PAGEPAGE11.通過公布考試結果和大肆贊揚最好的學生可以激發孩子的競爭本能,確保他們更加努力.雖然不公開考試成績和淡化考試結果的重要性確實對減輕很多學生的壓力有幫助,但這同時也淡化了好學生的成就感和努力的動力.Bymakingtestresultswidelyknownand

heapingpraiseon

(1.大肆贊揚)themostsuccessfulstudents,itispossibleto

tapinto

(2.激發)achild'scompetitiveinstinctandensurethattheystudyhard.Althoughkeepingtestresultssecretand

downplaying

(3.淡化)theirimportancecertainly

goesalongwaytowards

(4.對……有很大幫助)reducingthepressuremanystudentsfeel,italsodilutesthesatisfactionofthemostsuccessfulstudentsandreducestheincentivetotryhard.

1-heappraiseon

詞典釋義：[hi：p]

verb

transitive+adverborpreposition

Phrasal

Verbs

heapsthonsb

■togivesomeonea

lotofpraise/criticism,etc

對(某人)大加(贊揚、批評等)

?Hedealswellwithallthecriticism

heaped

onhim.對于針對他的一大堆批評,他應對得很好.

外刊例句：SincetheTlatlayaincident,MrPe?ahascontinuedto

heappraiseon

thearmedforces,

despitewhatlooksatbestlikeasluggishinvestigation,atworstlikean

attemptedcover-up.

()Pe?a先生自Tlatlaya事故以來就一直贊譽該武裝組織,盡管這次事故處理往好里說也不過是糟糕的調查,往壞里想這就是意圖掩蓋事故真相.

替換表達：praisinghighly

學生錯誤表達：(1)

heappraises

on點評：praise是不可數名詞,不可以寫成praises,這里應該改為heappraiseon

2-tapinto詞典釋義：tap3.

~(into)sth

tomakeuseofasourceofenergy,knowledge,etc.thatalreadyexists利用,開發,發掘(已有的資源、知識等)：

?

[VN]

Weneedtotaptheexpertiseofthepeoplewealreadyhave.

我們需要利用我們現有人員的專業知識.

?

[V]

Themovieseemstotapintoageneralsentimentalityaboutanimals.

這部電影似乎在激發人們對動物的普遍憐惜之情.

外刊例句：Miyazaki'sabilityto

tap

into

achild'sfeveredimagination,coupledwithhisrichlycolourful,

hand-drawnframes,havebeenrewardedwithalmostuniversalcriticalacclaim

inJapanandhugeearningsforhisStudioGhibli,nearTokyo.

()宮崎先生憑借其善于利用兒童奇思妙想的能力以及色彩斑斕的手工制作電影畫面,在日本贏得了廣大重要贊譽,也為其在東京附近的吉卜力工作室賺了不少錢.

替換表達：arouse

3-downplay

詞典釋義：downplay

●○○○○1.VERB

動詞

對…輕描淡寫;使輕視;貶低

If

you

downplay

afactorfeature,youtrytomakepeoplethinkthatitisless

importantorseriousthanitreallyis.

【語法信息】：Vn?Thegovernmentistryingto

downplaytheviolence.政府試圖對暴力行為低調處理.?...to

downplay

thedangersofnuclearaccidents.對核事故的危險輕描淡寫

外刊例句：Likedieselcarmakers,natural-gasproducersmakereduction

ofcarbon-dioxideemissionsabigselling-point,but

downplay

theeffectsofothergasestheyemit.()天然氣汽車制造商與柴油汽車制造商一樣,把減少二氧化碳氣體排放作為主要賣點,而對其他氣體的排放輕描淡寫.

替換表達：de-emphasize/understate

學生錯誤表達：(1)

dilution點評：dilution是指"稀釋,沖淡;股票跌價”,不可以用在指降低重要性.(2)

diminish/

weaken/reduce/decreaseimportance點評：這幾個表達的含義都是"減小重要性”,而非"淡化重要性”(tostateordescribesomethinginawaythatmakesitseemless

important),兩者有所區別.

4-goalongwaytowards

詞典釋義：63.PHRASE

短語

(對…)大有幫助;(對…)有很大作用

Ifyousaythatsomething

goesalongwaytowards

doingaparticularthing,youmeanthatitisanimportantfactor

inachievingthatthing.

【搭配模式】：Vinflects?Althoughbynomeansacure,itgoesalong

way

towardsmakingthepatient'slifemoretolerable.雖然并不能根治,但它對減輕病人的痛苦大有幫助.

外刊例句：TheBurmesegovernment'smainaimsremainedtheliftingof

westernsanctionsandconfirmationofitschairmanshipoftheAssociationof

South-EastAsianNations(Asean)in2014–whichwould

goalongwaytowards

normalisingthecountry'sinternational

position.

()緬甸政府的主要目標仍然是讓西方世界撤銷對其制裁,以及鞏固其在2014年東盟的領導地位——這將有益于其國際地位的正常化.

替換表達：contributeenormouslytosth

Q：itispossibletotapintoachild'scompetitive

instinctandensurethattheystudyhard.前面是achild,后面是they,是不是不一致?為什么?

A：這樣用是沒問題的,因為兒童的性別未知,用they可以統一指代,當然這里改為itispossibletotapintoachild'scompetitiveinstinctand

ensurethatheorshestudieshard.也可以.可以參考朗文詞典對此的說明：

Youcanuse

they,

them,and

their

torefertoasinglepersonwhenyoudonotwanttoshow

thatthepersonismaleorfemale.Peopledothisbecausetheywanttoavoid

suggestingthatthepersoncanonlybemale,orusinglongerexpressionssuch

as'heorshe','himorher'etc：

Ifanyonedoesn’tlikeit,theycanleave.

Whenafriendupsetsyou,doyoutellthem?

Someonehaslefttheircoatbehind.

Thisuseisacceptableandverycommoninspeech,andis

becomingmoreacceptableinwritingaswell.

However,somepeopleconsiderthisusetobeincorrect.You

cansometimesavoidtheproblembymakingthesubjectplural：

Ifpeopledon’tlikeit,theycanleave.

Whenfriendsupsetyou,doyoutellthem?

2.如果孩子們總被保護不受挫折感的影響,不管這種挫折感來自于教室、運動場還是其他地方,那么這種保護很難稱得上是對成年世界的充分準備.現代就業市場競爭激烈,那些不能面對挫折的人很難有容身之地.Ifchildrenarealways

shieldedfrom

(1.被保護不受……的傷害)thefeelingoffailure,

whetheritbe

(2.不管)intheclassroom,sportsfieldorelsewhere,thenitishardlytheidealpreparationforadultlife.Themodernjobmarketishighlycompetitiveand

thereislittleroomfor(3.……很難有容身之地)thosewhostruggletodealwithsetbacks.

1-beshieldedfrom

詞典釋義：shield[?i：ld]

verb

transitive

■toprotectsomeone

orsomething

保護?Sheheldherhandabovehereyesto

shield

them

from

thesun.她把手搭在眼睛上方以遮擋太陽.?Theyareaccusedoftryingto

shield

the

General

from

USfederalinvestigators.他們被指控試圖包庇將軍,使其逃避美國聯邦調查員的調查.

外刊例句：Itsbanksweresteady,itwasargued,inpartbecausethey

wereshieldedfrom

theferocious

competitionformarketsharethatpushedbankselsewhereintohazardous

loans.

()有人認為,該國銀行之所以能穩定運行,部分源于它們受到保護,遠離了那些使其他地區銀行陷入惡性信貸問題的市場份額競爭.

替換表達：beprotectedfrom

2-whetheritbe

詞典釋義：whether...or

ESSENTIAL

■(usedtointroduce

twoormorepossibilities)itisnotimportantif

(用于引出兩種或多種可能性)不管…還是…;或者…或者…?I'mgoing,

whether

shelikesitor

not.不管她高不高興,我都要走.?Someone'sgottotellher,

whether

it'syou

orme.總得有人告訴她,不論是你還是我.?Let'sfaceit-you'regoingtobelate

whether

yougobybusortrain.讓我們面對現實吧——不論你是乘公共汽車還是坐火車,都會遲到的.

外刊例句：Itisperfectlypossibletocarebothaboutthehuge

numbersofroughsleepersinManchesterandtheshortageoffive-starhotels

inthecity,hesays."Everycityhasnumerouschallenges,

whetheritbe

affordablehousing,

homelessness,increasingthestandardsofhospitality,orhavingworld-class

placestostay.”()同時關注曼切斯特大量的露宿人群問題和該城五星級酒店的短缺問題是完全可能的,他說,"每座城市都面臨著無數挑戰,比如解決市民住房問題、處理無家可歸者、提高居住舒適度,或者是提供更多一流的住所等.”

替換表達：beitintheclassroom,sportsfieldorelsewhere

學生錯誤表達：(1)

nomatterit

isfrom點評：表達不準確,nomatter后面可以接how/what/where等引導的從句,但不可以直接說nomatterit

is…這里可以改為whetheritis…

3-thereislittleroomfor

詞典釋義：

noroomforsth

■Ifyousaythereisnoroomforafeelingortype

ofbehaviour,youmeanitisnotacceptable

無法容忍,不能容許?Inasmallcompanylike

this,thereisno

room

forlazystaff.在這樣的小公司中,懶惰的員工是沒有容身之地的.

外刊例句：BritainandSpainarelikelytobehurtparticularlyby

downturnsinhouseholdspendingasconsumersworryaboutcollapsinghouse

pricesandhighlevelsofdebt.InBritainandItaly

thereislittleroomfor

fiscaleasing.

()隨著消費者對下滑的房價和大量的債務表示擔憂,家庭消費在減少,這似乎將對英國和西班牙造成嚴重打擊.而英國和意大利幾乎沒有減緩財政壓力的余地.

替換表達：thereisnoroomfor/leavenoroomfor

學生錯誤表達：(1)

canhardly

haveplacetosettle點評：表達不準確,canhardly

haveaplacetosettle是指找不到可以棲身的地方,但原句子表達的是抽象意義上的"容身之地”,不能根據字面意思直譯.

Q：thenitishardlytheidealpreparationforadultlife中hardly是什么用法?它平常是作副詞用,這里后面跟的是名詞.A：hardly在這里修飾的是is,而不是后面的名詞theidealpreparation,類似的例子還有Dadatehardly

anything.爸爸幾乎沒吃什么東西.

Q：sportsfield可數,前面應該有冠詞?A：這里是因為前面有intheclassroom而省略了冠詞the,還原后是whetheritbeintheclassroom,(in

the)sportsfieldorelsewhere

Q：老師struggletodealwithsetbacks不是表積極意義努力去面對挫折嗎?A：struggle是一個中性詞,用在這里沒問題.

Ifchildrenarealwaysshieldedfromthefeelingof

failure,whetheritbeintheclassroom,sportsfieldorelsewhere,thenit

ishardlytheidealpreparationforadultlife.

[分析]本句是一個主系表結構,其主干為itis

hardlytheidealpreparationforadultlife.Then之前的部分是一個由If引導的條件狀語從句,這個條件狀語從句是一個被動句,其主干為children

arealwaysshieldedfromthefeelingoffailure,其后是whether引導的讓步狀語從句.需要注意這里whetheritbe的用法,它采用了現在時虛擬語氣(即不論什么人稱,都使用了動詞的原形),這種情況只出現在正式的語體中.例如：Afterall,alllivingcreatureslivebyfeedingonsomethingelse,

whetheritbeplantoranimal,deadoralive.(畢竟,一切活著的動物都是靠吃別的東西來生存的,不管這種東西是植物還是動物,是死的還是活的.)

3.通曉歷史對于任何想認識世界的人來說都非常有必要,而且通曉歷史還有助于創造一個見多識廣且擁有全球意識的人口.很少有科目能有這么廣闊的影響.Agoodunderstandingof(1.通曉)historyisessentialforanyonewishingtounderstandtheworldaroundthemanditcanhelpcreateapopulacethatismore

informed

(2.見多識廣)and

globallyaware(3.擁有全球意識).Fewsubjectshavesuchabroadinfluence.

1-agoodunderstandingof

詞典釋義：understanding

●●●○○1.N-VAR

可變名詞

了解;掌握;知識

Ifyouhavean

understandingof

something,you

knowhowitworksorknowwhatitmeans.

【搭配模式】：Nofn?Theyhavetohaveabasic

understanding

ofcomputersinordertousetheadvancedtechnology.要想利用先進技術,他們必須先對計算機有個基本的了解.

外刊例句：Forthat,amanagerneeds

agoodunderstandingof

themarketshiscompanytradesin;an

abilitytopickgoodstaff;aneyefordetail;plusamoderatewillingnessto

takerisks.

()管理人員要做到這樣,得掌握公司針對的貿易市場、懂得挑選優秀員工、做事細心且敢于冒險.

替換表達：beingwellversedinsth

學生錯誤表達：(1)

Thoroughly

understanding點評：thoroughly是副詞,understanding是名詞,副詞不可以用來修飾名詞,這里可以改為a

thoroughunderstandingof…(2)

haveagood

grapeof點評：grape是"葡萄”,這里應該改為grasp(掌握,理解),haveagoodgraspof

something(對……有很好的理解)(3)

make

acquaintedwith點評：這里應該改為常見搭配be

acquaintedwithsomething(4)

Beinga...

enthusiast點評：bea…enthusiast是"成為……的愛好者”,與句子原意不符.

2-informed

詞典釋義：informedUK

[?n'f?：md]

US

[-'f?：rmd]

adjective

■havingalotofknowledgeorinformationaboutsomething

見多識廣的;了解情況的?an

informed

choice/opinion有根據的選擇／觀點?Theschoolpromisedto

keep

parents

informed

about

thesituation.該學校保證讓家長了解有關情況.?Elizabethisremarkably

well

-informed.伊莉莎白見多識廣.

外刊例句：Itisnotpossiblewiththisdatatoidentifyclearly

whetherprovidingmoreinformationabouttheEUleadspeopletobemore

pro-EUoranti-EU,orwhetherhavingstrongviewsonthepositiveornegative

sideleadspeopletobebetter

informed.

()對于是否給大家提供更多關于歐盟的數據會讓他們更支持歐盟,以及是否在報道中帶有強烈的正面或負面態度會否讓人們得到更多信息,想憑借數據來弄清楚這些問題是不可能的.

替換表達：knowledgeable

學生錯誤表達：(1)

know-all點評：know-all是一個貶義詞,含義是"自以為無所不知的人(someonewhobehavesasiftheyknoweverything–usedtoshow

disapproval)”,用在這里不合適.(2)

sawtheworld點評：seetheworld是指"到過很多國家旅行”,側重于"旅行”,與"見識”有所區別.

3-globallyaware

詞典釋義：awareUK

[?'we?r]

US

[-'wer]

adjective

[afterverb]■havingspecialinterestinorexperienceofsomethingand

soknowingwhatishappeninginthatsubjectatthepresenttime

有…意識的;有…覺悟的;有…知識的?tobeecologically/politically

aware有生態保護／政治意識?sexually

aware有性意識的

替換表達：globally-minded

外刊例句：HatchingDragons,a

Chinese-languagenurseryacrossthecityinBarbican,aimstoturntoddlers

into"globallyaware,globally

capable”citizens,saysCennJohn,itsfounder.

()孵化龍是家在巴比肯城的中文托兒所,其所有者塞恩·瓊說,他們致力于培養幼兒成為具有"國際意識、國際能力”的公民.

學生錯誤表達：(1)

bearsworld-wide

awareness點評：搭配不當,awareness不能與動詞bear搭配,world-wideawareness應該改為常見的說法globalawareness(2)

global

realization點評：realization是指"意識到;實現(計劃或希望)”,globalrealization不能指"全球意識”.

Q：history作為學科要加冠詞嗎?A：history作為學科時是不可數名詞,前面不用加冠詞.

Q：全球意識,我的答案是globalconsciousness,consciousness前面要用名詞來修飾嗎?A：不用,consciousness本身已經是不可數名詞了.

Q：想請問老師,"itcanhelpcreateapopulace”中populace可以替換成population嗎?兩個詞有什么不同嗎?A：populace可以替換為population,但populace會更為正式.

Q：感覺表影響會不會effect比influence好一些,因為以前有學過influence表示不好的影響.A：influence既可以表示積極的影響,也可以表示消極的影響.例如劍橋詞典例句：Helen'sabad/goodinfluenceonhim.海倫對他有不良／好的影響.

Q：請問globalsenses表示全球意識是不是不太合適?A：globalsense這個用法很少見,建議使用常見說法be

globallyaware/minded

4.現代科技和娛樂通常被認為是孩子注意力持續時間下降的元兇.孩子從學校回家后有種類繁多的電視節目可以看和大量的電腦游戲可以玩.相比而言學校就必定顯得枯燥了.此外,考慮到大部分孩子都有智能手機,這種刺激會無時不在,甚至在課堂上也是如此.Moderntechnologyandentertainmentisoftenlabelledas

aculpritfor(1.造成……的元兇)children'sdecliningattentionspans.Afterchildrengohomefromschooltheyhave

ahugeselectionof

(2.種類繁多的)televisiontowatchandcomputergamestoplay.Schoolinevitablyseemsdull

incomparison(3.相比之下).Furthermore,

nowthat

(4.既然)mostchildrenownsmartphones,thiskindofstimulationisavailableatalltimes,evenwheninclass.

1-aculpritfor

詞典釋義：culprit['k?l.pr?t]

noun

countable

■someonewhohasdonesomethingwrong

過失者;責任人?Policehopethepublicwillhelpthemtofindthe

culprits.警方希望公眾能協助他們抓到罪犯.■afactorsituationthatisthereasonforsomethingbad

happening

問題的起因;罪魁禍首?Childreninthiscountryaregettingmuchtoofat,and

sugarandsweetsarethemain

culprits.該國兒童過于肥胖,糖和甜食是罪魁禍首.

外刊例句：BellvillealsofingersRobertAltman'spenchantfor

overlappingdialogueas

aculpritfor

thepresentstateofaffairs-that,andnaturalism.

()貝拉·維拉也指責羅伯特·奧特曼對于重疊對白的嗜好,認為這導致了如今的問題,以及自然主義.(沒找到上下文,只能按字面意思翻)

替換表達：beheldresponsible/accountablefor

學生錯誤表達：(1)

Thekiller/

murderof點評：表達不準確,thekiller

/murderof…一般表示"……的殺手/兇手”,在這里語氣過重.(2)

maincourse點評：用詞錯誤,course應該改為cause(3)

thevillainscausing點評：中式表達,沒有thevillainscausing的說法.

2-ahugeselectionof

詞典釋義：selection3.Cusuallysingularagroupofthingsofa

particulartype,oftenofthingsthatareforsale供選購的同類物品;SYN

range

[+

of

]?awideselection

ofshellfish供選擇的品種繁多的貝類

外刊例句：Thereisalso

ahuge

selectionof

compactdiscs,acaféandabistro.Thetrulyrevolutionary

thingaboutBordersisthat,withitscosyarmchairsandwell-informedstaff,

itactuallyencouragesshopperstobrowse.

()Borders有著大量供選購的軟盤,并且提供咖啡和小吃,而且還有著昂貴的座椅和知識豐富的職員,但其最具革命性的還是,它真的鼓勵顧客隨意瀏覽.

替換表達：agreat/widevarietyof

3-incomparison

詞典釋義：comparison3.PHRASE

短語

與…相比;與…比較而言

Ifyousay,forexample,thatsomethingislargeorsmall

incomparisonwith

,incomparison

to,or

bycomparisonwith

somethingelse,youmeanthatitislargerorsmallerthantheotherthing.

【搭配模式】：oftPHRwith/ton?Isthehumanheartweakin

comparison

withtheotherorgans?...

與其他器官相比,人的心臟是不是很脆弱?

?Theamountofcarbondioxidereleasedbyhumanactivities

suchasburningcoalandoilissmallin

comparison...相比之下,人類活動燃燒煤、石油等所釋放的二氧化碳要少一些.

?Thoseplacesaremodernby

comparison

withTresillian.與特西利安相比,那些地方很現代.

外刊例句：CitiessuchasBerlinhavegaineda