Listening1Professor:Allright,todaywe’regoingtocontinueourdiscussiononethics.We’lldiscussthequestion,“ShouldtheInuitpeopleofNorthAmericabeallowedtohuntseals?”It’sanimportantquestion,andinrecentyears,theEuropeanUnionmadeitillegaltotradesealproducts.SoinEurope,youcan’tbuyorsellsealskins,orsealoil,oranythingmadefromseals.Now,youprobablydon’twearseal-skinclothingorusealotofsealoil,right?AndthelawispopularwithmostpeopleinEurope.Why?Becausetheyseepicturesofcutebabyseals,andthentheyseepicturesofthesealhunt.Peoplekillthesealswithagun,orinthemoreold-fashionedway,byhittingthemonthehead.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Professor:Thepicturesshowtheredbloodontheice,andformanypeople,it’sdisgusting.Theythinkit’stheirresponsibilitytostopthesealhunt.Yes?Youhaveaquestion?Student1:Yes,Ihaveseenthosepictures—andvideos,too.They’rereallydifficulttowatch!I’mnotsurprisedthatEuropeanswanttostopsealhunting!It’sawful!Professor:Itdoeslookbad,buttheInuitpeoplehaveadifferentopinion.Theydependonanimalsforfood.Afterall,notmanyplantscangrowinsuchacoldclimate,sopeopletherecan’traisecropssuchasriceorwheat.Therefore,theInuitpeoplehaveaspecialrelationshipwithanimals.Theysaytheyvaluetheanimalsandhavealotofrespectforthem,andwithseals,theyknowhowtokilltheanimalsquickly.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Professor:TheycompareittoEuropeansandotherpeoplekillinganimalssuchaschickensorcattleforfood.Ofcourse,alotofusdon’tseethoseanimalsbeingkilled,somaybethat’swhyitdoesn’tupsetus.Anyway,howdoesthelawintheEuropeanUnionaffecthuntersinNorthAmerica?Well,itdoesn’taffectalotofthehunters.ManyofthepeopleinthosepicturesandvideosarenotInuitpeople.Theyhuntsealsfortheirownreasons.ButwithintheInuitcommunity,sealskinsareasourceofincome.Thesealmeatisusuallyeatenathome,andinthepast,theysoldtheskins—mostlytoEurope.SofortheInuitpeople,thelawhasseriousresults.Arethereanyquestions?Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Student2:I’mwonderingwhat’saheadfortheInuitpeople—youknow,whatwilltheirfuturebelike?Imean,theycan’tcontrolthelawsinEurope,right?Professor:That’strue.However,theInuitpeoplearetryingtochangethelaw.TheythinkthattheyshouldbeabletosellsealproductsinEuropebecausetheyweresomeofthefirstpeopleinNorthAmerica.Tothem,theInuitsealhuntisdifferentfromtherestofCanada’ssealhunt.Otherquestions?Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Student3:Well,we’retalkingaboutethics,andtheInuitpeoplesayit’sfineforthemtokillanimalsbecausepeopleinotherpartsoftheworldkillanimals,too.Personally,Idon’tagree.I’mavegan,soIdon’teatmeatoranyotheranimalproducts.Ithinkallofussharetheresponsibilityfortakingcareofanimals—makingsurenobodytreatsanimalsbadly.Professor:Andthat’saveryimportantidea.Ifpeoplereallycareaboutanimals,shouldtheyuseanimalsforfoodandclothing?Let’ssee...howmanypeopleinthisclasseatanimalproductslikemeatoreggs?Raiseyourhands.OK,itlookslikemostofyou…Listening2Jack:It’sbeenalongtime,Dakarai!Tellus—howislifeinKaribaTown?Dakarai:Lifeisprettygood,Jack!Thetownisgrowingfast.Jack:Isupposepeoplegotherebecausethere’sinterestingwildlifeandbeautifulscenery.Dakarai:Yes,andtherearejobsthere—mostlyintourismandfishing.Jasmine:Sure—theremustbealotoffishinLakeKariba.Dakarai:That’sright,Jasmine—alotoffish,andit’sagreatplacetogoboating,sotouristslovethat.Andofcoursetouristswanttoseethewildlife—elephants,leopards,baboons—alotofdifferentanimalslivethere.Ofcourse,that’salsooneoftheproblemsinKariba.Tobecontinued>>>Listening2Jasmine:Whyisitaproblem?Dakarai:It’sthesameproblemaseverywhereelse,especiallyotherplacesinAfrica.There’saconflictbetweenpeopleandnature,right?Peoplewanttogrowcrops—animalswanttoeatthecrops.Peoplewanttomoveontotheanimals’land—theanimalssometimesattackpeople.Jack:DoesthathappeninKariba?Aretheanimalsaggressive?Dakarai:Actually,animalattacksarenotcommon.MostpeopleinKaribadon’twalkaroundatnight,sotheyavoidanyproblems.Jasmine:Youdon’tgooutatnight?Dakarai:Mostofthetime,no.InKariba,daytimeisforpeople,andatnight,animalsdoanythingtheywant.Elephantswalkaroundoutsideyourhouse,andleopardswalkdownthestreet.Tobecontinued>>>Listening2Jasmine:Really?Ican’timagineanelephantoutsidemyhouse—nothereinAthens!Jack:She’sright.Therearen’talotofwildanimalsinthispartofGreece.Dakarai:Well,Athensisaveryoldcity,buttherewasnoKaribaTownbeforethe1950s.ThelandaroundKaribabelongedtotheanimals.Jasmine:Andthentheybuiltthedam.Dakarai:Yes,that’sright.Thentheybuiltthedam.Youknow,whenthewaterbehindthedambegantorise,peoplehadtosavealotoftheanimals.Theywentinboatstogetthem.Canyouimagine?It’snoteasytogetwildbaboonsandzebrasintoaboat!Tobecontinued>>>Listening2Jack:Wow!It’samazingthatpeopledidthat!Jasmine:So,howaretheanimalsdoingnow?Dakarai:Notverywell,I’mafraid.There’sawildlifereservenearthelake,butit’salimitedarea,andalotofpeoplearehuntingtheanimals.Jasmine:That’sawful!Whyaretheydoingthat?Dakarai:Well,sometimesthey’reafraid.Theythinktheanimalsmightattackthem.Mostofthetime,though,thepeoplearehuntingforfood.AlotofpeopleinKaribaTownarepoor,andhuntingisawaytofeedtheirfamilies.Jack:Icanseetheproblem,then.Dakarai:Itisaproblem,butthesewildanimalsareworthalottoZimbabwe.They’reanimportantpartofnatureandofAfrica,andtheybringtouristsintothecountryaswell.Tobecontinued>>>Listening2Jasmine:Tourists...andmoneyfromtourism.Dakarai:That’sright.Well,Ishouldgetgoing.I’mgivingatalkin20minutes.Jack:OK.Itwasgreattoseeyouagain,Dakarai!Jasmine:Yes,itreallywas,andgoodluckwithyourtalk!Dakarai:Thanks,itwasgoodtoseebothofyou,too.Narrator:Speed...strength...andpower.Thousandsofyearsbeforehumansinventedcarsandairplanes,itwasthehorsewhoallowedustogofaster,gofarther,andexploretheworld.HorsesbelongtothefamilyofmammalscalledEquidae,alongwithzebrasanddonkeys.Liketheircloserelatives,horsesadaptedtoliveinopencountry,eatinggrass,andusingsheerspeedtoescapepredators.They’rehighlysocialandliveinherds,whichalsohelpsprotectagainstenemies.Atfirst,humanswerejustoneofthemanyhuntersthatpreyedonthehorse.Butsome4,000yearsago,incentralAsia,everythingchanged.Tobecontinued>>>Whetheritwasinspiration...oranexperiment...orateen-agedgame,someonejumpedontoahorse’sback.Fromthenon,humanhistorywassettothepoundingsoundofhorses’hooves.Whethertheywereconquistadorsorcowboys—theyowetheiradventurestothesameanimal.HorsesfirstlivedintheforestsofNorthAmerica.Aboutamillionyearsago,somecrossedlandbridges,spreadingtoAsiaandEurope.Thesepioneerssavedtheirspecies.About8,000yearsago,eitherclimatechangeoroverhuntingbyearlyhumansdiditsdamage—andthelasthorsesinAmericadiedout.Horsessailedbacktotheirnativelandinthe1500s,carriedintheshipsofSpanishexplorers.SoonNativeAmericansweretradingwiththeSpanish,eagertoowntheseamazingnewanimals.Tobecontinued>>>Thedescendantsoftheirhorsesliveon,inwildherdsofmustangs,whichliveintheAmericanWesttoday.Ashorsesbecamevaluableworkers,peoplebegantobreedthemfordifferentjobs.Overahundreddifferentbreedsofdomestichorsesarenowrecognized,buttheyallbelongtothesamespecies,Equuscaballus.Horsesareclassifiedbasedontheirheight,whichismeasuredinhands—aunitoffourinches,orliterallythewidthofahumanhand.Poniesaresimplysmallhorses—standinglessthan14.2hands,orjustunderfivefeet,attheshoulder.Drafthorsesareheavilybuilt,withenoughstrengthtopullweightyloads,andcanstandover19hands,orsixandahalffeethigh.Lighthorsessuchasracehorsesfallinbetween.Tobecontinued>>>Overthelastcentury,machineshavetakenovermostoftheworkthathorsesusedtodo.Yettherearemorehorsesalivetodaythanduringthe1800s—some62million.Horsesstillofferusanimportantconnectiontothenaturalworld—partnerstoworkandplaywith—andthetouchofsomethingwild.TheMaasaipeopleofEastAfricahaveaspecialrelationshipwithonekindofanimal.Theydependoncattleformeatandmilk,whichmakeupmostoftheMaasaidiet.Inordertoraisecattleinadryclimate,theMaasaipeopleshareland.Eachfamilyhasitsownanimals,buttheymovethecattleoverlongdistancesandontodifferentfamilies’landinordertofindenoughgrassforthecattletoeat.LiketheMaasai,theSamipeopleofnorthernEuropevalueoneanimalmorethananyother.Inthisdifficultclimate,reindeergivetheSamipeoplefood,clothing,andotherusefulitems.Nowadays,someSamipeopleraisereindeeronfarms,butmanySamipeoplestilltravellongdistanceswiththeiranimals.Thisgivesthemadetailedknowledgeofthelandandagreatrespectfornature.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1NooneknowsexactlywhatisaheadfortheSamipeoplebecauseclimatechangemakesthefutureoftheArcticuncertain.UnliketheMaasaiandSamipeople,theAboriginesofAustraliahaveadifferentkindofrelationshipwithanimals.Australiahasmanykindsofanimals,andallofthemarepartoftheAborigines’traditionalculture.Inthepast,theyhuntedsomeoftheanimalsforfood.Otheranimalsappearedinstoriesorinveryoldpaintingsonrocks.FortheAborigines,everythinginnatureisconnected,andhumanbeingshaveaspecialrolewithinthenaturalworld.OnegroupofAboriginesbelievesitistheirresponsibilitytomakesureAustralia’skangaroosaredoingwell.Listening1NorthAmericanblackbearsareshyanimals.Theyarefearfulbynature,andwillusuallyrunawayiftheyseeorhearpeople.Becauseofthis,itcanbedifficultforscientiststolearnabouttheseanimals.Inordertostudyblackbears,researchersinthestateofNewJerseyintheUnitedStates,catchbearsintraps.Thentheysedatethebearswithdrugs,sotheygotosleepandcannotmoveforashorttime.Researchersthenmeasureandweighthebear,removeatoothtofindoutthebear’sage,andtakebloodtotestfordiseases.Fromthesestudies,researcherswanttofindouthowmanybearsliveinNewJersey,howlongtheylive,andhowmanybabies,orcubs,theyproduce.Listening2Tobecontinued>>>Severalhundredmilestothewest,anotherblackbearstudyistakingplaceinMinnesotaintheUnitedStates.There,Dr.LynnRogersandhisteamstudybearsthatarecompletelyawake.Thebearsknowtheresearchers’voicesandtheyarenotafraidoftheteam.Theystillru