翻譯的意義是將詞句從一種語言轉換成另一種語言。簡單地講，它是用與原作不同的語言將作者的真正意思準確地復述出來的一種藝術。Translationmeanstheconversionofanexpressionfromonelanguageintoanother.Toputitplainly,translationisanarttoreproducetheexactideaoftheauthorbymeansofalanguagedifferentfromtheoriginal.從以上翻譯的定義來看，我們知道詞句的原意必須盡可能的保持準確，不可有所刪減。Fromtheabovedefinitionoftranslationweknowthattheoriginalthoughtoftheexpressionmustbekeptasfaraspossibleandthatnothingshouldbeaddedtoortakenawayfromtheoriginalwork.翻譯者的任務只是變換詞匯而不是改變其意思。因此，翻譯有兩種要素：準確性和表達性Thedutyofthetranslatorissimplytochangethevocabulary,notthethought.Intranslation,therefore,therearetwoessentialelements:accuracyandexpressiveness.準確性是翻譯的首要條件。譯者必須遵循原作者的意思。字句的選擇與句式結構必須如實傳達原作的思想。Accuracyisthefirstrequisiteoftranslation.Thetranslatormuststicktotheauthor’sidea.Wordsselectedandsentencesconstructedmustbesuchastoconveytheexactoriginalthought.表達性是使譯文易于理解。換言之，譯者必須用自己的文字盡可能的將原作意思清楚而有力地表達出來Expressivenessistomakethetranslationreadilyunderstood.Inotherwords,thetranslatormustexpresstheauthor’sideaasclearlyandasforciblyashecanbythemediumheemploys.準確性使譯文的意義準確無誤，而表達性則是使譯文生動，引人入勝。Accuracyistomakethethoughtdefiniteandexact;whileexpressivenessistorenderthetranslationvividandattractive.節日的高潮是除夕夜，在舊年與新年交替之時，家庭全體成員要聚在一起吃年夜飯ThefestivalreacheditsclimaxonthelunarNewYear’sEvewhenthepastlunaryeargivesplacetothenewone.AllthefamilymembersaretogethertohavetheiryearlysumptuousreunionsupperontheEve.菜中有道菜是魚，而且有人講究不能把它吃完，圖個“年年有余”的吉利Amongthedishes,afishcourseshouldbeserved.However,thefishshouldnotbeeatenup,assomepeoplewouldemphasize,forthesakeof“nianianyouyu”（whichmeanshavingmorethanenoughtouseandeateveryyear;“Youyu”ispronouncedalikeinChinesewhenstandingfor“havingfish”and“surplus”,indicatinganauspiciousfuture.）健康就是幸福。Health

is

happiness.愛情不能強求。Love

cannot

be

compelled.留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。Where

there

is

life,

there

is

hope人言可畏The

tongue

is

not

steel,

yet

it

cuts.中國百姓歷來把“耕者有其田，居者有其屋”視為理想社會的基本標志，把安居樂業作為自己畢生的夢想和追求ThroughoutChinesehistory,theownershipoflandandhousinghavealwaysbeenconsideredthebasicattributesofanidealsocietyandtoliveandworkinpeaceandcontentmenthasbeenanimportantpersonalgoal.安居工程指中國政府提出的旨在使住房困難的居民早日獲得住房的系統工程TheAnjuHousingProjectwasputforwardbytheChinesegovernment,aimingtoimprovethelivingconditionsofpeopleincities.理順物價關系―tobalancepricerelationship分流企業富于人員―toresettlethesurpluslaborforceofenterprise團結奮斗，開拓進取―toworkhardwithaunitedandpioneeringspirit鼓勵婦女參政議政―toencouragewomentoparticipateingovernmentandpoliticalaffairs脫貧致富―toshakeoffpovertyandsetoutontheroadtoprosperity吃大鍋飯―togetanequalshareregardlessoftheworkdone小康水平―arelativelycomfortablestandardofliving優生優育―betterprenatalandpostnatalcare醫德醫風―medicalethicsAburntchilddreadsthefire一朝被灼傷，三年怕火光Thechildisthefatheroftheman.三歲看到老haveafootinbothcamps腳踏兩只船seenofurtherthantheendofthenose鼠目寸光Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好辦事Opportunityknocksatthedooronlyonce.機不可失，時不再來ahorseofanothercolor風馬牛不相及的事情Loveme,lovemydog.愛屋及烏Miserylovescompany.同病相憐getadoseofone’sownmedicine自食其果，受到報應givesomebodyatasteofhisownmedicine以其人之道還治其人之身Infairweatherprepareforfoul.未雨綢繆醫藥衛生體制改革到2011年的目標是：基本醫療保障制度全面覆蓋城鄉居民，基本醫療衛生可及性和服務水平明顯提高，居民就醫費用負擔明顯減輕，“看病難、看病貴”問題明顯緩解。Themedicalsystemreformhasitsobjectivestoattainby2011:BasicmedicalsecuritysystemcoversallChineseinurbanandruralareas;thequalityofmedicalservicesisimproveddistinctively;basicmedicalservicesaremademoreaccessibleandaffordable;andtheproblemsoftheinconvenientaccessandsoaringmedicalfeesarenoticeablyalleviated.重點要抓好基本醫療保障制度等五項改革。一是加快推進基本醫療保障制度建設。3年內使城鎮職工和居民基本醫療保險及新型農村合作醫療參保率提高到90％以上Prioritieswillbegiventothefollowingreformmeasures.1.Speeduptheestablishmentofthebasicmedicalsecuritysystemsoastoincreasetheamountofruralandurbanpopulationcoveredbythebasicmedicalinsurancesystemorthenewruralcooperativemedicalsystemtoatleast90percentby2011.二是初步建立國家基本藥物制度。將基本藥物全部納入醫保藥品報銷目錄.Buildanationalbasicmedicinesystemthatincludesacatalogueofallthenecessarydrugscoveredbymedicalinsurance.三是健全基層醫療衛生服務體系。重點加強縣級醫院（含中醫院）、鄉鎮衛生院、邊遠地區村衛生室和困難地區城市社區衛生服務中心建設3.Improvemedicalservicesatgrassrootsmedicalinstitutions,especiallyhospitalsatcountylevel(includinghospitalsofTCM),townshipclinicsorthoseinremotevillages,andcommunityhealthcentersinlessdevelopedcities.四是促進基本公共衛生服務逐步均等化。制定并實施國家基本公共衛生服務項目，逐步在全國建立統一的居民健康檔案。增加公共衛生服務項目。充分發揮中醫藥作用。4.Promotegradualequalizationofbasicpublichealthservicesinbothurbanandruralareas,byworkingoutandimplementingnationalprogramsofbasicpublichealthservices,establishgraduallyaunifiedresidents’healtharchivesinthecountry,increasingtheitemsofpublichealthservicesandbringingtraditionalChinesemedicineintofullplay.五是推進公立醫院改革。改革公立醫院管理體制和運行、監管機制，提高公立醫療機構服務水平。5.Launchpilotprogramstoreformpublichospitalsintermsoftheiradministration,operationandsupervision,inordertoimprovethequalityoftheirservices.1）Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending.善始者善終。2）Amanbecomeslearnedbyaskingquestions.不恥下問才能有學問。3）All

good

things

come

to

an

end.天下沒有不散的筵席。4）A

good

medicine

tastes

bitter.良藥苦口。5）A

merry

heart

goes

all

the

way.心曠神怡，事事順利。6）A

faithful

friend

is

hard

to

find.知音難覓。7）A

miss

is

as

good

as

a

mile.

失之毫厘，差之千里。8）Anhourinthemorningisworthtwointheevening.一日之計在于晨。9）Astraightfootisnotafraidofacrookedshoe.身正不怕影子斜。10）Bad

news

has

wings.好事不出門，壞事傳千里1）情人眼里出西施。Beauty

lies

in

the

lover’s

eyes.2）學習的敵人是自己的滿足。Complacency

is

the

enemy

of

study.3）有個好習慣，事事皆不難。Custom

makes

all

things

easy.4）分秒必爭。Every

minute

counts.5）金無足赤，人無完人。Every

man

has

his

faults.6）各人有各人的苦惱。Every

heart

has

its

own

sorrow.7）事實勝于雄辯。Facts

speak

louder

than

words.8）開卷有益。Reading

enriches

the

mind.9）這山望著那山高。Thegrassisgreenerontheotherside.10）書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟。There

is

no

royal

road

to

learning.近幾年來，一種被稱為“醫藥代表”的職業悄然興起。我國第一批“醫藥代表”1988年出現在施貴寶公司，職責是向臨床醫生講解藥品的功效和使用方法。Overthepastyears,anoccupationreferredtoas“PharmaceuticalSalesRepresentative”hasemergedsilentlyinthecountry.ThefirstbatchofpharmaceuticalsalesrepresentativescameintobeingatBristol-MyersSquibbChinain1988andtheirdutywastoexplaintoclinicianstheefficacyandusageofpharmaceuticals.可是到了90年代中期，這個職業卻變了味兒，“醫藥代表”成了專門賣藥給醫生并給醫生提供“回扣”的一個群體的代名詞。Thisduty,however,begantochangeinthemiddleofthe1990s.Theterm“PharmaceuticalsSalesRepresentative”hasbecomeasynonymforagroupofpeoplewhoarespecializedinsellingpharmaceuticalstophysiciansandprovidingthemwithcommission.這些人每天混跡在各大醫院里，人數多達上百人，甚至比醫生來得早、走得晚Thesepeople,numberingasmanyasahundred,mingleinthecrowdinvariouslargehospitalseveryday.Theyevencometothehospitalearlierandleavelaterthanphysiciansdo.無論男女，他們肩上都挎著皮包，或是提個口袋，里面裝著所代理藥品的宣傳資料，有的還放了一些小禮物。Whethertheyaremenorwomen,theyeachshoulderaleatherbagorcarryahandbag,inwhichareleafletsandpamphletsonthepharmaceuticals,andsomesmallgiftsaswell.他們或者在病房之間穿梭，或者在門診坐著，看著醫生給患者看病，因為醫生開出的藥都與他們的收入和業績息息相關－－他們就是醫藥代表。Theyaretheverypharmaceuticalsalesrepresentatives,whoeithershuttlebetweenthewardsorsitintheoutpatientdepartment,lookingatthephysicianstreatingthepatients,forthemedicationsprescribedbyaphysicianarecloselyboundupwiththeirperformancesandincomes.醫藥代表的收入差別非常大，一個醫藥代表的收入有多少，主要看他的個人活動能力、人際關系和代理的藥品來決定。Thereisahugedifferencebetweentheincomesearnedbythepharmaceuticalsalesrepresentatives.Howmuchapharmaceuticalsalesrepresentativeearnsdependsmainlyonhismaneuverability,hisinterpersonalrelationshipandthetypesofpharmaceuticals.只要醫生把你代理的藥品開給患者，患者買藥了，醫藥代表就能賺錢了。醫生給患者開的越多，醫藥代表賺得就越多。Youwillmakemoneyonlyifaphysicianprescribeshispatientsthemedicationsyoupromote.Themoremedicationsaphysicianprescribes,themoremoneyapharmaceuticalsalesrepresentativemakes說白了，醫藥代表就是在賺病人的錢；而收回扣的醫生是在喝病人的血，就是這么簡單。”

一位醫藥代表如是說到。Toputitplainly,apharmaceuticalsalesrepresentativemakesmoneyfromthepatient,whereasaphysiciangetscommissionwhichisthebloodfromthepatient.It’sthatsimple”，saidapharmaceuticalsalesrepresentative.過去十年里，在醫學論文的摘要方面一個主要發展是采取了固定結構式摘要的做法。雖然從摘要的長度和美學角度來考慮，對固定結構式摘要的形式有過反對意見，但這樣或那樣形式的固定結構式摘要已被廣泛采納。它與非固定結構式摘要相比更具有信息量，這一點看來已被普遍接受。也有一些證據表明，論文的質量和對論文的理解會因采取固定結構式摘要而得到提高。Themajordevelopmentinvolvingmedicalabstractsduringthelastdecadehasbeentheintroductionofstructuredabstracts.Althoughtherehavebeenobjectionstothestructuredformats,basedonlengthandaestheticconcerns,ithasbeenadoptedwidelyinoneformoranother,andthereseemstobegeneralacceptancethatitismoreinformativethantheunstructuredvariety.Thereisalsosomeevidencethatbothqualityandunderstandingmaybeimprovedbystructuredabstracts.雖然大家都清楚，一個人外表可能影響到他在社會上和經濟上的成功，但對健康來說，美貌顯然“在醫學上不是必須的”Whileitisclearthataperson’sappearancecanaffecthisorhersocialandeconomicsuccess,itisnotobviousthatbeautyis“medicallynecessary”forwell-being.I型糖尿病人一天往往需要注射胰島素二至四次，為身體提供自身不能產生的胰島素。所需的胰島素量因人而異，而且會受到一些因素的影響，諸如一個人的體力活動、飲食和存在其它健康問題等。通常情況是，I型糖尿病人一天會多次刺破手指尖取血，用測量表來測量一滴血中的葡萄糖水平，然后對胰島素的注射量、體力活動或食物攝入進行調節，以使血糖保持在正常水平。I型糖尿病人必須小心控制飲食，把用餐和點心次數在一天中分布開來，以免胰島素供應能力受到破壞而不能幫助細胞吸收葡萄糖。I型糖尿病人也需要吃一些含有復合糖的食物，這些復合糖會慢慢地分解，使血糖水平較慢地上升。IndividualswithType1diabetesrequireinsulininjections,oftentwotofourtimesaday,toprovidethebodywiththeinsulinitdoesnotproduce.Theamountofinsulinneededvariesfrompersontopersonandmaybeinfluencedbyfactorssuchasaperson'slevelofphysicalactivity,diet,andthepresenceofotherhealthdisorders.Typically,individualswithType1diabetesuseameterseveraltimesadaytomeasurethelevelofglucoseinadropoftheirbloodobtainedbyprickingafingertip.Theycanthenadjusttheamountofinsulininjected,physicalexercise,orfoodintaketomaintainthebloodsugaratanormallevel.PeoplewithType1diabetesmustcarefullycontroltheirdietsbydistributingmealsandsnacksthroughoutthedaysoasnottooverwhelmtheabilityoftheinsulinsupplytohelpcellsabsorbglucose.Theyalsoneedtoeatfoodsthatcontaincomplexsugars,whichbreakdownslowlyandcauseaslowerriseinbloodsugarlevels.在香煙中發現的某些化學物會影響血液的特性，使血液更易凝塊。Certainchemicalsfoundincigarettesmokecanaffectthepropertiesoftheblood,makingitmorepronetoformingclots當過量的膽固醇存在于血液中時，會沿著血管壁聚積，加速動脈粥樣硬化發展，因而增加中風的風險。Whenexcesscholesterolispresentinthebloodstream,itaccumulatesalongthewallsofbloodvessels,acceleratingtheprogressionofatherosclerosisandtherebyincreasingtheriskofastroke腫瘤不是無中生有的。腫瘤需要多年甚至數十年才長出可察覺的腫塊，而在腫瘤形成過程中人體也有很多機會去消除它們。腫瘤形成過程的第一步叫始發，它發生于某些因素改變了細胞的基因結構，使原本應受控制的細胞分裂更自由。Tumorsdon’tappearoutofnowhere.Theytakeyearsorevendecadestoproducediscerniblemassesandourbodiesgetmanychancestoeliminatethemalongtheway.Thefirststepintheprocessiscalledinitiation.Itoccurswhensomethingaltersacell’sgeneticmakeup,enablingittodividemorefreelythanitshould.雖然成功移植手術的數量成千上萬，但如果器官捐獻者更多，還會有更多成千上萬的成功移植手術。等待移植的人已超過83，000，其中的大部分是等待腎臟移植的，人數有56，560。到2010年，等待移植的總數預計達到100，000人。因此，把重點放在增加方法以緩減器官的短缺，是研究的一個關鍵領域。2.Whilesuccessfultransplantoperationsnumberinthehundredsofthousands,therecouldbehundredsofthousandsmoreifdonorsweremoreplentiful.Therearemorethan83,000peopleonthewaitinglist,andmostofthose,56,560,areawaitingakidney.By2010,theoveralllistisexpectedtoreach100,000.Thus,akeyareaofresearchisfocusedonfurtheringmethodstoeasetheshortage.雖然自從20世紀70年代以來，在美國多數醫學院校教授醫學倫理學，但在改善病人治療的過程或治療的結果方面、在增強醫患關系方面、或者是在改善作出醫療決策的方式方面，很少文獻資料證明這樣的倫理學培訓是成功的。3.AlthoughmedicalethicshasbeentaughtinmostAmericanmedicalschoolssincethe1970s,thereislittledatatodocumentwhethersuchethicstraininghasbeensuccessfulinimprovingtheprocessofpatientcareorpatientoutcomes,strengtheningthedoctor-patientrelationship,orimprovingthewaymedicaldecisionsarereached.教醫學生施行創傷性手術會帶來一些倫理難題。患者通常想要最有經驗的醫生來做這種手術，而不是讓一個醫學生或住院醫師第一次來做。.Teachingmedicalstudentstoperforminvasiveproceduresposesanumberofdifficultethicalissues.Patientstypicallywantthemostexperiencedcliniciantoperformtheprocedure,notamedicalstudentorresidentwhoisdoingitforthefirsttime.學生常常陷于這種兩難的境地：想要學做對提高職業能力來說是必要手術，而同時又害怕自身技能缺乏可能會無意之中傷害患者Studentsareoftencaughtinthedilemmaofwantingtolearntheproceduresnecessarytogaincompetenceintheirprofessionwhileatthesametimefearingthattheirownlackofexpertisemayinadvertentlyharmthepatient.施行創傷性手術的機會是不常有的，而這種手術對患者的后果有極大的影響，并發癥的風險也是很可怕的Theopportunitytoperforminvasiveproceduresmayoccurinfrequently,whenthereisthegreatestimpactonpatientoutcomesandthemostdireriskofcomplications.自從1816年發明聽診器以來，醫生們一直自信地把它掛在頸部，作為一種簡便的工具為患者診斷疾病。Sincetheinventionofthestethoscope/stethoscopewasinvented/in1816,doctorshavealwaysconfidentlyslungstethoscopesaroundtheirnecksasaneasyandconvenientwayofdiagnosingdiseasesforpatients.然而，隨著近二十多年里醫療技術的迅速發展，醫生診斷疾病有了更先進的儀器。例如，越來越多的心臟病醫生依靠超聲波心動圖而不是通過聽診來診斷心臟病However,asmedicaltechnologieshavedevelopedquicklyinthelast20years,doctorsarenowbetterequippedwithmoresophisticatedinstrumentsfordiagnosis.Forexample,anincreasingnumberofcardiologistsrelyonechocardiogramratherthanlistenthroughastethoscopetodiagnoseheartdisease.醫生從超聲波心動圖中可以得到更精確的數據，從而準確地診斷心臟病；而低技術的聽診器是無法與之相比的Doctorscangathermoreprecisedatafromechocardiogramsoastomakecorrectdiagnoses,towhichthelow-techstethoscopecannotbecompared./with/towhichthelow-techstethoscopeisincomparable./while/whereasthelow-techstethoscopecannotbecomparedtoit.醫療技術的迅速發展對醫學培訓提出很多挑戰。聽診是消亡的藝術嗎？失去聽診器就是醫患關系的損失嗎？還有必要培養醫學生去掌握低技術、不精確的診斷方法嗎？更多依靠先進技術去診治疾病難道不對嗎Therapiddevelopmentofmedicaltechnologieshasbroughtaboutanumberofchallengestomedicaltraining.Islisteningthroughastethoscopeadyingart?Isthelossofstethoscopealossfordoctor-patientrelationship?Isitstillnecessarytotrainmedicalstudentstomasterthelow-techandimprecisewaysofdiagnosingdiseases?Isn’titrighttorelymoreonadvancedtechnologyindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases?雖然圍繞諸如此類問題上的爭論還會繼續下去，但用醫療新技術來不斷提高診治疾病的水平這一趨勢是無法改變的。Whilecontroversiesoversuchquestionsmaystillcontinue,thetrendcannotbechangedtowardscontinuousimprovementofdiagnosisandtreatmentwithnewmedicaltechnologies.應激似乎對癌癥產生有影響，但是應激與癌癥的關系不像它與心血管疾病的關系那么確定。生活中經歷應激因素的程度和癌癥之間有著一般的正相關性：經歷的應激因素越多，患癌癥的可能性越大。此外，以死板、無動于衷的方式去應付令人不快的事情，這種傾向與癌癥的產生和發展有關聯。Stressalsoappearstoinfluencethedevelopmentofcancer,buttherelationshipisnotaswellestablishedasitisforcardiovasculardiseases.Thereisamoderatepositivecorrelationbetweenextentofexposuretolifestressorsandcancer—themorestressors,thegreaterthelikelihoodofcancer.Inaddition,atendencytocopewithunpleasanteventsinarigid,unemotionalmannerisassociatedwiththedevelopmentandprogressionofcancer.僅過了一百年，在第一批疫苗問世和人們認識到衛生及安全水供應重要性后，到1927年人口年增加了一倍，達到了二十億Justover100yearslater,in1927,aftertheadventofthefirstvaccinesandtherecognitionoftheimportanceofsanitationandsafewatersupplies,thepopulationhaddoubledto2billion.電子時代的醫學將包括與患者溝通更靈活，檢索醫學信息更方便，獲得患者資料更快捷，醫療辦公管理簡便有效。Medicineintheelectronicagewillincludemoreflexiblecommunicationwithpatients,easierretrievalofmedicalinformation,fasteraccesstopatientdata,andstreamliningofmedicalofficemanagement.雖然將疼痛作為一種生理現象來研究是重要的，但正如用社會模式或道德模式不能很好地解釋疼痛一樣，疼痛也不能降低為是生理現象Whiletheinvestigationofpainasaphysiologyisimportant,paincannotbereducedtophysiologyanymorethanitcanbeneatlyexplainedbyasocialormoralparadigm.在周末公開的一戶越南家庭中人員感染情況，加深了衛生專家們的擔心：變異的禽流感病毒株會同人流感病毒交換基因，形成新的病毒而引發全球性的流行InfectionsinaVietnamesefamilythatweredisclosedovertheweekendreinforcedfearsamonghealthexpertsthatthemutatedstrainwouldswapgeneswithahumaninfluenzavirustocreateanewvirusthatcouldcauseaglobalepidemic.然而，對許多在考慮參加臨床試驗的病人和家屬來說，參加的主要目的不是利他而是利己。腫瘤醫生認識到了這一區別。但由于醫生力求招募病人來參加他們的試驗研究，或由于那些人認為試驗中的治療質量更好，這一區別有時變得模糊不清。Formanypatientsandfamiliesconsideringaclinicaltrial,however,theprimarymotiveisnotaltruismbutself-interest,adistinctionthatoncologistsacknowledgeissometimesblurredbydoctorsseekingtorecruitpatientstotheirresearchstudiesorbythosewhobelievecareintrialsissuperior.把干細胞從以前被認為是沒有再生可能的器官中分離出來，證明干細胞是可塑的，造出人胚胎干細胞，這都清楚表明了人類干細胞療法是可行的。Theisolationofstemcellfromorgansformerlythoughttohavenoregenerativepotential,thedemonstrationofstemcellplasticity,andthecreationofhumanembryonicstemcellsclearlydemonstratedthefeasibilityofhumanstemcelltherapy.最近有關亞洲禽流感的報道幾乎每天都有，給人就造成一種印象是這種病毒性疾病在國家之間傳播如同飛禽飛行一樣快。RecentreportsaboutavianinfluenzainAsiahavecomealmostdaily,creatinganimpressionthattheviraldiseaseisspreadingamongcountriesasfastasbirdsfly.確實，禽流感已快速傳開了，但世界衛生組織說，尤其是在一個地區的八個國家同時出現禽流感，這是“前所未有”的。Indeed,avianinfluenzahasmovedrapidly.Thesimultaneousappearanceofavianinfluenzaineightcountries,particularlyinoneregion,is“unprecedented,"theWorldHealthOrganizationsays.在有些國家里禽流感可能已存在有幾個月了。現在被政府掩蓋的情況突然揭發了出來，政府對禽流感存在的承認滯后，使人們感覺禽流感突然一下子傳播開來了Butavianinfluenza,orbirdflu,mayhavebeenpresentformonthsinsomeofthesecountries.Nowthesuddenunmaskingofgovernmentcover-upsandbelatedrecognitionofthedisease'spresencehaveledtotheperceptionofamushroomingspread.二十一世紀初占主導地位的全球化進程已造成了一個全球衛生相互依賴的狀況，許多對健康的威脅是超越國界的。例如，老的傳染病重新興起，新的傳染病傳播，細菌對現有藥物的耐藥性不斷增加，生物恐怖主義出現，為滿足公眾日益增長的對更好保健需求的財政來源受到挑戰等。Theprocessofglobalizationthatdominatesthebeginningofthe21stcenturyhascreatedacontextofglobalhealthinterdependenceinwhichmanyhealththreatstranscendnationalboundaries,suchasthespreadofreemergingandnewinfectiousdiseases,increasedmicrobialresistancetocurrentlyavailabledrugs,andbioterrorism,andthechallengesoffinancingtheincreasingdemandsofthepublicforbetterhealth.多數人沒意識到室內污染是普遍存在的，也不知道如何去減少它。Mostpeopleareunawareoftheubiquityofindoorpollution,orofhowtoreduceit.他們的病史有力表明，有可能是性傳染因素導致免疫缺陷。Theirmedicalhistoriesstronglysuggestedthepossibilityofasexuallytransmittedagentthatcausedimmunodeficiency雖然媒體誤傳醫學信息會有負面影響，但利用媒體對公眾進行醫學教育，具有極大的潛在好處。Whilemisrepresentationofmedicalinformationbymassmediacanhavenegativeconsequences,theuseofmassmediatoeducatethepublicaboutmedicinehasanenormouspotentialtodogood.具有某種性格類型的人，似乎在生理上會對壓力過于敏感，因而會更易患心臟病。Peoplewithcertainpersonalitytypesseemtobephysiologicallyover-responsivetostressandthereforemorevulnerabletoheartdisease.現在，被政府掩蓋的情況突然揭發了出來，政府對禽流感存在的承認滯后，使人們感覺禽流感突然一下子傳播開來了。Nowthesuddenunmaskingofgovernmentcover-upsandbelatedrecognitionofthedisease'spresencehaveledtotheperceptionofamushroomingspread.停止吸煙的好處是立即減少對吸煙者的健康危害，在禁煙的社會活動及社會機構中更易被人接受Thebenefitsofsmokingcessationincludetheimmediatereductionofhealthhazardforthesmokerandeasieradmissiontosocialactivitiesandinstitutionsthatbansmoking.雖然生物醫學研究前景十分廣闊，但有一點很清楚，必須克服一些重大的障礙，才能把各種新進展應用于人身上。這些障礙，有些是科學上的，另一些則是心理、環境和社會方面的Despitethetremendouspromiseforbiomedicalresearch,itisclearthatformidableobstacles,somescientificandotherspsychological,environmentalorsocietal,mustbeovercomebeforethesevariousadvancescanbeappliedtothehumancondition.即使有不確定性，但明確的是，如果不治療，艾滋病毒感染是不會好轉的。Evenwithalltheuncertainty,itisclearthatHIVinfectionwillnotimprovewithouttreatment.基因檢測有許多前景很好的用途，包括可能用來評估對疾病的易感性，預測用在具有特定遺傳圖譜的人上的藥物效用和毒性等。在確定如何去利用這些技術時，需要考慮個人和社會在臨床上得到的好處以及付出的代價Genetictestinghasmanypromisingapplications,includingthepossibilitiesofassessingpredispositiontodiseaseandpredictingdrugefficacyortoxicityinindividualswithspecificgeneticprofiles.Determininghowtousethesetechnologieswillrequireconsiderationofclinicalbenefitsandcosts,bothtoindividualsandtosociety.經過多年努力，我國農村衛生事業面貌發生了深刻變化。但是，農村衛生發展嚴重滯后于城市衛生發展，農村衛生事業面臨著嚴峻的挑戰AlthoughtheruralhealthcareundertakinginChinahaswitnessedprofoundchangesthroughyearsofendeavor,itsdevelopmentstilllagsfarbehindthatintheurbandistricts,anditisfacedwithdauntingchallenges.當前，我國傳染病患病人數仍居世界高位，結核病、肝炎等傳統型傳染病仍在威脅人民的健康。Currently,Chinastillrankshighintheworldintermsofthepopulationsufferingfrominfectiousdiseases.Stillthreateningthepublichealthareconventionaloldinfectiousdiseasessuchastuberculosisandhepatitis.腸道傳染病、微量營養素缺乏病、地方病和寄生蟲病等在農村仍未得到有效遏制。艾滋病、非典、人間禽流感等新發傳染病又加重了我國農村疾病預防控制工作的難度Otherdiseases,suchasintestinalinfectiousdiseases,micronutrientdeficiencies,endemicsandparasitoses,havenotbeenkeptundereffectivecontrol.NewemerginginfectiousdiseaseslikeAIDS,SARSandhuman-infectedavianinfluenzaareaggravatingthedifficultyinthediseaseprevention&controlintheruralareasinChina.與此同時，由于農村居民生活環境、勞動環境和生活習慣的變化，惡性腫瘤、高血壓、心腦血管病、糖尿病等嚴重疾病的患病人數在農村也不斷增加，成為威脅農民健康的主要病種。我國農村出現了急性傳染病和慢性嚴重疾病并存的狀況。Moreover,onaccountofthechangesinthelivingenvironment,workingconditionsandlifestylesoftheruralpopulation,thereisacontinuousincreaseinthenumberofpatientswithmalignancies,hypertension,cardio-cerebral-vasculardiseasesanddiabetes,allofwhichbecomemajorhealththreatstotheruralpopulation.InChina’sruralareasnowarisesasituationinwhichacuteinfectiousdiseasescoexistwithchronicseriousdiseases.從全球范圍來看，多數感染者無法得到有前景的新療法，人們還得做出許多努力去控制這一傳染病的蔓延。Worldwide,mostinfectedpersonscannotaccessthepromisingnewtherapies,andmuchremainstobedoneincontrollingthespreadofthisepidemic.有些流感毒株在雞蛋里培育不好。更糟糕的是，造成最大威脅的病毒要從雞蛋里培育出來或許是最難的。Someflustrainsdon'tgrowwellinchickeneggs.Worse,thevirusesthatposethegreatestthreatmightbehardesttogrowineggs.外科是醫學最初的一對一的治療專業，在過去一百年里成熟起來。Surgerywasmedicine'sfirstone-on-onetherapeuticspecialty,floweringoverthepast100years.了解到兩個子女可能有著他遺傳的疾病易感性，史蒂文森幾乎取消了去麥當勞餐館，并開始考慮有關預防措施。KnowingthathistwochildrenmayshareDad'sgeneticsusceptibility,SteffensenhasallbuteliminatedvisitstoMcDonald'sandhasbeguntothinkaboutprevention.作為一個群體，青年醫生對自己的職業看法同他們前輩是大不相同的，不愿把醫學放在家庭和個人時間之上。Asagroup,youngdoctorsarethinkingverydifferentlyabouttheircareersthandidtheirpredecessors,refusingtoputmedicineabovefamilyandpersonaltime.生物醫學工程也使新的治療手段發展起來Biomedicalengineeringhasalsobeenresponsibleforthedevelopmentofnewtherapeuticdevices.最初，磁共振影像使用起來費時多，價格貴。Initially,MRIwastime-consumingandexpensive約占所有中風80%左右的缺血性中風，是由動脈阻塞、通常是一根頸動脈阻塞引起的。頸動脈是位于頸部的主要動脈，把富氧的血液從心臟運送到大腦。Ischemicstrokes,whichaccountforapproximately80percentofallstrokes,arecausedbyanobstructioninanartery,generallyoneofthecarotidarteries,themajorarteriesintheneckthatcarryoxygen-richbloodfromthehearttothebrain.缺血性中風發生于一根頸動脈產生了動脈粥樣硬化。動脈粥樣硬化是脂肪沉積在動脈血管內壁上的一個過程，隨著脂肪沉積的增加，使得血流通過的空間變得狹窄Thepathtoanischemicstrokebeginswhenatherosclerosis,aprocessinwhichfattydepositsbuildupontheinnerwallofanartery,developsinoneofthecarotidarteries.Asthefattydepositgrows,itnarrowsthespacethroughwhichbloodcanflow.貧困是造成健康不良后果的一個主要風險因素。與城郊地區相比較，貧困更常見于城市內貧民區和農村地區。Poverty,amajorriskfactorforpoorhealthoutcomes,ismoreprevalentininner-cityandruralareasthansuburbanareas.在二十一世紀里，侵害性更小、更先進的影像和影像指導方法將用來診斷和治療疾病。Inthe21stcentury,diseaseswillbediagnosedandtreatedwithincreasinglylessinvasive,moresophisticatedimagingandimage-guidedprocedures.例如，所謂的A型性格有這樣特征：好競爭、缺耐心、不友善。Forexample,theso-calledTypeApersonalityischaracterizedbycompetitiveness,impatience,andhostility.A型性格的人最為“有害”的人格特征，是經常性的敵意和生氣。這些特征與冠狀心臟病高發風險相關聯。Themost"toxic"personalitytraitsofTypeApeoplearefrequentreactionsofhostilityandanger.Thesetraitsarecorrelatedwithanincreasedriskofcoronaryheartdisease.8在歷史上，以解剖人體為基礎的學習愿望是如此強烈，以至于醫學機構常常支持那些墳墓盜尸行為，一些醫生也因醫學的原因被動地寬恕謀殺行為。Historically,thedesirefordissection-basedlearningwassostrongthatmedicalinstitutionsoftensupportedactsofgraverobbery,andsomephysicianspassivelycondonedmurderformedicine.我們決不能忽視水的蒸發作用Weshouldbynomeansneglecttheevaporationofwater.藥理學家正在認真研究這種藥的過敏反應。Thepharmacologistsaremakingacarefulstudyoftheallergyofthemedicine.她的嫉妒心理是她失敗的根源Herjealousyisthecauseofherfailure.你的沮喪情緒對你的身體不利。Yourdejectionwilldonogoodtoyourhealth.與健康有關的因素，如暴力、精神病、濫用毒品、環境問題等，對城市和農村的人群都有影響。Healthconcernssuchasviolence,mentalillness,substanceabuse,andenvironmentalissuesaffectbothurbanandruralcommunities.研究上的成就，很少屬于單獨一個人。科學的發展完全是靠集體的努力。對我個人成就的承認，只是一個象征。它象征著一大批有才華的科學家在這一領域里做出的許多重要發現和貢獻。Achievementsinresearchseldombelongtoasingleindividual.Scienceisarichlycollaborativeendeavor,andmyrecognitionismerelysymbolicforthemanyimportantdiscoveriesandcontributionsmadebyacarderoftalentedscientistsinthefield.對疼痛給予足夠治療的一些障礙包括：衛生保健提供者擔心引起病人身體上和心理上對藥物依賴成癮、對病人承受疼痛能力的錯誤認識以及評價上的偏見。Impedimentstoadequatepaintreatmentincludehealthcareproviders’fearofinducingphysicalorpsychologicaladdiction,misconceptionaboutpaintoleranceandassessmentbiases.科學家經常設法否定自己的假設，推翻自己的理論，并放棄自己的結論。Ascientistconstantlytriedtodefeathishypotheses,histheoriesandhisconclusion在交出翻譯之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有要修改的地方。Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.無論住在哪里，低收入和受教育少的人更可能會說健康需求得不到滿足，不太可能有健康保險，也不太可能得到預防保健Irrespectiveofwheretheylive,personswithlowerincomesandlesseducationaremorelikelytoreportunmethealthneeds,lesslikelytohavehealthinsurancecoverage,andlesslikelytoreceivepreventivehealthcare.最初，磁共振影像使用起來費時多，價格貴。Initially,MRIwastime-consumingandexpensive.你明天不去，他們會生氣的。Ifyoudon’tgotheretomorrow,they’llgetangry.通常的情況是，I型糖尿病人一天會多次刺破手指尖取血，用測量表來測一滴血中的葡萄糖水平，然后對胰島素的注射量、體力活動或食物攝入進行調節，使血糖保持在正常水平Typically,individualswithType1diabetesuseameterseveraltimesadaytomeasurethelevelofglucoseinadropoftheirbloodobtainedbyprickingafingertip.Theycanthenadjusttheamountofinsulininjected,physicalexercise,orfoodintaketo