八年級下冊物理知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof八年級下冊物理知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理第七章力第1節(jié)力1、什么是力?力是，力不能離開存在，其中給出力的物體叫物體，另一個(gè)接受力的物體叫物體;2、力的單位:物理學(xué)中，力用符號(hào)表示,力的單位是，簡稱，符號(hào)是3、力的作用效果有兩種:一是力可以使物體的發(fā)生改變;二是力可以使物體的發(fā)的改變和改變、生改變。運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的改變包括物體運(yùn)動(dòng)快慢4、力的三要素:力的、、叫力的三要素。影響力的作用效果的是力的、、5、力的示意圖:在受力物體上沿著力的方向畫一條線段，在線段的末端畫一個(gè)箭頭，表示物體所受力的和。這種方法叫做力的示意圖。(會(huì)畫力的示意圖)6、物體間力的作用是的。穿溜冰鞋的人用力推墻,人會(huì)向退,這是因?yàn)榱Φ淖饔檬堑?節(jié)彈力1、物體由于而產(chǎn)生的力叫做彈力。物體受力時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生形變，不受力時(shí)形變能自動(dòng)恢復(fù)到原來的形狀的特性叫做;不受力時(shí)不能自動(dòng)恢復(fù)到原來形狀的特性叫做。拉力、壓力、支持力都是彈力，對嗎,答。2、測力計(jì)是測量的大小的工具。實(shí)驗(yàn)室里測量力的工具是，它是根據(jù)在彈性限度內(nèi)，彈簧受到的越大，彈簧的就越長的道理做成的。測量力的工具還有握力計(jì)，臂力計(jì)等。而各種各樣的秤是測質(zhì)量的。3、使用彈簧測力計(jì)時(shí)，首先要觀察它的和，不許超過它的。還要觀察彈簧的指針是否指到零刻線，若沒有，則要調(diào)或讀數(shù)時(shí)要進(jìn)行加減修正。彈簧在測量范圍內(nèi)有:伸長與受到的拉力成比，彈簧的伸長=長度-原長。如原長2厘米，受3N時(shí)彈簧長5厘米，受6N的拉力時(shí)彈簧長厘米。4、注意:、測力時(shí)力的方向要與彈簧測力計(jì)的軸線方向一致第3節(jié)重力1、重力:物體由于而受到的力叫做重力,用字母表示。重力的施力物體是，方向是。地面附近的一切物體都受到了力的作用。2、物體重力的大小跟它的成正比，表達(dá)式為，重力與質(zhì)量的比值為，它的意義是。粗略計(jì)算時(shí),g取N/Kg、重力的大小要隨位置而，而質(zhì)量隨位置變。物體在月球上受到的重力是地球上重力的。地面上60千克的物體受到的重力為牛頓，拿到月球上去重力為N。地面上800克的物體受到的重力為牛頓，用量程為5N的彈簧秤能稱出它的重力嗎?答。3、重錘線是利用重力的制成的，用它來檢查所砌的墻壁是否。4、重心是重力在物體上的。均勻外形規(guī)則的物體的重心在這個(gè)物體的幾何中心上。會(huì)畫物體受到的重力的示意圖:5、宇宙間的任何兩個(gè)物體間都存在的力這就是萬有引力。第八章運(yùn)動(dòng)和力ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationofConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof第1節(jié)牛頓第一定律1、阻力對物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響:運(yùn)動(dòng)的小車受的阻力減小,向前滑行的距離變、如果小車運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)不受阻力,小車將運(yùn)動(dòng)下去、2、牛頓第一定律:一切物體在沒有受到力的作用時(shí)，總保持狀態(tài)或狀態(tài)。這就是著名的。牛頓第一定律是:經(jīng)驗(yàn)事實(shí)科學(xué)推理得出的,因此(能/不能)用實(shí)驗(yàn)直接驗(yàn)證,3、牛頓第一定律直接描述:物體在不受力時(shí)所處的狀態(tài)，即狀態(tài)或狀態(tài)。牛頓第一定律物體運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的原因。間接說明:力不是維持物體運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的原因，而是4、慣性指一切物體都有保持原來性質(zhì)叫做慣性。一切物體任何狀態(tài)下都有慣性,慣性的大小只與質(zhì)量有關(guān)、能用慣性解釋生活中的現(xiàn)象、第2節(jié)二力平衡1、物體受到幾個(gè)力的作用，如果保持狀態(tài)或狀態(tài)，我們就說這幾個(gè)力相互平衡，物體處于平衡狀態(tài)。平衡狀態(tài)是指狀態(tài)和狀態(tài)。2、二力平衡的條件:作用在同一物體上的兩個(gè)力，如果大小、方向，并且在上，這兩個(gè)力就彼此平衡，它們的合力等于0。歸納為八個(gè)字“等大、反向、共線、同體”。3、物體在非平衡力作用下運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)將。(改變、不變)、物體受平衡力作用或不受力時(shí)，物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)將。(改變、不變)或靜止(沒推動(dòng)),則受到的力都是一對對的力,即受到的4、二力平衡條件的應(yīng)用:物體處于勻速這對力方向、大小、作用在同一物體同一直線上。第3節(jié)摩擦力1、一個(gè)物體在另一個(gè)物體表面上發(fā)生相對運(yùn)動(dòng)或要發(fā)生相對運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的阻礙的力叫摩擦力。2、滑動(dòng)摩擦力的大小跟接觸面的和大小有關(guān)系。越大、接觸面越，滑動(dòng)摩擦力越大。3、冰刀與冰面之間發(fā)生相對滑動(dòng)，它們之間產(chǎn)生的摩擦稱為摩擦，瓶子與手之間有相對運(yùn)動(dòng)的趨勢，它們之間產(chǎn)生的摩擦稱為摩擦。自行車在地面上滾動(dòng)，車輪與地面之間產(chǎn)生的摩擦稱為摩擦。共同點(diǎn):兩個(gè)物體相互，都產(chǎn)生了力綜上可得:摩擦力產(chǎn)生的條件是(1)兩個(gè)物體要相互，(2)兩物體之間發(fā)生。4、磨擦分為、滾動(dòng)摩擦和靜摩擦。5、增大有益摩擦方法:使接觸面些和增大(自行車的剎車)。6、減小有害摩擦方法:(1)使接觸面光滑和減小;(2)用代替滑動(dòng);(3)加潤滑油;(4)利用氣墊或磁懸浮。第九章壓強(qiáng)第1節(jié)壓強(qiáng)1、壓力:垂直作用在物體表面上的力叫壓力。方向:垂直于物體表面，并指向被壓物體。scopeotherthanunitpackagecontentsdirectlywithintheconstructiondrawingsofallcivilworks,installation.1.1.4usedinthisprojectthemainnormsandstandardAtlasserialnumbernamenumber1thearchitecturalengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50300-20012buildinggroundfoundationengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGBmasonryprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50202-2002350203-2002450204-2010concretestructureprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB5projectqualityapproval...Steelpartsofitssteeltomeettherelevantnationalstandardsonthebasisof,alsotomeetthespecificationanddesignonmechanicalpropertiesofearthquake-resistantstructures.Foreasyrebarsupplyreasonable,subcontractorselection1-2.2steelrawmaterialstestingsteelcomesintoplay,mustverifythatthecertificateofqualityofmaterials,whichinclude:strengthandreinforcementlevel,grade,grades,specifications,quantities,mechanicalproperties,chemicalcomposition,processperformance,orderdate,inspectionseal,certificatenumber.Projectsidentifiedinthecertificateiscompleteandaccurate,listedmechanicalproperties,processperformanceandchemicalcompositioninaccordancewiththecorrespondingtechnicalstandards,steel,modelconsistentwiththeprocurementplan.Beststeelqualitycertificatefortheoriginal,ifwhenyoucopy,stampedsealoftheoriginalstorageunits.Steelcomesintoplay,inspectionandacceptancebybatch,eachissueofthesamegrade,thefurnacetank,reinforcedwiththespecifications,deliverystatus,andweightofnotmorethan60tonsforasecondinterview.Witnesssamplingbyasupervisingengineer,afterpassingthesecondinterviewandacceptanceofsupervisionengineerstobeused.3steelmaking3.1steelprocessingmakingQian,Xiamaterialtabletobytechnicianandforemanaudit,andwillsteelprocessingXiamaterialtableanddesignfigurereview,checkXiamaterialtablewhetherhaserrorsmissed,oneachspeciessteeltobyXiamaterialtablecheckwhetherreacheddesignandspecificationrequirements,afterthistworoadcheckHou,againbyXiamaterialtablemadesample,trialqualifiedrearcanbatchmaking,processinggoodofsteelsemi-finishedproductstotoneidentifies,stackedneatlyordered.3.2whenyouneedreinforcementreplacementinconstruction,agreedwiththeconsentofthedesign,andthereisawrittennotificationbeforesubstitution,shallnotbeanareaofhigh-strengthsteelbarsreinforcementreplacementoflowintensity.3.3barsurfacecleaner,glue,grease,dirt,rustmustbecleanedbeforeuse.3.4Afterstraightening,thebarsmustnothavelocalbending,smalldeadbent,wavy,itsscarsonthesurfacesectionofthereinforcementmustnotbegreaterthan5%.3.5steelaccordingtotherebarsizes,diameters,lengthsandquantitieslengthmatch,ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof戰(zhàn)勝遺忘聯(lián)想知識(shí)及應(yīng)用長期保存作用點(diǎn):壓力的作用點(diǎn)在被壓物體的表面上。壓力的作用效果與大小和有關(guān)。2、壓強(qiáng):物體所受之比叫做壓強(qiáng)。F2壓強(qiáng)公式:，式中p的單位是:帕斯卡，簡稱:帕，1Pa=1N/m，壓力F單位是:N;受力面積Sp,S2單位是:mFF3、壓強(qiáng)公式;p,S,F,pSSP4、(1)增大壓強(qiáng)方法:(1)S不變，增大;(2)F不變，減小(3)同時(shí)增大和減小、壓強(qiáng)越大越容易切進(jìn)去，鉆進(jìn)去。菜刀刀口薄、圖釘尖做的很尖等都是為了增大。(2)而減小壓強(qiáng)方法則相反。壓強(qiáng)越小越不容易陷進(jìn)去，勒進(jìn)去。書包帶做的寬、挖土機(jī)用兩條了履帶、鐵軌墊上枕木等都是為了減小。第2節(jié)液體的壓強(qiáng)1、壓強(qiáng)產(chǎn)生的原因:是由于液體受到重力且具有流動(dòng)性。測量儀器:壓強(qiáng)計(jì)、液面高度差越大,則液體壓強(qiáng)就、2、體壓強(qiáng)特點(diǎn):(1)液體對容器都有壓強(qiáng)，(2)液體內(nèi)部向都有壓強(qiáng);(3)液體的壓強(qiáng)隨深度增加而，在同一深度，液體向各個(gè)方向的壓強(qiáng);(4)不同液體的壓強(qiáng)還跟有關(guān)系。33、液體壓強(qiáng)計(jì)算公式:，(ρ是液體密度，單位是kg/m;g=9、8N/kg;h是深度，指液體自由液面到液體內(nèi)部某點(diǎn)的豎直距離，單位是m。)4、據(jù)液體壓強(qiáng)公式:，液體的壓強(qiáng)與液體的和有關(guān)，而與液體的體積和質(zhì)量無關(guān)。p,,gh5、1)液體壓強(qiáng)與深度關(guān)系圖象:p2)壓力h口大底小口小底大F=GF<GF>G6、計(jì)算液體對容器底的壓力和壓強(qiáng)問題:;?其次確定壓力F=pS(固體則先確定壓力F=G,其次確定壓強(qiáng)p=F/S)一般方法:?首先確定壓強(qiáng)p=ρghp特殊情況:壓強(qiáng):對直柱形容器可先求F用p=F/S壓力:?作圖法?對直柱形容器F=G7、連通器:上端開口、下部相連通的容器。連通器如果只裝一種液體,在液體不流動(dòng)時(shí)，各容器中的液面總保持,這就是連通器的原理。應(yīng)用:茶壺、鍋爐水位計(jì)、乳牛自動(dòng)喂水器、船閘等都是根據(jù)的原理來工作的。第3節(jié)大氣壓強(qiáng)1(證明大氣壓強(qiáng)存在的著名實(shí)驗(yàn)是實(shí)驗(yàn)。吸盤、懸空塑料管里的水不會(huì)流出都證明了的存在。2(大氣壓強(qiáng)產(chǎn)生的原因:空氣受到重力作用且有流動(dòng)性而產(chǎn)生的，大氣壓強(qiáng)隨高度的增大而。3(測定大氣壓強(qiáng)值的實(shí)驗(yàn)是:實(shí)驗(yàn)。測得的大氣壓值與玻璃管的粗細(xì)、形狀、上提、下壓、ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof3ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof傾斜(豎直高度)等無關(guān)。實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)若混進(jìn)了氣泡，則測得的大氣壓值偏。4(測定大氣壓的儀器是:，常見氣壓計(jì)有氣壓計(jì)和氣壓計(jì)。氧氣瓶和滅火器上的氣壓計(jì)是氣壓計(jì)。5、1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓:等于cm水銀柱的大氣壓。1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓,Pa，粗略取Pa。6沸點(diǎn)與氣壓關(guān)系:一切液體的沸點(diǎn)，都是氣壓減小時(shí)，氣壓增大時(shí)。氣壓隨高度的增加而(反向變);氣體流速大的地方壓強(qiáng)越小7抽水機(jī)是利用把水從低處抽到高處的。在1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓下，抽水機(jī)至多可把水抽到10(34m高。喝飲料、吸墨水、針管吸針?biāo)幍榷际抢脕砉ぷ鞯摹５?節(jié)流體壓強(qiáng)與流速的關(guān)系1、流體的壓強(qiáng)與流速有關(guān)。流速大壓強(qiáng)，流速小壓強(qiáng)。飛機(jī)的升力是由于飛機(jī)的上方空氣流速快壓強(qiáng)，下方流速壓強(qiáng)，在機(jī)翼的上下表面存在壓強(qiáng)差，因而有差，這就產(chǎn)生了升力。2、氣體壓強(qiáng)大，沸點(diǎn);流速快，壓強(qiáng);隨海拔高度的增加壓強(qiáng)。(一個(gè)同向，三個(gè)反向)第十章浮力第1節(jié)浮力1(浮力:一切浸入液體的物體，都受到液體對它豎直向上的托力，這個(gè)力叫浮力。浮力方向總是豎直向上的。(物體在空氣中也受到浮力).浮力的施力物是液體或氣體2(浮力產(chǎn)生的原因:浸在液體中的物體受到液體對它的向上和向下的壓力差。3(物體在液體中所受浮力的大小,跟它浸在液體中的體積有關(guān)、跟液體的密度有關(guān)。物體浸在液體中的體積越大、液體的密度越大，浮力就越大。4(秤量法測浮力:F=G,F浮視,第2節(jié)阿基米德原理1.阿基米德原理:浸在液體中的物體受到向上的浮力，浮力大小等于它排開的液體所受的重力。(浸沒在氣體里的物體受到的浮力大小等于它排開氣體受到的重力)F,G,,gV2.阿基米德原理公式:,從中可以知:浮力的大小只與液體的密度和排浮排液排開液體的體積有關(guān)。3.計(jì)算浮力方法有:(1)秤量法:F=G,F浮視,(2)平衡法:F=G(適合漂浮、懸浮),展開ρVg=ρVg浮物液排物物F,G,,gV(3)阿基米德原理:浮排液排(4)壓力差發(fā)法:F=F向上的壓力—F向下的壓力浮4、浮力的說法有:浮力=排開液體的重力=彈簧秤減小的示數(shù)=壓力差第3節(jié)物體的浮沉條件1.物體的沉浮條件:(開始物體浸沒在液體中)法一:(比浮力與物體重力大小)(1)F<G下沉;(2)F>G上浮(3)F=G懸浮或漂浮浮浮浮法二:(比物體與液體的密度大小),,,,,,(1)>下沉;(2)<上浮(3)=懸浮。(不會(huì)漂浮)物液物液物液2(浮力利用(1)輪船:將密度大于水的材料做成空心，使它能排開更多的水,從而增大了浮力，使浮力等于重力時(shí)，物體就浮在了水面上。這就是制成輪船的道理.(2)輪船的大小用排水量來表示，排水量就是輪船滿載貨物時(shí)排開水的質(zhì)量，排水量為scopeotherthanunitpackagecontentsdirectlywithintheconstructiondrawingsofallcivilworks,installation.1.1.4usedinthisprojectthemainnormsandstandardAtlasserialnumbernamenumber1thearchitecturalengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50300-20012buildinggroundfoundationengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGBmasonryprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50202-2002350203-2002450204-2010concretestructureprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB5projectqualityapproval...Steelpartsofitssteeltomeettherelevantnationalstandardsonthebasisof,alsotomeetthespecificationanddesignonmechanicalpropertiesofearthquake-resistantstructures.Foreasyrebarsupplyreasonable,subcontractorselection1-2.2steelrawmaterialstestingsteelcomesintoplay,mustverifythatthecertificateofqualityofmaterials,whichinclude:strengthandreinforcementlevel,grade,grades,specifications,quantities,mechanicalproperties,chemicalcomposition,processperformance,orderdate,inspectionseal,certificatenumber.Projectsidentifiedinthecertificateiscompleteandaccurate,listedmechanicalproperties,processperformanceandchemicalcompositioninaccordancewiththecorrespondingtechnicalstandards,steel,modelconsistentwiththeprocurementplan.Beststeelqualitycertificatefortheoriginal,ifwhenyoucopy,stampedsealoftheoriginalstorageunits.Steelcomesintoplay,inspectionandacceptancebybatch,eachissueofthesamegrade,thefurnacetank,reinforcedwiththespecifications,deliverystatus,andweightofnotmorethan60tonsforasecondinterview.Witnesssamplingbyasupervisingengineer,afterpassingthesecondinterviewandacceptanceofsupervisionengineerstobeused.3steelmaking3.1steelprocessingmakingQian,Xiamaterialtabletobytechnicianandforemanaudit,andwillsteelprocessingXiamaterialtableanddesignfigurereview,checkXiamaterialtablewhetherhaserrorsmissed,oneachspeciessteeltobyXiamaterialtablecheckwhetherreacheddesignandspecificationrequirements,afterthistworoadcheckHou,againbyXiamaterialtablemadesample,trialqualifiedrearcanbatchmaking,processinggoodof