UNIT5LANGUAGESAROUNDTHEWORLD知識點ListeningandSpeakingInviteyourfriendtoanevent(p60)CountryandLanguageFrance法國French法語Russia俄羅斯Russian俄語Germany德國German德語Spain西班牙Spanish西班牙語India印度Hindi印地語Korea韓國Korean韓語Japan日本Japanese日語Arabic阿拉伯語Listening(p60)foreignlanguage外語wise[adj]明智的UN(UnitedNation)聯合國nativelanguage母語secondlanguage第二語言Danish[n]丹麥語；丹麥人[adj]丹麥的Denmark[n]丹麥Tosomestudents,itseemsthattheonlyforeignlanguagetolearnisEnglish.Thereare,however,near7,000languagesintheworld.AfterChinese,thelanguagewiththemostnativelanguagespeakersisn’tEnglish----it'sSpanish!LearningEnglishisveryuseful,butitiswisetolearnatleastoneotherforeignlanguage,ifpossible.Therearemanyreasonswhypeoplelearnaforeignlanguage.ManystudentschoosetostudyoneofthelanguagesthatarespokenattheUN.Astheythinkitmeansbetterjobchancesinthefuture.TheUNhassixofficiallanguages:Arabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian,andSpanish.Theyarespokenbyaround2.8billionpeopleastheirnativeorsecondlanguages.Somestudents,though,choosetostudyalanguagebecauseoffamilyorfriends.OneAmericangirlchosetolearnDanishbecausehergrandparentswerefromDenmark.Whenshewaslittle,hergrandpausedtoreadletterstoherinDanishfromtheirrelativesinDenmark.AnotheryoungladystartedlearningFrenchbecauseshehadseveralfriendsfromAfricancountrieswhereFrenchisspoken.Whatdoyouthink?Whichotherlanguagewouldyouchoosetostudyandwhy?Discussotherlanguagesyouwanttolearn(p61)LanguageRussian俄語Japanese日語French法語WordsSentencePatternDiscussotherlanguagesyouwanttolearn①(Language)IreallywanttostudyFrench.②(Reason)IthinkthattheFrenchlanguagessoundsbeautiful.③(Aspiration)I’dlovetogotoFrancesomeday.④(Practicability)AlsoFrenchisusedbymanyinternationalorganisationsaroundtheworld.⑤(Example)Forexample,FIFAistheacronymfortheFédérationinternationaledeFootballAssociation.ItisaFrench-languagename.Example①I’vealwaysbeeneagertolearnGerman.②First,I’mfascinatedbyGermanliteratureandphilosophy,fromGoethe/?ɡ??t?/(歌德)toKant(康德).③Also,I’dlovetostudyorworkinGermanysomeday.④Germanyisapowerhouse(強大的集團或組織)intheautomotive(汽車)andengineering(工程)industries(產業).⑤LikeVolkswagen/?v??ksw?ɡ?n/Group(大眾汽車)foundedin1937,BMWGroupestablishedin1916,andMercedes/m??s?diz/-BenzGroupfoundedin1926arefromGermany.ReadingandThinkingTheChineseWritingSystem:ConnectingthePastandthePresent(p62)Words(背記)despite[adv]盡管，即使factor[n]因素，要素based[adj]（以某事）為基礎的bone[n]骨頭symbol[n]符號；象征carve[v]雕，刻dynasty[n]王朝；朝，代variety[n]種類；多樣性major[adj]主要的；重大的mean[n]方式；方法；途徑classic[adj]傳統的；古樸的regard[n]尊重；敬佩character[n]文字；字體calligraphy[n]書法globalaffairs全球盛事(指影響全球的政治、經濟、文化等方面的事件或問題。)appreciate[v]欣賞；鑒賞；理解；感謝，感激；升值，增值Words(認讀)well-developed成熟發達的develop[v]發展；(使)成長form[n]形式；類別，種類divide[v]（使）分開，分散geographically[adv]在地理上dialect[n]方言；土話unite[v]統一;（使）聯合unified[adj]統一的；聯合的state[n]國家；州，邦direction[n]方向；方位communicate[v]交流；通訊；傳達Phrases(認讀)throughinto直到moderntimes近代upsanddowns起起落落dateback追述于leadto導致nomatter不論；不管OutlineChinesewritingsystemconnectsthepastandthepresent(para1)SignificanceofChinesewritingsystemChinesewritingsystemisthemainfactorofthereasonwhyChina’sancientcivilizationhasbeenpossiblyenduredallthewaythroughintomoderntimes,despitethemanyupsanddownsinhistory.Connectpeopleregardlessoflocationanddialect(para2-4)AncientTime(thousandyearsago)Originofpicture-basedChinesewritingWrittenChinesestartedasapicture-basedlanguage,datingbackthousandsofyearstotheuseoflongu.ShangDynasty(around1600-1046BCE)Evolutionthesymbolshadformedawell-developedwritingsystemDiversificationlaterthesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,resultinginvariousdialectsandcharactersQinDynasty(221-207BCE)UnifyingChinesewritingsystemEmperorQinShihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountryPromoteculturalinteractionChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection,whichplayedacrucialroleinunitingtheChinesepeopleandculture,andenablingcommunicationamongpeopleregardlessoflocationordialectConnectthelanguageandart(para5)PasttopresentInheritanceofChinesecharacterspeopleinmoderntimescanreadancientclassicworksChineseCalligraphyasanartformChinesecharactersdevelopedasanartform,knownasChinesecalligraphy,whichhasbecomeanimportantpartofChinesecultureConnectChinaandtherestoftheworld(para6)TodayCulturalinfluenceofChinesewritingsystemChinesewritingsystemisstillanimportantpartofChinesecultureChinagainingworldattentionasChinaplaysagreaterroleinglobalaffairs,moreinternationalstudentsarebeginningtoappreciateChina’scultureandhistorythroughthisamazinglanguageDiscoveringUsefulStructuresRestrictiverelativeclauses限制性定語從句(p64)概念用法定語從句是在主從復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句。從句是句子的一部分，定語從句告訴我們句中名詞或代詞具體指的是哪個人或者什么事。在定語從句中，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，放在先行詞之后。關系詞分為關系代詞，以及關系副詞。例如：Anarchitect(先行詞)issomeonewho(關系詞)designsbuildings.分類根據定語從句與先行詞之間關系的緊密程度，定語從句分為限制性定語從句，和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。例如：Graceworksforacompanythatmakesfurniture.（thatmakefurniture限定了是“制作家具的公司”）非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補充說明作用，與先行詞關系不十分密切。即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。它與主句之間通常用逗號隔開。例如：Joegotthejob,whichsurprisedeverybody.（“whichsurprisedeverybody”是對“Joegotthejob”這件事情的補充說明）關系詞分類及其句法功能關系詞的分類及其句法功能如下表所示。關系詞例詞所修飾先行詞句中成分省略關系代詞who人主語、賓語作賓語時可省略whom賓語可省略which物主語、賓語作賓語時可省略that人/物主語、賓語、表語whose定語不可省略關系副詞when時間名詞時間狀語where地點名詞地點狀語why原因名詞原因狀語例如：Don’tforgettobringthebookthat/whichIneed.(that/which作賓語可省略)Iliketheplaceswhere/inwhichthereareflowers.(where/inwhich作地點狀語不可省略)Sheinvitedsomefriendsthat/whoarefromJapan.(that/who作主語不可省略)Istillrememberthetimewhenwefirstmet.(when作時間狀語不可省略)3.1關系代詞關系代詞的句法作用：詞從句用于限定性和非限定性定語從句只用于限定性從句句中成分格指人指物指人/物主格whowhichthat/*as主語、賓語、表語賓格whom所有格whose定語關系代詞用法who,whom二者用于指人。who在定語從句中可作主語、賓語，whom在定語從句中作賓語。在現代英語里，who也可取代whom在從句中作動詞的賓語Heisamanwhoisn’tinterestedinclothes.(who作主語)Therearesomepeople(who/whom)youwanttomeet.(who/whom作動詞賓語)that指人/物，指人時可與who,whom互換；指物時可與which互換。在句中可作主語或賓語。that不能做介詞的賓語Theletterthat/whichcamethismorningisfrommyaunt.(that/which作主語)Haveyougoteverything(that)theyneeded?(that作賓語)Heistheperson(that/who/whom)Iknewtenyearsago.(that/who/whom做賓語)which一般指物，在定語從句中作賓語時可省略，但在“介詞+which”機構中不可省略Readthepassageinwhichweareinterested.(which作介詞in賓語)whose一般指人，有時也指物，在定語從句中作定語Doyouknowthegirlwhoseuncleisourheadmaster?Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.as的先行詞有so,such,thesame修飾限制性定語從句Suchpeopleasoftenhelpothersshouldbepraised.(as作主語)Iwanttobuythesamepenasyouboughtlastweek.(as作賓語)*as也可用于修飾整個主句的非限制性定語從句，在句中做主語、賓語。它引導的從句可以位于主句之前或者之后，還可以位于主句中間。例如：Heisahero,asisreportedinthenewspaper.正如報紙報道那樣，他是一位英雄。(as作主語，位于主句后)Sheisafamousfilmstar,asweknow.眾所周知，她是一個著名影星。(as作賓語，位于主句后)3.2關系副詞關系副詞主要有when,where,why等，在定語從句中作狀語，關系副詞在定語從句中一般不可省略。when指時間，先行詞通常為time,day,night,week,year等表示時間的名詞I’llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstvisitNewYork.where指地點，先行詞通常為place,street,city,town,country等表示地點的名詞Thehospitalwheresheworkswasbuiltfiveyearsago.why指原因或理由，先行詞只有reason。Hedidn’texplainthereasonwhyhewaslateforschool.“介詞+which/whom(關系代詞)”代替when,where,why關系副詞Theyearinwhich/whentheearthquakehappenedwas2008.Iforgettheplaceinwhich/whereIhaveputtheMP4.There’snoreasonforwhich/whywewillgiveuptheplan.關系代詞which作介詞賓語時，介詞可放置定語從句句首，構成“介詞+which”結構:Sheboughtaflat,onwhichshespentallhermoney.Themapwithoutwhichwecannottravelislost.關系代詞前介詞的使用取決于句子意義的需要，或句中動詞、形容詞、副詞與介詞的搭配：Shemadeacraftplane,onwhichshespentoverfivedays.3.3關系詞用法區分(1)that和which指物引導定語從句在通常情況下，可互換使用。但下列情況不可換用：先行詞是不定代詞all,little,few,much,anything,everything,none,some，只用thatDoyouhaveanything(that)youwanttotellher?Hedideverythingthathecouldtohelpus.先行詞被all,every,nosome,any,little,much,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just等修飾時，只用thatThisisthelastcoursethatIwanttotake.Allthethingsthatwedoistoprovidethemwithwaterandfood.先行詞本身就是，或有序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，用thatThefirstbookthatIboughtisaboutculinaryarts.ThisisthebestnewsthatI’veeverheard.當先行詞既有人又有物時，只用thatDoyouknowthethingsandpeoplethattheyaretalkingabout?引導非限制性定語從句，只用whichShelostthegame,whichmadeherverysad.介詞提前時，只用whichIsthatthekiteonwhichyoudrawabeautifuldragon?that和who兩者都可引導定語從句，指人時一般情況下可通用，但下列情況只能用who：先行詞是one,ones,anyone,those且指人時，只用whoOnewhoisverybravedarestotellthetruth.Thosewhowanttovisitthemuseumwritedownthenameshere.先行詞指人并含有較長的后置定語或在被分割的定于從句中時，只用whoSheistheteacherwhowillgiveusatalkonprogrammingattheendoftheday.Thechildwascryinghardwholosthisway.when和where引導的定語從句修飾表示時間或地點的先行詞，其引導的狀語從句則無先行詞I’llnotforgethersurprisewhenwetoldherthenews.(時間狀語從句)I’llneverforgettheyearswhenIlivedinthecountryside.(定語從句)Hefoundthebookwherehelostit.(地點狀語從句)Hefoundthebookattheplacewherehelostit.(定語從句)what不能引導定語從句what本身等同于“先行詞+關系代詞(which/that)”，因而不能用what引導定語從句：Sheisn’twhatsheusedtobe.=Sheisn’ttheone(that)sheusedtobe.Timeiswhatweneedmost.=Timeisall(that)weneedmost.Describeyourfavouritethings(p64)FavouriteDayIt’sadaywhen...FavouriteplaceIt’s...,becauseitisaplacewhere...FavouriteteacherIliketeacherswho...AdmiringthingIadmire...That’sthereasonwhy...ListeningandTalkingExploredifferentkindsofEnglish(p65)might[v]（may的過去時，用于間接引語）可能，可以confusion[n]困惑；混淆befamiliarwith熟悉：了解某事或某人ListeningPartIAsmanycountriesspeakEnglishasafirstlanguage,therearemanydifferentkindsofEnglisharoundtheworld:BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,AustralianEnglish,andmanyothers.SomeEnglishlearnersmightask,"CanEnglishspeakersfromdifferentcountriesallunderstandeachother?"Theanswerisyes.Peopleinthesecountriescanusuallyunderstandeachotherwithveryfewproblems.Therearedifferencesinvocabulary,pronunciation,andgrammar,butthoseareusuallynotbigproblems.Howeverthosedifferencescancauseconfusionfornon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Forexample,astudentwhohaslearntBritishEnglishmightnotbefamiliarwiththedifferentvocabularythatanAmericanmightuse.ListentothisconversationbetweenaforeignlanguagestudentandherAmericanclassmate.semester[n]<美>學期，半學年term[n]<英>學期；詞語；術語convenient[adj]方便的，便利的subway[n]<美>地鐵；<英>地下通道underground[n]<英>地鐵ListeningPartIIAmy:ThankyouverymuchforhelpingmewithmyEnglish.Betty:You'rewelcome!Whenareyoufreetomeet?Thissemester,I’mfreeonTuesdayandThursdayafterlunch.Amy:I’msorry?Whatdoes“semester”mean?Betty:Youknow,semester----halfofaschoolyear.Amy:Oh,youmeanlikeaterm?Betty:Yes,likeaterm.TheBritishsay"term".Weusuallysay"semester"hereinAmerica.Amy:Gotit!MyfirstEnglishlessonwithyou,haha?OK,let'smeetonTuesday.Whereshallwemeet?Betty:Let'smeetatacoffeeshopnearmyhome.It'sveryconvenienttogettherebysubway.Amy:Subway?DoyoumeantheUnderground?Betty:Yes,thetrainthatgoesundertheground!Amy:Ah,gotit!Haha,mysecondEnglishlesson----thankyou!British&AmericanEnglishBritishpetrolsweettoilethonourmumflatAmericangascandyrestroomhonormomapartmentMeaning汽油糖果廁所榮譽媽媽公寓Misunderstandingpantspants<美>褲子；<英>內褲，短褲trousers<英>褲子Askingforclarification(p65)Doyoumean...?/Doesthatmean...?I’msorry.Wouldyoumindrepeating...?SoamIrightinsaying...?I’msorry.Whatdoes...mean?Ibeg(懇請)yourpardon.Sowhatyou’rereallysayingis...ReadingforWritingWriteablogaboutEnglishstudy(p66)Words&Phrasesdepend[v]取決于request[n]要求；請求relationship[n]（人、團體、國家等相互間的）關系equal[n]（地位、實力等）相同或相等的人demand[n]需求vocabulary[n]詞匯bridgethegap消除隔閡SummaryNameProblemAdviceLiuWenWhenIlistentonativeEnglishspeakerstalkinginavideo,Ican1catchonlyafewwordsand2neverquitegetthemainidea.Anyadv