1實義動詞一、動詞的過去式和過去分詞情況過去式/過去分詞現在分詞例子一般情況加ed加ingtalked,talking以e結尾加d去e加ingloved,loving以輔音字母加y結尾變y為i加ed加ingstudied,studying重讀閉音節+輔音字母雙寫輔音字母加ed雙寫輔音字母加ingplanned,planning二、動詞的三單形式情況三單形式例子一般情況加sruns以s/sh/ch/x/o結尾加esgoes,passes以輔音字母加y結尾變y為i加esstudies三、行為動詞行為動詞也叫實義動詞，有完整的詞義，能獨立作謂語。根據動詞后是否可以直接跟賓語，行為動詞可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。及物動詞：后面要接賓語；可以用于被動語態。不及物動詞：其后不跟賓語；不能用于被動語態。及物動詞：Euclidwastryingtoconveyhisideaofageometricalpoint.Note:及物動詞后接賓語時，有些可以跟兩個賓語，可以接雙賓語動詞有give,tell,teach,write,buy,bring,hand,lend,pass,send等。后面不用接介詞不及物動詞：Smogappearedonthehorizon.Canyoudependonherversionofwhathappened?有些動詞可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞：Thecoatwillnotstand（承受）muchrain.She

stood（站）bythewindowandsmiledatme.常見動詞：answer,ask,begin,borrow,break,burn,change,choose,climb,close,continue,drop,end,enter,fail,fill,fly,grow,help,hurt,hurry,jump,know,leave,meet,move,obey,open,pull,read,ring,see,sell,shake,shut,spread,start,turn,understand,walk,wash,watch,widen,win等。后面需要接介詞2連系動詞一、連系動詞不能單獨作謂語，后面常跟形容詞做表語構成系表結構表達完整的意義。Review:系動詞（1）be動詞：am，is，are，was，were（2）感官動詞：look，smell，sound，taste，feel（3）變化動詞：become，get，go，grow，turn（+adj.譯為“變得”）（4）保持：keep，stay，remain（+adj.譯為“保持”）（5）無實義動詞：seem，prove，appear（+adj.無實際含義，功能類比be動詞,“是”）二、系表結構1.連系動詞+形容詞這種結構最為常見。這種結構中常用的連系動詞有：become,feel,get,grow,keep,look,make,remain,sound,smell,stay,taste,turn,go等。Thecompanywentbrokelastyear.2.連系動詞+名詞這種結構中常用的連系動詞有：be,become,draw,live,look,make,play,prove,remain,return,seem等。Herdreamhasnowbecomeareality.3.連系動詞+分詞這種結構中常用的連系動詞有：appear,become,come,feel,get,grow,look,prove,remain,seem,stand等。Trainfaresarelikelytoremainunchanged.4.連系動詞+介詞短語這種結構中常用的連系動詞有：come,continue,grow,keep,look,prove,remain,seem,smell,sound,stand等。Milkonlykeepsforafewdays.5.連系動詞+不定式可根據情況自由地接不定式；一般情況下常用這種結構的有：seem,appear,prove,continue,turnout,get,grow,come等。Mydreamistobeadoctor.1.Itnever

toMariathatshewouldgetpromotedinsuchashortperiodoftime.A.hitB.occuredC.struckD.happened2.ItwaswellaftermidnightwhenAnne

thehotel.A.reachedB.arrivedC.gotD.headed3.Facingdanger,healways

calm.A.looksB.remainsC.seemsD.appearsBAB4.Myteacher’svoice_____sweet.Wealllikehersongs.A.feelsB.smellsC.looksD.sounds5.Onhearingthenews,hisface

redwithangerA.turnedB.soundedC.goD.gets6.Hisvoice____asifhehasacold.A.soundsB.listensC.hearsD.seems7.WhenIwenthomeyesterday,itwas____dark.A.goingB.gettingC.runningD.comingDAAB3情態動詞一、定義情態動詞：主要用于表明說話者對某一行為的態度和觀點，包括能力、可能、義務、必要、允諾、猜測等，不能單獨作謂語，必須和動詞原形一起構成謂語二、特點情態動詞過去式比原形委婉must（語氣最強）表義務“一定，必須”，這在說話人主觀看來是沒有選擇余地的可用haveto或havegotto來代替，但haveto或havegotto強調客觀，有“不得不，只好”的意思Youmuststudyhard.主觀認為Youhavetostudyhard.客觀必須表推測，表示“一定（是）······”ShemustbeJamesgirlfriend.can表能力，“能，能夠”注：beableto也是表示能力，但是強調的是具體的能力，而can表示理論上的能力Shecandance.Theywereabletocarrytheflagtovictory.表推測，用于否定句和疑問句中，“肯定不是......”，“不可能......”ShecannotbeTomsmother.表許可，“可以”CanIsithere?could（語氣緩和）can的過去式，“能夠”Icoulddoit.表委婉地提出問題或表明看法Couldyoupassmeyourpassport?表示驚訝、懷疑、不相信的情緒Whocouldhavetakenthemaway?表示“可能、可能會”Wecouldallbemillionairesoneday.can和could固定搭配：

（1）cannothelpbutdo=havetodo不得不Shecan’thelpbuttellmethetruth.（2）cannothelpdoing禁不住Hearingthathumorousstory,theycan’thelplaughing.（3）can’twaittodo迫不及待Tonycan’twaittoentertheconcert.（4）cannot...too/over再......也不過分，越......越好Youcan’tbetoocarefulwhendriving.should表義務，“應該”Ishouldaskhimfirst.表必然性推測，“估計，定然”Sheshouldbehereinaminute.would表推測，“可能”Hewouldbringgoodnews.表請求，用于疑問句“可以......嗎？”Wouldyoulendmeyourpen?

表過去的意愿

Iaskedhimifhewouldhelpmewithmywriting.表過去的意圖Hewouldseeherthenextday,sohedidn'twritetoher.may表可能，（可能性小）“可能”Shemayhaveleft.表許可，意為“可以”，一般用于疑問句和否定句MayIhelpyou?MayIuseyourcellphone?might

表可能（可能性更小）He

might

stillbe

waiting

at

the

door.詢問建議，語氣更緩和MightIreadyourpaper?oughtto可以用should代替，表示“應該......”（語氣上沒有那么堅定）Theyoughttoattendthemeeting.dare意為“敢”，既可以為情態動詞，也可以作為實義動詞Shedaresnotgobyherself.（情態）Doesshedaretogobyherself?（實義）need既可以作情態動詞，也可以作實義動詞；作情態動詞時，表“需要”Youneedn'tworryaboutitbecauseitisnotyourfault.情態動詞的否定形式，直接在情態動詞后加not。1.“Shemustbeinthedormitorynow.”“No,she

bethere.Isawherintheclassroomaminuteago.”A.mustn’tB.can’tC.couldn’tD.wouldn’t2.“You

borrowmynotesprovidedyoutakecareofthem.”Itoldmyfriend.A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can3.You

cleantheclassroom,butyou

dosoatonce.A.need,needB.must,mustC.needn’t,mustD.must,needn’t4.Sincetheweatherisfinewe

walkforawhile.A.mayB.mustC.mightaswellD.willBDDC5.Wepromisedthemtotherebysix.Nowit’ssixthirtyalready,andthey

forusimpatiently.A.waitB.hadwaitedC.shouldwaitD.mustbewaiting6.Ican’thelpbut

thefactthatheisatalentedfootballplayer.A.toadmitB.admitC.admittingD.admitted7.-Couldyouhelpmerepairmycomputer?-Sorry,I

helpyou.I’mbusywithmyhomework.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’tDBC8.Ipromiseyouthatweshall

getyouadecentjobsoon.A.beabletoB.abletoC.mightaswellD.canabletoA（重點）情態動詞+havedone：①musthavedone“肯定做過”Hedidn’tcometoworkyesterday.Hemusthavebeen

ill.②can’t/couldn’thavedone不可能做過Billyisanhonestman.Hecan’t/couldn’thavestolenthemoney.③may/mighthavedone“可能做過”Thereisatrafficaccident.Someonemay/mighthavebeeninjured.④couldhavedone“本可以做到”（事實上沒有做到）Hecouldhavepassed

theexam,buthedidn’tgooverhislessons.⑤should/oughttohavedone“本應該做過”（事實上沒做過）Youshouldhavestartedearlier,butyoudidn’t.⑥needn’thavedone“本不必要做”（事實上做了）Youneedn’thavewokenmeupsoearly,fortodayisSunday.⑦didn’tneedtodo“本不必要做”（事實上也沒去做）Ididn’tneedtodothewashing-up.Mymomdidit.1.He

the8:20busbecausehedidn’tleavehometill8:25.A.couldn’thavecaughtB.oughttohavecaughtC.shouldn’thavecaughtD.mustnothavecaught2.Wecameearlyandhadtowaittwohoursbeforetheceremonybegan.We

.A.neednothurryB.needn’thavehurriedC.shouldnot