneelsecameforward，TaylorrantoParisandbegandoingCPR。”說明Taylor非常的勇敢，在沒有人出來幫忙以及自己對自己不那么自信的情況下，她還是跑去救助了Paris。由第五段第三行Taylor的話“Itwasscary。Iknewitwasthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath。”以及第六段首句“Taylor’sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown。”可知，Taylor是一個勇敢并且冷靜的女孩，面對這種情況，她沒有慌亂，用自己學習到的急救知識迅速行動并用自己的舉動感染了隊友，使她們鎮靜下來幫忙救助，故B項正確。15.【2017·北京卷】CMeasles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine(疫苗).Butthediseaseismakingacomeback,causedbyagrowinganti-vaccinemovementandmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,comparedwith189foralloflastyear.Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawhole,everyoneisprotected.Thisiscalled“herdimmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.Butherdimmunityworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefusevaccinationandseekafreeride,immunitybreaksdownandeveryoneisinevenbiggerdanger.That’sexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrangeCounty,California,where22measlescaseswerereportedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y.,wherea17-year-oldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.Theresistancetovaccinehascontinuedfordecades,anditisdrivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherssuffer.Makingthingsworsearestatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout(決定不參加)ofwhataresupposedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildrenenteringkindergarten.Seventeenstatesallowparentstogetanexemption（豁免),sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobjecttoavaccine.Now,severalstatesaremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsforoptingout.Butnoonedoesenoughtolimitexemptions.Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonlyforlimitedmedicalorreligiousreasons.Butpersonalopinions?Notgoodenough.Everyoneenjoysthelife-savingbenefitsvaccinesprovide,butthey’llexistonlyaslongaseveryonesharesintherisks.63．Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat____________.A．asmallnumberofmeaslescasescanstartadangeroustrendB．theoutbreakofmeaslesattractsthepublicattentionC．anti-vaccinemovementhasitsmedicalreasonsD．informationaboutmeaslesspreadsquickly64．Herdimmunityworkswellwhen____________.A．exemptionsareallowedB．severalvaccinesareusedtogetherC．thewholeneighborhoodisinvolvedinD．newregulationsareaddedtothestatelaws65．Whatisthemainreasonforthecomebackofmeasles?A．Theoveruseofvaccine.B．Thelackofmedicalcare.C．Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.D．Thevaccineopt-outsofsomepeople.66．Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A．Tointroducetheideaofexemption.B．Todiscussmethodstocuremeasles.C．Tostresstheimportanceofvaccination.D．Toappealforequalrightsinmedicaltreatment.【答案】63A64C65D66C【解析】本文主要是介紹了麻疹在歷史上帶來的危害，以及解釋了為什么會發生這樣的情況。63．細節理解題。根據第二段第一句話Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.麻疹患者的數量雖然小，但是他們卻是一種危險趨勢的前沿，因此可知答案為A。65.推理判斷題。