醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀二分冊(cè)翻譯及答案-參考對(duì)人體的簡(jiǎn)要概述使我們對(duì)兩個(gè)被認(rèn)為是醫(yī)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的不同學(xué)科有了初步認(rèn)識(shí)，這兩個(gè)學(xué)科就是解剖學(xué)與生理學(xué)。然而不把病理學(xué)包括進(jìn)去，這種概述是不完整的，因?yàn)椴±韺W(xué)是研究疾病引起的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能變化的學(xué)科。實(shí)際上，現(xiàn)代對(duì)疾病的研究方法強(qiáng)調(diào)病理學(xué)與生理學(xué)的密切關(guān)系，并強(qiáng)調(diào)在治療任何人體疾病時(shí)了解病理學(xué)與生理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的必要性。ThebriefsurveyofthehumanbodyinChapterOnehasgivenusaglimpseintotwodifferentstudiesthatareconsideredthefundamentalsofmedicalsciences,namelyanatomyandphysiology.However,thepictureisnotcompletewithoutconsideringpathology,thesciencethatdealswiththestructuralandfunctionalchangesproducedbythedisease.Infact,themodernapproachtothestudyofdisorderemphasizesthecloserelationshipofthepathologicalandphysiologicalaspectsandtheneedtounderstandthefundamentalsofeachintreatinganybodydiseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定義為正常機(jī)能或者部分機(jī)能遭受損害時(shí)的一種狀態(tài)。每一種生物，無(wú)論植物還是動(dòng)物，都會(huì)生病。例如，人類常常被微小的細(xì)菌感染，但是細(xì)菌又轉(zhuǎn)而可能被更加微小的病毒感染。Thenwhatisadisease?Itmaybedefinedasaconditionthatimpairstheproperfunctionofthebodyorofoneofitsparts.Everylivingthing,bothplantsandanimals,cansuccumbtodisease.People,forexample,areofteninfectedbytinybacteria,butbacteria,inturn,canbeinfectedbyevenmoreminuteviruses.世界上有數(shù)百種疾病,每一種都有其特定的癥狀和體征，這些都是醫(yī)生診斷疾病的線索。癥狀是病人自己能覺(jué)察到的，比如，高燒、流血或者疼痛。而體征則是醫(yī)生能夠觀察到的，比如，血管擴(kuò)張或內(nèi)器官腫大。Hundredsofdifferentdiseasesexist.Eachhasitsownparticularsetofsymptomsandsigns,cluesthatenableaphysiciantodiagnosetheproblem.Asymptomissomethingapatientcandetect,suchasfever,bleeding,orpain.Asignissomethingadoctorcandetect,suchasaswollenbloodvesseloranenlargedinternalbodyorgan.疾病可按不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)分類。例如，流行病是感染某一地區(qū)許多人的疾病。當(dāng)它年復(fù)一年地發(fā)生在同一地區(qū)，就成了一種地方病。急性病發(fā)作快、病程短。例如，急性心臟病發(fā)作常常沒(méi)有前兆，而且會(huì)很快致命。慢性病發(fā)病緩慢，但病程有時(shí)會(huì)長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年。風(fēng)濕熱正是由于發(fā)病慢、病程長(zhǎng)而成為一種慢性病。介于急性與慢性之間的另一種類型被稱為亞急性。Diseasescanbeclassifieddifferently.Forinstance,anepidemicdiseaseisonethatstrikesmanypersonsinacommunity.Whenitstrikesthesameregionyearafteryearitisanendemicdisease.Anacutediseasehasaquickonsetandrunsashortcourse.Anacuteheartattack,forexample,oftenhitswithoutwarningandcanbequicklyfatal.Achronicdiseasehasaslowonsetandrunsasometimesyears-longcourse.Thegradualonsetandlongcou