第11講閱讀理解目錄新知導航：熟悉題型，心中有數技巧精講：典型例題，掌握技巧小試牛刀：考點剖析，過關檢測培優精練：好題新題，培優提升【考點解讀】中學英語教學大綱把培養學生閱讀能力作為一個主要的教學目標，而閱讀理解題是每次中考中分值最高的一類題。它是通過文字獲取信息以達到對作者的思想、觀點、意圖進行了解、認識和交流的目的。旨在考查考生的英語運用能力及閱讀理解能力。那么如何在有限的時間內充分理解文章的主旨大意，準確解題就是考生復習的重中之重了。【新課標解讀】根據上下文和構詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義；能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關系；能預測故事情節的發展和可能的結局；能讀懂常見體裁的閱讀材料；能根據不同的閱讀目的，運用簡單的閱讀策略獲取信息；除懂得用字典等工具進行學習外，還能不借助字典讀懂含有3%左右生詞的語言材料。除教材外，課外閱讀量應累計達到15萬詞以上。【命題依據】1.能根據不同的閱讀目的，運用簡單的閱讀策略快速獲取細節信息。2.能把握所讀材料的中心思想和主要事實。3.能把握所讀材料的主要邏輯線索，事件和空間的順序。4.能根據上下文和構詞法推斷、理解詞義。5.能根據上下文理解作者的態度、觀點和意圖。6.能找出文章中的主題，理解故事的情節，預測故事情節的發展和結局。【能力要求】1.預測能力 2.快速閱讀能力（60—80詞/分） 3.整體理解能力4.快速準確獲取關鍵信息的能力 5.把握主旨能力 6.把握段落主旨能力7.對西方文化的理解能力 8.句子結構和文章結構的理解能力9.掌握一定的閱讀詞匯量（分層） 10.詞語意義的理解能力【題型特點】1.直觀性問題。直接引用原文中的語句或根據短文中原語句稍加改動而編成。2.常識性問題。考查考生依據短文信息，并根據自己所具備的一般常識做出判斷的題型。3.理解性問題。考查考生對文章的中心思想、某段的段落大意、某一事實的細節及作者意圖等的理解程度。4.推理性問題。這類題需要在深刻理解短文后，再經過推理判斷才能選出正確答案。閱讀理解考題的類型就是單選題。這類題型的選項要求學生在理解短文的基礎上做出判斷，將短文內容與備選項對比，把一些與短文內容明顯相符或不相符的答案選出來。主要有四個考點：具體細節、主旨大意、推理判斷、詞義猜測。一、主旨大意題（Tofindoutthemainidea）其目的是考查考生對短文中心思想或作者意圖的掌握。1.解題技巧：（1）抓住主題句，鎖定文章主旨。找主題句，應先通讀全文，理解大意，充分理解主題句的意義。主題句一般具有以下特征：概括全段思想；一般位于段首、段尾或位于段中。解這種題目時，不能只憑文中的只言片語而斷章取義，比如涉及文章的標題(title)、主題(mainidea)、結論(conclusion)、結局(end)等有關問題，都需要在細讀全文的基礎上，結合所學語言知識、背景知識、生活常識、科學專業知識進行邏輯推理和判斷，從而獲取文章中內隱的信息。（2）抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。（3）抓住主線和關鍵，歸納文章中心。主旨題常見的命題形式：(1)Themainideaofthepassageis…(2)Thispassageismainlyabout…(3)Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthistextis…(4)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?(5)What’sthetopicofthetext?【例】However,livinginacityalsohasbadsides.Foronething,youmustworkhardandtrytomakeasmuchmoneyasyoucan.Becauseitisoftenveryexpensivetoliveinacity.Also,publictransportisusuallycrowded,andeventheparkscanbecomefullofpeopleonSundays.Besides,althoughtherearemanypeopleinthecity,itisstillpossibletofeellonely(孤獨的).Whatdoesthisparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Somethingwecandointhecity.B．Thebadsidesoflivinginthecity.C．Thewriter’sfeelingaboutlivinginthecity.D．Thecrowdedpublictransport.二、細節理解題和細節判斷題(Tolookfordetails)細節題是用來進一步表達主題、體現中心思想的，往往針對短文某個細節來設題。1.常考題型：是非題、例證題、年代與數字、比較、原因、事實排序題、直接信息題、間接信息題、綜合信息題。2.解題技巧：（1）細心審題，直接就題找答案。（2）變通理解，間接轉述找答案。（3）多點歸納，綜合事實找答案。3.細節題常見的命題形式：（1）Whichofthefollowing

isTrue/NotTrue?（2）Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingismentioned?（3）Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrueexcept…（4）Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.（5）Where,how,who,why,howlong等引導的特殊疑問句要求判斷細節。【例】Doyoulikelivinginacity?Lookatthegoodsides.Itisofteneasiertofindwork.Andthereisusuallyachoice(選擇)ofpublictransport(公共交通),soyoudon’tneedtoownacar.Also,therearealotofinterestingthingstodo.Forexample,youcaneatingoodrestaurants,payavisittomuseumsandgotothetheaterandconcert.What’smore,whenyouwanttorelax,youcaneasilyfindaparktofeedtheducksorjustsitontheparkbenchandreadabook.Allinall,citylifeisfullofinterestingactivitiesandyouwillneverfeelbored.Whatarethegoodsidesoflivinginthecity?makingasmuchmoneyasyoucanb.eatingingoodrestaurantsc.visitingmuseumsd.goingtotheconcertA．abc B．abd C．abe D．bcd三、詞義猜測題(Toguessthemeaning)詞義猜測題主要考查考生根據上下文正確判斷靈活變化的詞義的能力。單詞的猜測能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，初中英語學科教學基本要求規定，學生能根據上下文推測詞義，并能不借助詞典讀懂含有3%左右生詞的語言材料。1.解題技巧（1）通過因果關系猜測詞義。首先找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關聯詞（如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等）表示前因后果。Eg:Youshouldn’thaveblamehimforthat,foritwasn’thisfault.for引導的從句表示原因（那不是他的錯），可猜出blame的詞義是“責備”。（2）通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜詞。通過同義詞猜詞，一要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如：happyandgay,即使我們不認識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在進一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞。如：ManwasknowingsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus,Mars,andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中Venus，Mars，Jupiter均為生詞，但是只要知道planets就可以猜出這幾個詞都是屬于“行星”義域。通過反義詞猜詞，一看表轉折關系的連詞或副詞，如：but,while,however等；二看與not搭配的表示否定意義的詞。如：Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據notatall…handsome就不難推測，homely意為“不英俊，不漂亮”之意。（3）通過構詞法猜測詞義。閱讀文章時，總會遇到新詞匯，有時很難根據上下文來推測，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如果掌握了一些常用的合成、派生、轉化等詞法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。（4）通過定義或釋義說明來推測詞義。Eg:Butsometimes,norainfallsforalonglongtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.從drought所在句子的上下文我們可以得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought.由此可見drought意為“久旱”、“旱災”，而adryperiod和drought是同義詞。這種同義或釋義關系用is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折號等來表示。（5）通過描述猜測詞義。（6）用知識和生活經驗猜測詞義。（7）根據上下文的指代關系進行猜測。2.常見的詞義猜測題的命題形式：（1）Theword“…”inthepassageprobablymeans_________.（2）Whatdoestheunderlined(畫線的)word“…”mean______.（3）Theunderlinedwordmeans_________.（4）Theclosemeaningoftheunderlinedword“…”is__________inEnglish.（5）Theword“…”refersto________.注意事項：在做詞義猜測題時注意不要脫離語境。有些常用詞在特定的上下文或專業性文章中具有特殊的或專門的詞義。在解這類題時，必須仔細地研讀畫線部分的上下文，有時閱讀的視線還要擴大一些。如果離開特定的語言環境來理解生詞意義，必然會理解錯誤。【例】Doyoulikelivinginacity?Lookatthegoodsides.Itisofteneasiertofindwork.Andthereisusuallyachoice(選擇)ofpublictransport(公共交通),soyoudon’tneedtoownacar.Also,therearealotofinterestingthingstodo.Whichwordhasthesamemeaningas“own”?A．have B．share C．catch D．plan四、推理判斷題（Toinferaconclusion)推理判斷題在閱讀測試中屬于難題。推理判斷題就是根據某個事實推斷結論。包括：數據事實推斷、常識推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態度和傾向等的推斷1.解題技巧。推理判斷題分兩種，即對細節的推理和對主旨的推理。解決此類題要注意，一是與原文相同的細節不能選，二是文中沒有出現的細節不能跳出文章做推斷。解題過程中只要注意上述兩點，再結合做細節題和主旨題的方法，即可得出答案。2.推理判斷題常見的命題形式：（1）Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.（2）Thewritersuggeststhat_______.（3）Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat_______.（4）Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat_______.（5）Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat_______.【例】Doyoulikelivinginacity?Lookatthegoodsides.Itisofteneasiertofindwork.Andthereisusuallyachoice(選擇)ofpublictransport(公共交通),soyoudon’tneedtoownacar.Also,therearealotofinterestingthingstodo.Forexample,youcaneatingoodrestaurants,payavisittomuseumsandgotothetheaterandconcert.What’smore,whenyouwanttorelax,youcaneasilyfindaparktofeedtheducksorjustsitontheparkbenchandreadabook.Allinall,citylifeisfullofinterestingactivitiesandyouwillneverfeelbored.However,livinginacityalsohasbadsides.Foronething,youmustworkhardandtrytomakeasmuchmoneyasyoucan.Becauseitisoftenveryexpensivetoliveinacity.Also,publictransportisusuallycrowded,andeventheparkscanbecomefullofpeopleonSundays.Besides,althoughtherearemanypeopleinthecity,itisstillpossibletofeellonely(孤獨的).Ithinkyoungpeoplelikecitylifebetterbecausetheylovetheexcitementofthecityanddon’tmindthenoiseorthepollution.1.Wherecanwereadthispassage?A．Astorybook. B．Asportsmagazine.C．Aletter. D．Anewspaper.2．Howdoesthewritermakethepassagecleartous?A．Hewritesstories. B．Hegivesexamples.C．Heasksquestions. D．Heshowsnumbers.Nowadays,peopleshowallkindsofthingsontheInternet—goodfood,niceclothes,wonderfulvacationsandsoon.Nowshowingthenumberofstepsisbecomingpopular,too.Why?Peoplearefindingitimportanttobeingoodhealth.Tokeephealthy,manypeoplegotoworkonfoot.Whentheystartwalking,theyopenthestepcounterappintheirphonestorecord(記錄)howmanystepstheywalkthatday.Afteraday’swalk,somepeopleshowthenumberonWeChatorWeibo.Thiscanmakethemlearnfromeachotherandkeepexercising.“Thishelpsmetoexercisemuchandkeepagoodhabit,”MissLiusaid.“IcanalsotalkabouthowtokeephealthywithmyfriendsonWeChat.Weareinthesamegrouptoencourage(鼓勵)eachothertokeepexercising.”Mr.Wulikestoexercise.Butinthepasthewaskindoflazyanddidn’twanttoexerciseeveryday.“AfterIusethestepcounterapp,everythingisdifferent.It’sgreattoexercisewithmyfriends.Sometimesthereareprizesforthosewhowalkmoresteps.Ireallylikeit.”hesaid.Walkingisarelaxingandusefulwaytoexercise.Boththeoldandtheyounglikeit.Recordingthestepshelpspeopledevelop(養成)agoodhabitofwalkingandshowingthenumbercanmakepeoplemoreinterestedinwalking.Butdon’ttakethenumbertooseriously.1．WhatisbecomingpopularontheInternetnow?A．Showingthenumberofsteps. B．Showingwonderfulvacations.C．Showinggoodfoodandniceclothes. D．Showinglovelypets.2．Theunderlinedword“stepcounter”inParagraph2means“________”inChinese?A．備忘錄 B．計步器 C．計時器 D．體重器3．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Morepeoplegotoworkonfoottosavemoney.B．MissLiuandMr.Wuliketoexercisewiththeirfriends.C．Peopleusuallyshowthenumberofstepsinthemorning.D．Walkingisn’tausefulwaytoexercise.4．Whatdoesthewriterthinkofshowingthenumberofsteps?A．Itcanmakepeoplerelaxed. B．Itcanmakepeoplestopdrivingcars.C．Itcanmakepeopledevelopagoodhabit. D．It’suseless.5．Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A．Itisimportanttobehealthy. B．Peoplewhowalkmorestepsgetprizes.C．Walkingisthebestwaytoexercise. D．Theuseofthestepcounterapp.ATherewasanoldpeartreeinaman’sgarden.Inthepast,thetreefruitedeveryyear,sotheownergotmanypears.Butnow,thetreegotold.Therewerenomorepearsfortheman.Sothemandecidedtocutthetreedown.Whenhewalkedtothetreewithanaxeinhishand,thetreesaidtohim,“Pleasedon’tcutmedown.Ibroughtsomanypearsforyouinthepastyears.NowIonlyhaveashorttimetolive.”“I’msorryIhavetodoso,”themansaid,“becauseIneedsomethingtomakeachair.”Atthatmoment,abirdintheoldtreesaidtohim,“Don’tcutitdown!Everytimeyougooutandyourwifefeelslonely,shewillsitunderthetreetoenjoyitscoolshade,andIsangsongstomakeherhappy.Wegivemuchpleasuretoyourwifewhenyouareawayfromhome.”Themandidn’tlistentothebirdanddroveitaway.Whenhewantedtocutdownthetree,somebeesflewoutofitandsaid,“Listen!Ifyoudon’tkillthistree,wewillgiveyoudelicioushoneyeveryday.Wouldyoupleaseleavethetreewithus?”Themangotmoved.Hesaid,“Youaresokindtothetree,thoughitbecomesold.NowIseethatIshouldn'tcutitdown.Itdidsomuchtomeandmywife.Letthetreestayhere,andletthebirdcontinuetosingsongshere.”Withthesewords,themanleft.Andtheoldtreelivedtheretoitslastday.1．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthestory?A．TheSingingBird B．TheMan’sWifeC．TheOldTree D．TheKindBees2．Whydidthemandecidetocutdownthetree?A．Themanneededwoodtomakeabed. B．Thetreegotold.C．Themancouldn’tgetanyapplesfromit. D．Thetreedidn’tgiveanyshade.3．Whatmadeherwifehappywhenthemanwasnotathome?A．Theman. B．Thetreeandthebird. C．Thesunshine. D．Thebeesandtheirhoney.4．Inthisstory,theword“continue”means________.A．再一次開始 B．繼續 C．表演 D．停止5．Whatcanwelearnfromthestory?A．Peopleshouldbethankful.B．Goodchaircomesfrompeartrees.C．Oldpeoplearekindandfriendly.D．Birdsandbeesarealwayshelpful.BWhenyouhaveadinnerparty,whatshouldyoudo?Thefollowingwillhelpyou.Trytoopenthedoorforeachguest.Ifsomeoneelseanswersthedoor,gotowelcomeyourguestsassoonasyoucan.Alwaysoffertotaketheircoatsandask,“Wouldyoulikemetotakeyourcoat?”Peopleoftenbringsgiftslikeflowersorchocolatetoadinnerparty.Bereadytoreceivethegifts.Getavasesothatyoucanputtheflowersinthewater.Neverleaveaguestunattended(沒人照顧的),especiallywhenthereisonlyoneofthem.Ifthereismorethanone,theycantalktoeachother.Ifthepartyisathome,agoodideaistohaveatoiletsignforpeoplewhodon’tknowyourhouse.Ifthepartyissomewhereelse,likearestaurant,trynottobeloud,becausenoteveryoneintherestaurantisatyourparty.6．Whatdoesthepassagetellsus?A．Howtochooseagift. B．Howtobeapoliteguest.C．Howtomakefriendsataparty. D．Howtohaveadinnerparty.7．Whatcanyoutakefortheguestswhentheyarrive?A．Coats. B．Gifts. C．Shoes. D．Flowers.8．Whatwillpeopletakeiftheygotoadinnerpartyaccordingtothepassage?A．Clothes. B．Vegetables. C．Chocolate. D．Fruit.9．WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruefromthepassage?A．Itisnotgoodtoleaveaguestalone. B．Youmustopenthedoorforeveryguest.C．Peoplecanhavedinnerpartiesathomeorinarestaurant.D．Itisbettertohaveabedroomsign.CInaclassroom,GarryGoldenissharinghisideaswithsomeuniversitystudents.Goldenisafuturist.Futuristsarescientistswhostudytheworldtodayandusethatinformationtomakepredictionsaboutthefuture.Somefuturistsstudytheenvironment.Somestudyhumansociety(社會).Goldenstudiestransportation—thescienceofhowtom