考考研翻譯寫作基礎2英語相對于漢語的特點：1.邏輯性2.簡潔性3.多樣性e.g.(英語一1995-72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.j3j3詞性成份(主謂賓定狀補)名詞n.代詞pron.動詞v.形容詞adj.副詞adv.介詞prep.連詞4謂語動詞非謂語ing非謂語ed非謂語to動詞：及物不及物、實義系動詞、動作結果、瞬間延續介詞介詞詞組 (介詞+名詞/v-ing)定語狀語補語5并列連詞 (詞、詞組、句子)and,or,nor,but,yet,so從屬連詞 (主要連句子).That:that.Wh-:which,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whether.Other:because,if,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instant671.SV主謂2.SVO主謂賓3.SVC主系表4.SVOO主謂賓賓5.SVOC主謂賓賓補五大基本句型的重要性：1.英語中的主干結構2.英漢語基本一致8e.g.2.Shelooksaround.3.Thejobisfinished.1.主動：主語為謂語動作的發出者2.被動：主語為謂語動作的接受者9主語屬性：名詞性結構2.代詞(主格)3.動名詞(doing)4.不定式(todo)謂語屬性：動詞判斷及物不及物動詞的誤區：根據中文意思判斷動詞及物不及物e.g.1.IwatchTV.2.Thestudentsarelookingattheteacher.主謂賓間的關系(只有主動)：1.主語為謂語動作的發出者2.賓語為謂語動作的接受者1.及物動詞2.不及物動詞+介詞賓語屬性：名詞性結構1.名詞2.代詞(賓格)3.動名詞(doing)4.不定式(todo)5.賓語從句可帶動名詞(doing)的動詞：admit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp/resist/stand,consider,defer,delay,deny,mind,enjoy,fancy,favour,giveup,include,keep,practice,risk,stop,suggest...e.g.1.Iamexcited/acollegestudent/intheclassroom/home.2.Ifeelhappy.3.Everyonestayedcalm.4.Foodgoesbadeasilyinsummer.：4.“變化”類動詞become,go,turn,grow,get,fall(ill),表語的屬性：1.形容詞Iamexcited.2.名詞Iamacollegestudent.3.代詞Itishim.4.介詞短語Iamintheclassroom.5.副詞(表位置)Iamhere/home.6.不定式(to)Myplanistopassthetest.7.動名詞(doing)Myhobbyisgrowingflowers.8.表語從句e.g.eadvice2.Hegavesomeadvicetome.“給予”類動詞pass,sell,send,sing,write,sparee.g.1.Iregardyouasthebestfriend.2.Youmakemehappy.3.Parentsexpecttheirchildrentobeexcellent.4.Iseemystudentsdoingtheirhomework.5.Ifindallthehouseworkdone.6.Thepresidentappointedhimthesalesmanager.賓補的形式：1.Iregardyouasthebestfriend.2.Youmakemehappy.3.Parentsexpecttheirchildrentobeexcellent.4.Iseemystudentsdoingtheirhomework.5.Ifindallthehouseworkdone.6.Thepresidentappointedhimthesalesmanager.賓補的作用：?賓補是對賓語的補充說明?賓語+賓補可在意思上構成“主謂”、“主謂賓”或“主系表”關系20make,call,name,think,elect,appoint,consider,want,wish,expect,keep,have,leave,drive,catch,stop,allow,lorderlike,hate,help,paint,cut,mind...動詞的固定搭配中。21hecollegestudentsintheclassroom結論：1.定語修飾名詞2.英語中定語分前置后后置3.英語中簡單定語前置，復雜定語后置英語中定語位置及基本形式(前二后六)：1.前置定語：形容詞、名詞分詞詞組、不定式、形容詞詞組、定語從句2.后置定語：介詞詞組、doing現在分詞詞組、分詞詞組、不定式、形容詞詞組、定語從句22hecollegestudentsintheclassroom教室里的大學生結論：漢語中只有前置定語232.狀語經常由副詞充當24ttothestationquickly：1.Quickly,hegottothestation.(主語前)2.Hequicklygottothestation.(動詞前)3.Hegotquicklytothestation.(動詞后)4.Hegottothestationquickly.(賓語后)25：1.Atahighspeed,hegottothestation.(主語前)2.He,atahighspeed,gottothestation.(動詞前)3.Hegot,atahighspeed,tothestation.(動詞后)4.Hegottothestationatahighspeed.(賓語后)對狀語的形式沒有限制。26形式：介詞詞組4.done過去分詞詞組27：ttothestationquickly28從句類型：3.狀語從句2023-10-2129含義：句：主謂結構從句基本結構：引導詞(只能使用一個)+主謂結構引導詞的作用：共同作用：連接主從句獨特作用：每種從句中各不相同30引導詞的類型：thatwhich,who,whom,whose,when,where,what,why,how,whetherbecause,if,although,though,before,after,while,since,as,until,till,once,assoonas,unless,provided,immediately,instantly,directly,everytime,themoment/minute/second/instant31e.g.?...althoughhecamehome.?...thathecamehome.?...whenhecamehome.的引導詞：that/wh-32t?Wh-:whichwhowhom/whose/when/where/why (注意：how/what/whether一般不能引導定語從句)作后置定語33基本結構：名詞結構/句子+引導詞這是我昨天買的那本書。Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtyesterday.定語從句的特點：3、句子語意一定不完整341.Thinkaboutdrivingaroutethat’sveryfamiliar.2.AccordingtoBen-Shalar,realisticoptimistsarethosewhomakethebestofthingsthathappen,butnotthosewhobelieveeverythinghappensforthebest.3.“Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.4.Ineverfeeloverwhelmedwiththeamountofinformationmybrainabsorbs.5.Theeffectiscausedbythewayweallocateourattention.6.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.35那本書。ebookthatwhichIboughtyesterday定從使用前提(一)：36這本書給我提供了很大的幫助。Iboughtabook,whichgavemegreathelp.定語從句使用前提(二)：37校。這讓我大吃一驚。lefttheschoolwhichsurprisedmegreatly38方法：3.非謂語動詞的三種基本形式：39Iboughtabook,whichprovidedgreathelp.Iboughtabookprovidinggreathelp.?現在分詞短語作后置定語Iboughtabook,whichwaswrittenbythebestnovelistintheworld.Iboughtabookwrittenbythebestnovelistintheworld.?過去分詞短語作后置定語40Iboughtabook,whichwouldsolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.IboughtabooktosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.Iboughtabook,whichwouldberevisedsoon.Iboughtabooktoberevisedsoon.?不定式作后置定語41Iboughtabook,whichwasabletosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.IboughtabookabletosolveallmyproblemsinEnglishlearning.?形容詞短語作后置定語421.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.2.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.3.OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving4.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.43?我找到了導致這場意外的原因。Ihavefoundthereasonthatledtotheaccident.Ihavefoundthereasonleadingtotheaccident.?這座房子就是他出生的地方。Thehouseistheplaceinwhich/wherehewasborn.試，幾乎沒有不及格過。Ihavetakencountlessexams,inwhichIhavehardlyfailed.?他獲得了比賽的一等獎。我感到十分高興。Hewonthefirstprizeinthecompetition,whichpleasedmegreatly.44名詞從句的基本結構：?That:that?Wh-:which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),whose(ever),how,when,where,why,whether?其他：because/asif/asthough(表從),if(賓從)451.Thathecheatedintheexamwillbeeventuallydiscovered.2.Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.3.MyquestionishowIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.4.NoonecandenythefactthatIamChinese.名詞從句的特點：1、句子結構和語意均完整3、that無意義、不充當成分；wh-有意義、充當成分46基本結構：引導詞+主謂結構+謂語1.Thathecheatedintheexamwillbeeventuallydiscovered.2.Itisobviousthathecheatedintheexam.1.帶有正常主語從句的句子一般呈現出“一主兩謂”的結構。2.形式主語只能代替主從、不定式和動名詞(動詞ing)，不能代替名詞和代詞471.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.2.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.3.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.4.Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience,butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.48成功取決于我們自身的努力。Whenwecansucceeddependsonourownefforts.主語從句使用的前提(一)：法：49成功依靠的是我們自身的努力。ependedonourownefforts成功取決于我們自身的努力。成功依靠的是我們自身的努力。當主語從句為陳述句句意時，必須在句首加上引導詞that。50校。這讓我大吃一驚。heschoolsurprisedmegreatly主語從句使用的前提(二)：法：51成功還是一個未知數。Whenwecansucceedisstillunknownamystery.Itisstillunknown/amysterywhenwecansucceed.常見形式：djthatwh2.Itisn.that/wh...3.Itis-edthat...Itissaidthatwesucceeded.52ThatChinawon2010WorldExpodependedontheinternationalsociety’ssupport.?中國堅持和平發展是基于中國國情的必然選擇。ThatChinainsistsonpeacefuldevelopmentisanecessarychoicebasedonChina’scondition.ItisanecessarychoicebasedonChina’sconditionthatChinainsistsonpeacefuldevelopment.53基本結構：1.及物動詞+引導詞+主謂2.介詞+引導詞+主謂?Youdon’tknowwhichIboughtyesterday.?Iknowthatyouareright.?Iamlisteningtowhatyouaresaying.?Moststudentsregarditasagreatsuccessthattheycanstudyina注意：詞引導。2.形式賓語只能代替賓從、不定式和動名詞(動詞ing)，不能代替名詞1詞引導。2.形式賓語只能代替賓從、不定式和動名詞(動詞ing)，不能代替名詞541.Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.2.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.3.Heasserts,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.55有多吃驚。ginehowsurprisedIwasatthattime賓語從句使用的前提(一)：法：56基本結構：系動詞+引導詞+主謂1.MydreamisthatIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.2.MyquestionishowIcanfurthermystudyinthisuniversity.3.Hissuccessisbecausehehasworkedreallyhard.4.Helooksasifthewholeworldbelongedtohim.注意：1.表語從句與賓語從句及其相似，只是在動詞的種類上不同。2.表語從句中沒有形式表語。571.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.2.Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.58Thequestionishowfastwecangettothestation.表語從句使用的前提(一)：法：59基本結構：N+that/wh-1.NoonecandenythefactthatIamChinese.2.Ihavethequestionwhetheryoucanpassthetest.3.Ihavenoideawhowillwin.注意：1.抽象名詞且有具體內容才能帶同位語從句，如：conclusion,thought,idea,view,opinion,suggestion,demand,fact,report,story,news,message…，但任何名詞都可以帶定語從句2.同位語從句結構和語意都完整，但定語從句結構有可能不完整，語意一定不完整。601.Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewmedia.2.Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies.3.Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.4.Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare---thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts---andrevealitserroneousnature.5.Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.61我有一個想法。我們應該為考試早作準備。Ihaveanideathatweshouldmakeearlypreparationforthetest.同位語從句使用的前提(一)：后句對前句中的某一名詞作解釋，且中間可以劃等號時 翻譯方法：名詞從句可以基本按照語序翻譯，但引導詞要置于句首。62沒有人可以否認我通過了這次考試的事實。NoonecandenythefactthatIpassedthetest.同位語從句使用的前提(二)：帶有完整句子的“的”結構，且句子與“的”后名詞可以劃等號。翻譯方法：將“的”前的完整句子置于名詞之后，變成同位語從句。試對比：沒有人可以否認我通過了這次考試的事實。我不知道他離開學校的時間。63?我得出了這人是個騙子的結論。Idrawaconclusionthatthemanisacheater.?這幅圖揭示了一個真理。那就是人類的貪婪是造成環境污染的主要原Thepicturerevealsatruththatthehumangreedisthemainreasonthatleadstotheenvironmentalpollution.64狀語從句的結構：?inthat,nowthat,inorderthat,onconditionthat,giventhat,so...that,sothat?when,where,whether,nomatterwhich(ever),nomatterwho(ever),nomatterwhom(ever),nomatterwhat(ever),nomatterwhose,nomatterhow(ever),nomatterwhen(ever),nomatterwhere(ever),nomatterwhy?because,if,as,before,after,until,since,although,though,while,whereas,aslongas,immediately,provided,themoment/instant2.在句首或句末充當狀語65?句子+引導詞+主謂sawastranger2.IsawastrangerwhenIcamehome.3.Heissoexcitedthathelaughsandshouts.nowthatgiventhatonconditionthat,innowthatgiventhatonconditionthat,inorderthat661.Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”2.Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.3.ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccuse