關于冷卻塔測試標準ATC-105若干問題的思考AcceptanceTestCode

ForWaterCoolingTowers目

錄CONTENTS標準簡介特征曲線法性能曲線法測量要求標準編制0502030104

標準簡介

01冷卻技術研究所CTI于2000年2月發布了冷卻塔測試標準ATC-105）（2019年修訂版），標準化冷卻塔的測試根據收集的測試數據評估確定冷卻塔的能力有2種方法：特征曲線法

性能曲線法《變流量冷卻塔性能測試方法》《變流量冷卻塔評價規范》描述測試方法評估測試數據ATC-105

強相關IATC-105簡介IIPart

ITest

Procedure1.Scope

and

Purpose1.1Scope1.2

Purpose1.3

Flexibility1.4Other

Uses1.5

ImpartialTestingService1.6System

of

Units1.7

UncertaintyAnalysis1.8Testtolerance1.9

Nomenclature2.Conditions

ofTest2.1Conduct

ofTest2.2Conditionof

Equipment2.3OperatingConditions2.4ConstancyofTest

Conditions2.5

DurationofTest2.6

FrequencyofReading2.7Test

Uncertainty3.

Instrumentsand

Measurements3.1Water

Flow

Measurements3.2WaterTemperature

Measurements3.3

InletAirtemperature

Measurements3.4WindVelocity(Speed

and

Direction)3.5Tower

Pumping

Head3.6

Fan

Driver

Power3.7WaterAnalysis3.8

Make-upand

Blow-Down4.

Reportof

Result4.1

Scope4.2Testform4.3

Distribution4.4Security4.5

Limitations4.6Tower

Capability變流量冷卻塔

評價要體現變測試流程Part

II.

Evaluationof

Results5.Mechanical-DraftCoolingTowers-Characteristic

Curve

Method5.1Scope

and

Purpose5.2

Manufacturer's

Data5.3

DeterminationofTest

L/GValue5.4

DeterminationofTest

KaV/LValue5.5

DeterminationofTowerCapability6.Performance

Curve

Method7.

Mechanical-DraftCoolingTowers-CharacteristicCurve

Method7.1Scope

and

Purpose7.2

Manufacturer's

Data7.3

DeterminationofTowercapability特征曲線法性能曲線法結果評估

特性曲線法

025.2

Manufacturer’s

Data

-The

manufacturershallsubmittower

performance

data

relating

tower

characteristic

【KaV/L】andwater/air

ratio【

L/G】,

indicatingthedesign

L/G

to

be

used

for

the

test

evaluation.制造商應提供冷卻塔特性KaV/L與水氣比的性能關聯數據，并明確用于測試的設計水氣比This

relationship

may

be

presented

asan

equationwith

allconstants

listed,

oras

a

curve

or

properly

identifiedfamily

of

curves,expressingtheeffectsofvariables(such

as

hot

water

temperature

and

air

velocity)

that

may

have

a

significanteffectonthe

result,andshall

cover

a

rangeof

L/G

values

of

at

least

±20

percent

from

design

L/G.性能關聯關系可以方程或者圖形的形式，表明相關變量的影響，水氣比的范圍不小于設計值的±20%Ifthe

relationship

is

presentedasacurve,the

graphical

scaling

must

permitthe

determination

of

KaV/L

to

a

minimum

precision

equaltothat

provided

bythe

CTICoolingTower

Performance

Curves

(CTIToolKit).性能關聯關系以圖形的表達時，精度同冷卻塔性能曲線Thedesign

L/Gvalueshall

be

identified,

aswellasa

listing

ofthe

design

point

conditions

of

hot

water

temperature,

cold

watertemperature,

inletwet-bulbtemperature,

inletdry-bulbtemperature

(forced

drafttower),fan

drive

power

(motoroutput

power,

unlessotherwisestated),fan

motorefficiency

(ifavailable

at

the

time

of

quote),

and

either

design

barometric

pressureordesign

basiselevation.設計水氣比、熱水溫度、冷水溫度、濕球溫度、干球溫度、風扇功率、電機效率、大氣壓等應明確。

=2.0988*

-0.8950特性曲線法制造商數據要求5.04.03.02.52.01.5Kav

L

1.00.80.60.40.30.2LG2.02.5

3.0(1.617,1.415)5.0

4.03.0

2.52.01.5Kav1.00.80.67891012141618202224G【kg/hr】

【kg/hr】塔廠提供的特性曲線Manufacturer’s

CharacteristicCurve

=2.0988*(

)

-0.8950【濕球溫度】25.0°CRANGE【冷幅】

6.0

°C

ALTITUDE【海拔】0.0mL逼近度Approach=2,

3

,

4

,

5,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

,

10

,

11,

12

,

14

,

16

,

18

,

20

,

22

,

24多組平行的曲線分別對應不同的逼近度(1.

700,1.305)特性曲線法2.02.5

3.00.71.00.71.011L0.30.30.30.50.50.40.20.20.24.04.01.51.536524設計及測試數據【(L/G)d

】

【設計值】

=2.0988*(

)

-0.8950L=834*0.681=567954kg/hr

G=340131/1.1=309210kg/hr

L/G

=

1.84【145500kg/hr風量0.45倍】選取設計工況逼近度（

30-25=5°C）【濕球溫度】25.0°C

RANGE【冷幅】6.0

°C特性曲線法Induced

DraftTowerForan

induced

drafttower,theconditions

atthe

inlet

ofthefan

arethe

tower'sdischargeconditions.The

coderequiresthat

boththedesign

andtest,dischargeair

properties

be

determined

bya

heat

balancecalculation.

Calculating

designdischarge

air

properties

isastraightforward

procedurewhilecalculatingtestdischargeair

properties(L/G)d

=

Ratioof

massflow

rateofwatertoairfromthe

manufacturer‘sdesign

data

水氣質量比v=Specificvolumeof

air,

either

test(t

)

or

design(d

)ρ=

Density

ofair,either

test(t

)

or

design(d

)W=

Fandriveroutput

power,eithertest(t

)

or

design(d

)Qw

=Circulatingwaterflow

rate,eithertest(t

)

or

design(d

)(

)t〓(

)

d*(

)

?(

)1/3

?

(

)1/3

?

(

)

①dtυυdtρρ冷卻塔風機的風量對應的是塔的出風口空氣狀態，但是已知的參數是冷卻塔入口的空氣狀態，需要采用公式②試算的方法，根據入口參數求得出口參數，即獲取出口的空氣比容和空氣密度ρt

、

ρd

、υt

、υd。G=

Massflow

rateofdryair

through

the

tower,

kg

dry

air/hr

空氣質量流量【kg/hr】

ho

=

Enthalpyofair

leavingthetower,

kJ/kg入塔空氣焓值【

kJ/kg】hi

=

Enthalpyofairenteringthetower,

kJ/kg

出塔空氣焓值【

kJ/kg】L

=Circulatingwater

massflow

rate,

kg/sc

pw

=Specific

heatofwater

=4.186

kJ/kg×°C

Thw

=

Hotwatertemperature,

°CTcw

=Coldwater

temperature,

°C②ho=(L/

G)*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)

+hi循環水質量流量【kg/hr】

水的比熱熱水溫度【塔進水溫度】

冷水溫度【塔出水溫度】requirescombiningthe

heat

balance

Equation

(②)with

Equation

(①)

and

iteratingfora

solution.L*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)=G*(ho-hi)L

求解

(

G

)t

空氣比容空氣密度風扇功率循環水流量ATC-105（19）☆☆ATC-105（00）ATC-105（

19）單位應為：

kg/hr☆☆☆

為何這個單位錯誤很明顯，

19年沒有人提出來？原因：①很少有人手算過②特性曲線有困難

③依賴軟件ATC-105（00）發現問題濕球溫度21.1

°C

查表：hit

=61.102kJ/kghot

=

1.7183

*

(pt

)1/3

*

(υt

)*4.186

*

(33.4?

27.1)+

61.102

hot

=45.3147

*

(pt

)1/3

*

(υt

)+

61.102濕球溫度25

°C

查表：hid

=76.503kJ/kghod

=

(1.70)

*4.186*(36-30)+

76.503

=

119.2kJ/kg

假定出口空氣飽和，查表可得:(L/G)t=1.7183

*

(pt

)1/3

*

(υt

)(L/G)t=

1.7183

*

(1.1425)1/3

*0.90025

(L/

G)t

=

1.617ho=(L/

G)*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)

+hiTa

=

33.35

°Cρd

=

1.1295

kg/m3

υd

=

0.91488

m3/kgProperties

ofSaturatedAir-WaterVapor

Mixturesat

101.325

kPa

(sea

level)30.7

°C與入口干球溫度30.6°C非常接近求解冷卻塔出口空氣密度c

pw

=Specific

heat

ofwaterThw

=Temperature

ofthe

hotwaterTcw

=Temperature

ofcoldwaterhw

=

Enthalpyofsaturatedairat

the

hot

water

temperature

ha

=

Enthalpyofair

enteringthe

tower應該是103.745計算特性值

KaV/L

at

the

test

L/G

C?

=

(

)

*100%=101.6%(L/G)I=1.728

1.728計算冷卻塔換熱能力

DeterminationofTowerCapability測試工況點CTI工具軟件

性能曲線法

03The

performancecurves

providedbythe

manufacturerare

integral

intheevaluation

ofcoolingtower

performance.制造商提供的冷卻塔性能曲線是冷卻塔性能評價不可缺少的一部分。Thesecurvesare

usedtotranslatethe

measuredperformanceduringthetestto

the

expected

performance

at

design

conditions.性能曲線用于性能測試是否滿足設計工況。Therefore,theaccuracyofthetest

resultisdependent

onthe

accuracy

of

the

performance

curves.因此，測試的準確度建立在性能曲線上。TheCTIATC-105testcode

recommendsthat

performancecurves

be

evaluated

bythe

purchaser

before

the

contract

is

signed.冷卻塔性能測試標準ATC-105推薦合同簽訂前買家對性能曲線做出評估。The

performancecurvesare

recommendto

be

requiredas

partof

bidsubmittal

packageandthe

review

of

the

curves

be

part

of

the

bidevaluation

process.性能曲線推薦作為投標的一部分，并且評標時考量。Thiswillenablecurves

presented

bydifferent

manufacturersto

becomparedfor

consistency.使得不同廠家的曲線可以比較。REVIEWOFNEW2019CTIATC105ACCEPTANCETESTCODEFORCOOLINGTOWERSDAVIDWHEELER,P.E.AND

KEN

HENNON,

P.E.CLEANAIR

ENGINEERING聽同行說6.

Performance

Curve

Method

性能曲線法Usingthe

performancecurveanalysis

methodtoevaluate

cooling

tower

test

data

relativeto

design

conditions

provides

foranexpedient

methodofanalysis

inthat

one

merely

needs

to

cross-plot

and

interpolate

from

the

curves.采用圖形內插的性能曲線分析方法評價冷卻塔在設計工況下的測試數據是一種權宜之計。Alternatively,CTIToolkitcan

be

usedtoconductthe

performance

curve

evaluation.另外一種方法是采用CTI工具軟件來實現性能評估。It

is

recommendedtheownerandtheirconsultant

review

cooling

tower

performance

curves

for

inconsistencies

associated

with

predicted

coldwatertemperaturesatvariousoperating

conditions.推薦業主及其顧問評價冷卻塔性能曲線在各種運行工況下的出水溫度的不適用性。That

reviewshould

beconducted

priortoexecution

of

a

contractwith

a

cooling

tower

manufacturer

and

the

review

should

result

intheowneracceptingthe

performancecurves

associated

with

the

contract.評價應在與冷卻塔制造商的合同簽訂前，并且業主認可合同中相關的性能曲線。Performancecurvesassociatedwithcompeting

bids

should

be

analyzed

and

compared

atvarious

conditions

within

theboundariesofthecurves

(i.e.,

rangevaryingfromdesign

basis

range,

inlet

wet

bulb

temperature

varying

from

design

basis,

etc.)

inorderto

identify

inconsistencies.應分析、比較各種工況，包含不同的冷幅、濕球溫度以確定不適用性。To

improvethe

abilitytoanalyzecoolingtower

capability

atthe

design

point,

it

is

preferable

totest

the

tower

within

10%

ofthedesign

waterflow.測試流量應在設計流量的10%范圍內，以利于設計工況的冷卻塔熱力分析。標準條文Incaseswhenthe

predicted

water

flow

isbeyondthe

boundaryofthemanufacturers

performancecurves,theanalystshallextrapolateastraight

lineusingthe

nearesttwodata

points

onthe

coldwatertemperatureversus

predicted

waterflowgraph

incrossplot

2

onmechanicaldraftor

crossplot

3

onnaturaldraft

until

it

meetsthetested

condition

coldwatertemperature.預測流量超出制造商提供的性能曲線

范圍，機械塔應采取內插圖2，自然通風塔采用內插圖3外延到測試工況冷水溫度。

Thesameanalysiscan

be

done

using

CTI

ToolKitsoftware.同樣的分析可采用CTI工具軟件實現。CTI認證依據STD-201標準，測試依據ATC-105標準，

需要廠家提供整

個冷卻塔系列的圖紙資料和熱性能數據，包括冷卻塔熱力性能曲線標準條文7.2

Manufacturer’s

Data

-The

manufacturershall

submit

afamily

of

performance

curves

consisting

of

a

minimum

of

3sets

of3curves

each.制造商須提供至少3組性能曲線，每組3條曲線。One

set

shall

applyto

90%,one

to

100%,and

theotherto

110%ofthe

designwatercirculation

rate.

90%、

100%、

110%設計循環水量各一組。

Each

setshall

be

presented

asa

plotofwet-bulbtemperatureas

abscissa

versus

cold

water

temperature

as

ordinate,

with

cooling

range

as

parameter.每組曲線濕球溫度為橫坐標，冷水出水溫度為縱坐標，不同冷幅作為參數。Graphicalscalingshall

be

incremented

soasto

provide

a

minimum

of0.2

°C

(0.5°

F)

increments

and

no

more

than

0.1

°C/mm

(5

°

F/inch)for

bothwet-bulbandcold

watertemperatures.

圖形刻度0.2°C，每mm不大于0.1°C。Curves

shall

be

based

on

constantfan

pitch

angle.

曲線為同一固定風扇角度。

Inadditiontothedesign

rangecurve,

bracketing

range

curves

ofapproximately80%and

120%ofdesignto

the

nearest

0.5

°C

(1

°

F)

shall

be

shown,

at

a

minimum.

冷幅變化范圍應能覆蓋大約

80%-120%的設計熱力，并精確到最近的0.5°C。Thecurvesshallfullycover

(but

not

necessarily

be

limitedto)

the

range

ofvariables

specified

in

Paragraph

2.3.變量范圍應能覆蓋但不限于2.3節的規定。The

design

pointshall

beshownonthe

appropriatecurve,

aswell

as

a

listing

ofthe

design

pointconditions

of

hotwatertemperature,coldwater

temperature,

inlet

wet-bulb

temperature,

inlet

dry-bulbtemperature

(forced

drafttower),design

L/G

(induced

draftonly),fandriveroutput

power

(fan

motor

output

power,

unlessotherwise

designated),fan

motorefficiency

(ifavailableattime

of

quote),

and

either

design

barometric

pressure

or

designbasiselevation.設計工況點應在合適的曲線上表示出來，包括熱水溫度、冷水溫度、濕球溫度、設計水氣比、風扇功率、風扇效率及大氣壓或海拔高度。2.3.3Thefollowingvariationsfromdesignconditions

shall

not

beexceeded:設計工況參數偏離范圍2.3.3.1Wet-bulbtemperature

±8.5

°C2.3.3.3

Range…………..

±20%2.3.3.5

Barometric

Pressure

±3.5

kPa2.3.3.2

Dry-bulbtemperature

±14.0

°C2.3.3.4Circulatingwaterflow………….

±10%2.3.3.6

Fandriveroutput

power

………

±15%密度修正后上一版10%性能曲線法制造商數據要求29.84°C-18.80-26°C【T90】24.54測試

濕球工況性能曲線法算例+30.60°C-18.80-26°C【T100】+性能曲線法算例31.36°C-18.80-26°C【T110】性能曲線法算例+測試工況冷幅46.51-29.04=

17.47性能曲線法算例17.47測試工況冷幅46.51-29.04=

17.47Qw,pred

=

3416.5

L/s

3416.5/3583=95.35%

of

Design

Flow29.04[測試工況濕球溫度]性能曲線法算例☆濕球溫度26

°C查表：hid

=80.80kJ/kghod

=

(1.30)

*4.186*(49.4–

30.6)+80.80=

183.1kJ/kg

假定出口空氣飽和，查表可得:ho=(L/

G)*C

pw*(Thw-Tcw)

+hiTa

=41.86

°C

ρd

=

1.0863

kg/m3υd

=

0.9708

m3/kg24.54測試濕球工況濕球溫度24.54

°C

查表：hit

=75.8551kJ/kgVapor

Mixturesat

101.325

kPa

(sea

level)Properties

ofSaturatedAir-Water40.1

°C與設計工況41.86°C比較接近性能曲線法算例Section

M1.GeneralThe

purposeofthisappendixisto

providea

methodology

for

determiningcoolingtower

capabilityasafunctionoftemperaturedeviation

from

design

cold

watertemperature.本附錄提供一種測試出水溫度與設計出水溫度的偏差與塔的散熱能力之間函數的計算方法。Section

M2.

MethodologyTheCapabilityofacoolingtower,

as

determined

bya

performance

test,

isusually

reportedasa

percentageofthe

designwaterflow

rate.

It

is

calculated

fromthe

ratiooftheAdjustedTest

Flow

Rateto

theflow

rate

predicted

from

the

manufacturer'sdataforthe

measuredtestconditions.冷卻塔性能測試時塔相對于設計工況出力百分比就是與設計流量的比值，通過校

正測試流量與額定設計工況時的預期流量的比值來計算。%CAP=

(Qadjust/Qpred)*100%Thisequationshowsthattower

capabilityis

inversely

proportionalto

predicted

flow

(Qpred).上面的公式表明塔的性能與預期流量成反比。Fromthatitfollows

that

ifacoolingtower

isoperatingwithdesign

(100%)

flow,

design

range,designfan

powerandatdesignwet

bulbtemperature,

but

producing

a

coldwatertemperatureequaltothatexpected

when

operating

at

90%

design

flow,

thetower

capabilityis:由此冷卻塔在設計流量、設計冷幅、設計濕球溫度，冷水出水溫度與90%設計流量時的出水溫度相同時，塔的散熱能力：%CAP=

(100/90)*100%=111.11%Similarly,

ifthetowerwere

producingacoldwatertemperature

equal

to

that

expectedwhen

operatingat

110%

designflow,thetower

capabilitywould

be:同理，如果塔的出水溫度與與110%設計流量時的出水溫度相同時，塔的散熱能力：%CAP=

(100/110)*100%=90.91%Usingthisapproach

inconjunctionwiththe

Performance

Curvessupplied

bythetower

manufacturer,three

points

oftower

leavingwatertemperatureasafunction

oftower

capabilitycan

be

readilyobtainedand

plotted.利用制造商提供的冷卻塔的性能曲線，可以得到不同流量時冷卻塔的出水溫度。Thecurve

canthen

be

usedto

determinethe

towerleavingwatertemperatureatdesignflow,

range,

andfanmotor

powerforanycapabilityfallingwithinthe

scope

ofthe

curve.通過曲線可以確定冷卻塔在設計流量、設計冷幅、設計風機功率，不同的塔的散熱能力與出水溫度。Extrapolationofthecurveto

any

significantdegree

is

not

recommended.

不推薦曲線外延過多。Fromthe

manufacturers

performancecurves,tabulatethecoldwatertemperatures

predictedforthedesign

range,designwet

bulbtemperatureand,

ifapplicable,thedesignRelative

Humidityfor

eachflow

rateforwhichperformancecurvesare

provided.通過制造商的性能曲線，可以列出表格：冷水出水溫度、

設計冷幅、設計濕球溫度、相對濕度（若適用）、流量。用戶更加關注

出水溫度和逼近度APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviationfrom

DesignColdWaterTemperature計算冷卻塔出水溫度31.36°C-18.80-26°C?=18.80/23.15=81.2%103.5%

Designcoldwater:30.60test-30.35°CDifferencevs.design=

-0.25°C【T110】30.60°C-18.80-26°C【T100】?=18.80/23.4=80.34%29.84°C-18.80-26°C【T90】APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviationfrom

DesignColdWaterTemperature計算冷卻塔出水溫度塔出水溫度80%~出水溫度

32.6

°?=18.80/24.16=77.81%100%~出水溫度30.6

°?=18.80/23.4=80.34%111.1%~出水溫度29.84

°?=18,80/22.64=83.04%120%~出水溫度29.45?=18.80/22.25=84.49%濕球溫度26°C

冷幅：18.18

°C風機額定功率

標準大氣壓設計流量80%85%90%

95%100%105%

110%

115%

120%APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviation90.91%~出水溫度31.36

°from

DesignColdWaterTemperature計算冷卻塔出水溫度>

CAP29.5°31.5°32.8°32.5°30.5°29°32°30°31°°塔出水溫度

11

.

..

%684°833026

9水溫6/出22%?1100%~出水溫度31.4

°120%~出水溫度29.50

°?=22.56/26.06=86.57%?=22.56/27.96=80.69%90.91%~出水溫度32.4

°?=22.56/28.96=77.90%濕球溫度26°C

冷幅：

22.56

°C

風機額定功率

標準大氣壓設計流量80%85%90%

95%100%105%

110%

115%

120%APPENDIXM

ExpressingTowerCapabilityasa

Functionof

Deviationfrom

DesignColdWaterTemperature87%~出水溫度

32.8

°計算冷卻塔出水溫度CAP29.5°31.5°32.8°32.5°30.5°29°32°30°31°測量要求04溫度0.05°C流量：2%功率：3%大氣壓：0.34kPa

風速：0.5m/s測量要求-測量設備精度測量設備精度Instrument

Minimum

Calibration

Frequency

測量儀器校準周期Temperature

sensorsWithin

3

months

prior

to

use溫度傳感器使用前3個月Water

flow

measurementDevices

流量計3年[未損壞]Three

years

if

undamagedElectric

power

meters

Yearly電氣計量每年Wind

speed

and

directionDevices

Yearly測量風速、風向設備每年每小時最小次數

記錄精度濕球溫度干球溫度出水溫度進水溫度循環流量風扇功率Table

U-1Overall

UncertaintyforCoolingTowerCapability系統誤差

隨機誤差

測量誤差測量要求-讀數頻率Nv

=(int)Math.Round

(

)進風面N等分

，每個網格的中心點測量濕球溫度Nh

=

(int)Math.Ceiling（

n/Nv）n=(int)Math.Ceiling(0.52*A0.4）N

=Nh

*

Nv濕球溫度最小測量數量：向上取整測量要求-濕球溫度測點測量要求-濕球溫度測點示例H’=11.6m

L=30mH’=1.8m

L=60mlag大于5min，那么測試時間60min+lag對于變流量冷卻塔30%流量時lag=3-10min?冷卻塔的出水溫度要考慮延時的影響，取3-10min后的數值?冷卻塔尋優周期要大于15minlag

=

vbasin

Qtw=336/3.6=93.3L/SVbasin=3.82*6.3*0.40=9.62m3=9620L

lag=9620/(60*93.3)=1.72(min)測量要求-最小測量時間60*Qtw2.4ConstancyofTestConditions-

Foravalid

test,

variations

in

test

conditions

shall

be

within

the

following

limitsduringeachtest

run:測試工況要穩定，滿足以下要求：2.4.1Circulatingwaterflow

rateshall

notvary

by

morethan

2

percent.冷卻循環水流量變化≤2%2.4.2

Heat

load

isdefinedastheamountof

heat

to

be

removed

from

the

water

within

the

tower

which

isproportionaltothe

massflow

rate