學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載高中英語語法—句子的成分第四章句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分一.陳述句,疑問句,祈使句,感嘆句75二.簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句751）簡(jiǎn)單句：752)并列句：753）復(fù)合句：76考點(diǎn)：兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈?fù)合句77三.句子成分77四.簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)87基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）87基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）87基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）88基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）89基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）906.Therebe句型91練習(xí)：劃分句子成分練習(xí)92句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分陳述句,疑問句,祈使句,感嘆句句子按用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：表示命令或者請(qǐng)求.又叫無主句，主語通常為you,省略.Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感嘆句：how后面加上的是形容詞副詞.what后面加上的是名詞.Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboyheis!簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.（劃線部分為并列謂語，只有一個(gè)主語，仍為簡(jiǎn)單句。）2)并列句：由并列連詞（and,but,or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。要注意喲,逗號(hào)是不可以連接句子的,這一點(diǎn)和漢語不同.e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.3）復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作另一個(gè)的成分。（而并列句的兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)間是并列關(guān)系，而不是從屬關(guān)系）。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單句的一個(gè)成分從詞或詞組變?yōu)榫渥訒r(shí)，整個(gè)句子就成為復(fù)合句了。Itiswrong.（只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）Whathesaidiswrong.

（whathesaid,是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，he為主語，said為謂語，what是賓語。Whathesaidiswrong.是另外一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。Whathesaid作主語，iswrong系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語。因此，本句是復(fù)合句。Whathesaid是名詞性從句作主語）。Theboyoverthereismybrother.（只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）Theboywhoiswearingahatismybrother.

（Theboyismybrother.是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)whoiswearingahat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，作了前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語theboy的定語。因此本句是復(fù)合句。）Iwasdoingmyhomeworkatsix.（只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡(jiǎn)單句）Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenhecamein.（Iwasdoingmyhomework是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，hecamein也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。后面一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作前一個(gè)的時(shí)間狀語。因此是復(fù)合句。練習(xí)：判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.11.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.12.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.13.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.14.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat15.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.答案：1.簡(jiǎn)單句2.復(fù)合句,TheboyiscalledTom是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)whoofferedmehisseat也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，為定語從句，作前一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中主語theboy的定語。3.簡(jiǎn)單句，反義疑問句4.簡(jiǎn)單句，mybrotherandI是并列主語，后面gotoschool和comeback為并列謂語，因此也只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。5.并列句6.含有時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句。7.并列句8.復(fù)合句，whathesaid也是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，名詞性從句作主語。9.簡(jiǎn)單句，只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。10.簡(jiǎn)單句，前面為并列主語。11.and連接的并列句12.由so連接的并列句13.簡(jiǎn)單句14.but連接前后為并列句，但后面又是一個(gè)含有定語從句的復(fù)合句。15.含有讓步狀語從句的復(fù)合句。考點(diǎn)：兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要用連接詞，變?yōu)椴⒘芯浠驈?fù)合句一個(gè)句子如果出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，那它就不是簡(jiǎn)單句了，要么是并列句，要么是復(fù)合句。是并列句時(shí)要有and,so,but,等并列連詞或用分號(hào)。是復(fù)合句時(shí)也要有連接詞。總之，只用逗號(hào)而不用連接詞簡(jiǎn)單的把兩個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)連接到一起的句子是錯(cuò)誤的。如：IlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.×IlikeEnglishandmyEnglishisverygood.√AsIlikeEnglish,myEnglishisverygood.√Ihaveahouse,itswindowsareverybig.×Ihaveahouseanditswindowsareverybig.√Ihaveahouse,whosewindowsareverybig.√練習(xí)：參看定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇P1376句子成分現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有七種：除主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)和補(bǔ)語（complement）之外還有表語（predicative）（同位語）。許國(guó)璋英語中劃句子成分的符號(hào)主語在下面劃一直線謂語在下面劃曲線賓語在下面劃雙橫線定語在下面劃虛線（一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，釘諧音為“定語”的“定”）狀語下面為短橫線（短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補(bǔ)語上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）同位語上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）主語主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首,通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)。可由1.名詞、2.代詞、3.數(shù)詞、4.名詞化的形容詞（如therich）5.不定式、6.動(dòng)名詞、7.主語從句等表示。練習(xí)1.在下面句子的主語下面劃?rùn)M線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue答案：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名詞）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（數(shù)詞）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動(dòng)名詞）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化的形容詞）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主語從句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue.(主語從句，that不能省略)練習(xí)2.改錯(cuò)Doexerciseeverydayisgoodforyourhealth.Thatwhathesaidisn’ttrue.Hecamelatemadehisteacherangry.Onthedeskistwobooks.答案：1）do改為doing,用動(dòng)名詞作主語。2）去掉that,what本身都有連接作用。3）在he前加That,主語從句中that不能省。也可改為Hiscominglate,用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語。4）is改為are,介詞短語不能作主語，本句是倒裝句。謂語：謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說明主語所作的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.Ihavebeenwaitingforyouallthetime.Iwouldstayathomeallday.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：Wearestudents.Yourideasoundsgreat.在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中要注意動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)當(dāng)主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)（不止一個(gè)人），后面用動(dòng)詞原形。當(dāng)主語是一個(gè)人，并且不是I和you，謂語要用第三人稱單數(shù)，也就是在后面加-s,-esWe/You(你們)/They____(go)toschooleveryday.TomandMike____(go)toschooleveryday.Hischildren____(go)toschooleveryday.Tom____(go)toschooleveryday.Mybrother____(go)toschooleveryday.Yoursister____(go)toschooleveryday.Theirson____(go)toschooleveryday.He/She____(go)toschooleveryday.答案：1-3，go4-8,goes謂語中要有動(dòng)詞，因此形容詞前面要加上系動(dòng)詞才能作謂語。如：Ourschoolverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.×Ourschoolisverybeautifulandwelikeitverymuch.√ThefooddeliciousandIatealot.×ThefoodwasdeliciousandIatealot.√在復(fù)合謂語中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞,如：will,shall,would,should,can,maymust,could,might,還有hadto,hadbetter,usedto,wouldrather等，都沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后面用動(dòng)詞原形。Shemightstayedathome.×Shemightstayathome.√Hemustcomes.×Hemustcome.√進(jìn)行時(shí)是be+doing,不要把be遺忘了Itrainingheavily.×Itwasrainingheavily.√Theyplantingtreesonthefarm.×Theywereplantingtreesonthefarm.√表語：表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。劃出下列句中的表語,并說明有什么充當(dāng)。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.Thespeechisexciting.Threetimessevenistwentyone?HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobby（愛好）isplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.答案：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）Isityours?（代詞）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobby（愛好）isplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.（介詞短語）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）賓語：賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語,分別構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu),劃出下列句中的賓語,并說明有什么充當(dāng)。Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.Iwantedtobuyacar.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.答案：Theyplanedmanytreesyesterday.（名詞）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代詞）(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.（數(shù)詞）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名詞化形容詞）Iwantedtobuyacar.（不定式短語）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（動(dòng)名詞短語）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（賓語從句）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。用線劃出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。HisfathernamedhimDongming.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.Letthefreshairin.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawherenteringtheroom.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.答案：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名詞）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容詞）Letthefreshairin.（副詞）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短語）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介詞短語）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（從句）Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.(過去分詞短語)主補(bǔ)：對(duì)主語的補(bǔ)充。（含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成被動(dòng)賓語作主語時(shí)，原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。Hewaselectedmonitor. Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如：something、nothing）,定語通常置后。Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.(important修飾something,卻放在后面)Thereisnothinginterestinginthebook.（interesting修飾nothing）副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。Peoplethereareveryfriendly.(那兒的人們)Hewentuptoapolicemandownstairs.（樓下的警察）單個(gè)形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后Thenextmanisascientist.Themannexttomeisascientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）Theshopclosesttomyhouseisaboutonekilometeraway.（距我家最近的那個(gè)商店）介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置TheboyunderthetreeisTom.（樹下的那個(gè)男孩）ThetallestboyinourclassisJohn.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但當(dāng)woman,man作定語且后面名詞為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，womanman也要用復(fù)數(shù)boystudents,appletrees,mendoctors,womennurses動(dòng)詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語作定語要后置（參看P104非謂語作定語部分）Ihavesomethingtosay.(直譯：我有要說的話)Theboycryingoverthereismyclassmate.（在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）Thehousebuiltlastyearisimpressive.（去年建的那座房子）動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別(參看P106非謂語部分)Thisisaswimmingpool.(動(dòng)名詞作定語，表功能)Thesleepingboyisonlyfive.（現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表正在進(jìn)行）Else,別的，其它的，通常放在不定代詞和疑問詞后作后置定語Whoelsedoyouknow?Somebodyelsemighthavetakenitaway.Youcanseethesesignsinahospital.___canyouseethem?

A.WhereelseB.Whereplaceelse

C.WhereelseplaceD.Elsewhereenough修飾名詞可前置或后置,enough修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),必須后置。Nearby可作形容詞、副詞，因此修飾名詞時(shí)也可前置或后置1)Ihaven’tgotenoughmoney.Ican’taffordit.（形容詞作定語）2)Wehavetimeenoughtodothework.（形容詞短語作定語）3)Youcan’tbecarefulenough.(副詞作狀語)3)Ifyouareintrouble,askapolicemannearbyforhelp.（副詞作定語）=Ifyouareintrouble,askanearbypolicemanforhelp.（形容詞作定語）用劃出下列句中的定語，并指出是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)?shù)腡omisahandsomeboy.HisboyneedsTom'spen.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboyneedsaballpen.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen.Thereisnothingtodotoday.Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother.Therearefiveboysleft.Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.答案：Tomisahandsomeboy.（形容詞作定語）HisboyneedsTom'spen.(His物主代詞Tom’s名詞所有格,作定語：)TheboyinblueisTom.(介詞短語作后置定語)Theboyneedsaballpen.（名詞作定語）Theboythereneedsapen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。副詞作后置定語）Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen.（要寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。不定式作定語）Thereisnothingtodotoday.（不定式todo作nothing的定語）Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother.（那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。現(xiàn)在分詞smiling作定語,后面過去分詞短語作定語）Therearefiveboysleft.（有五個(gè)留下的男孩，數(shù)詞和過去分詞）Theboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterday.（那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。定語從句）TheboyyouwillknowisTom.（你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。定語從句）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（關(guān)于如何學(xué)英語的文章，介詞短語作后置定語）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（進(jìn)教室的第一個(gè)，不定式短語作后置定語）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（他在英語方面的快速進(jìn)步，物主代詞、形容詞作定語，介詞短語作后置定語）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（數(shù)詞、名詞作定語）狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。可由以下形式表示：Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.(寫地認(rèn)真，走地慢，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞)Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞）Herunsveryslowly.（修飾副詞slowly,因此very是副詞）Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.（修飾整個(gè)句子用副詞）形容詞、副詞的選擇修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子用副詞，作狀語作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語時(shí)一般用形容詞可簡(jiǎn)單的歸結(jié)為：形修名，作表、定；副作狀，修飾副、形動(dòng)Heiscareful.（作表語，用形容詞）Heisacarefulboy.（作定語，用形容詞）練習(xí):參看形容詞和副詞部分P55考點(diǎn)17幾個(gè)副詞并列作狀語時(shí),其順序較靈活,但一般是：方式→地點(diǎn)→時(shí)間。如：WehadagoodtimetogetheroutdoorslastSunday.Ifoundalostpenoutsideourschoolyesterdaymorning.頻度副詞如often、always、usually等在be及助動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞后,行為動(dòng)詞前。Heisoftenlate.Heisalwayshelpingothers.Heoftencamelate.副詞按意義分類在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補(bǔ)語都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步一.方式副詞suddenly突然地

rapidly迅速地warmly熱烈地

successfully成功地quickly很快地

carefully仔細(xì)地proudly驕傲地

angrily憤怒地二.地點(diǎn)、方向副詞here

這里

there

那里outside

在外

inside

在內(nèi)away

遠(yuǎn)離

straight

徑直地upstairs上樓

backwards

向后三.時(shí)間副詞now

現(xiàn)在

then

當(dāng)時(shí)soon

不久

still

依然tomorrow

在明天

yesterday

在昨天already

已經(jīng)

yet仍四.頻度副詞（又稱：頻率副詞）always

總是

usually

通常frequently

頻繁地

often

經(jīng)常sometimes

有時(shí)

seldom

很少，不常rarely

罕有地

never

從不五.程度副詞very

非常

quite

十分too

太

pretty

相當(dāng)rather稍微

extremely極端地almost幾乎

nearly

幾乎練習(xí)：指出下列劃線部分屬于什么狀語Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.Theboyreallyneedsapen.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.Iamtallerthanheis.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.答案：1.（時(shí)間狀語）2.（地點(diǎn)狀語）3.（原因狀語）4.（方式狀語）5.（伴隨狀語）6.（目的狀語）7.（目的狀語）8.（程度狀語）9.（程度狀語）10.（結(jié)果狀語）11.（讓步狀語）12.（比較狀語）13.（條件狀語）14.(時(shí)間狀語，地點(diǎn)狀語)15.（原因狀語）同位語同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’）Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）It’sgoodtousstudents.1．Theyoungman,___,worksintheoffice.A.mebrotherB.mybrotherC.mybrothersD.me2.OurEnglishteacher,___oftenhelpsuswithstudy.

A.Mrs.WangB.Mrs.WangsC.Mrs.Wang's.D.ofhim3.___,somerailwayworkers,arebusyrepairingthetrain.

A.ThemB.HeC.TheyD.Theirs(答案：B,A,C)獨(dú)立成分有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))。感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定詞yes否定詞no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend./我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋謂）這類句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都是不及物動(dòng)詞，都不帶賓語，但可以帶狀語，常見的不及物動(dòng)詞有：act,come,go,work,last,fall,cry,disappear,appear,smile,rise,ring，live,look,listen,laugh,hurry,talk,sleep,retire,graduate,die,care,agree,,jump,fail,wait,succeed,stay,sit,lie,shine,happen,takeplace,rain,snow,ect.如:Itisrainingnow.(ＳＶ)We'veworkedfor5hours.(ＳＶ)Themeetinglastedhalfanhour.(ＳＶ)Timeflies.(ＳＶ)分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種Darkcloudshungoverhead.()Graduallyasmileappearedonherface.()Heissmilingalloverhisface.()IdidwellinEnglish.()Hetalkedloudlyintheclassroomyesterday.()答案：Darkcloudshungoverhead.(SV)Graduallyasmileappearedonherface..(SV)Heissmilingalloverhisface..(SV)IdidwellinEnglish..(SV)Hetalkedloudlyintheclassroomyesterday..(SV)基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）系動(dòng)詞主要是be.但還有一些動(dòng)詞在有些時(shí)候也可作系動(dòng)詞，有人稱之為半系動(dòng)詞。常見的半系動(dòng)詞有：（1）表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound等；（2）表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand等；（3）表示狀態(tài)變化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow等。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語Heisastudent.(ＳＶＰ)Yourideasoundsgreat.(ＳＶＰ)分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種,并寫出該句的系動(dòng)詞。Hisadviceprovedright.()Theshopstaysopentill8o’clock.()Themachinewentwrong.()Alltheseeffortsseeminvain.()Thesewordssoundreasonable.()Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.()Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.()Hefellillyesterday.()Treesturngreeninspring.()Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.()答案：Hisadviceprovedright.（SVP,proved）Theshopstaysopentill8o’clock.（SVP,stays）Themachinewentwrong.（SVP,went）Alltheseeffortsseeminvain（SVP,seem）Thesewordssoundreasonable.（SVP,sound）Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.（SVP,became）Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.（SVP,getting）Hefellillyesterday.（SVP,fell）Treesturngreeninspring.（SVP,turn）Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.（SVP,sound）基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋謂＋賓）此結(jié)構(gòu)是由“主語+及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）+賓語”構(gòu)成。賓語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞，動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或詞組、the+形容詞、分詞以及從句等。如，ShelikesEnglish.Weplantedalotoftreesonthefarmyesterday.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework..()PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.()Jimcannotdresshimself.()AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.()Hedidnotknowwhattosay.()答案：Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework..(SVO)PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.(SVO)Jimcannotdresshimself.(SVO)AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.(SVO)Hedidnotknowwhattosay.(SVO)基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如：Hegivemeacupoftea.(ＳＶｏＯ)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。如：ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動(dòng)詞+代詞直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。如：Bringittome,please.(不能說Bringmeit,please。)常跟雙賓語的及物動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）allow,bring,deny,do(帶來）,give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,render,restore,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write等（需借助for的）bring,buy,cash,choose,fetch,get,leave,make,order,paint,play(演奏)，save,sing,spare等HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary.=HesentanEnglish-ChineseDictionarytome.ShegaveJohnabook．=Sheboughtabookforme.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.()2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.()3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.()4.Hedenieshernothing.()5.Ishowedhimmypictures.()6.Igavemycarawash.()7.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.()8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.()答案：1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.(SVoO)2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.(SVoO)3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.(SVoO)4.Hedenieshernothing.(SVoO)5.Ishowedhimmypictures.(SVoO)6.Igavemycarawash.(SVoO)7.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.(SVoO)8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.(SVoO)基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語做出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。Thewarmadehimasoldier.（ＳＶＯＣ他成為一個(gè)士兵，構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.（ＳＶＯＣ）Ioftenfindhimatwork.（ＳＶＯＣ）Theteacheraskedthestudentstoclosethewindows.（ＳＶＯＣ）Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.分析下列句子劃分成分，在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種,并指出是什么充當(dāng)句子的賓語補(bǔ)足語1.Theyappointedhimmanager.（）2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.（）3.Hepushedthedooropen.（）4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.（）5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?（）6.Wesawhimout.（）7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.（）8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.（）9.Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.（）10.I’llhavemybikerepaired.（）11.Weelectedhimmonitor.（）12.Don’tkeepthelightsburning.（）答案:1.Theyappointedhimmanager.（SVOC,名詞）2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.（SVOC,形容詞）3.Hepushedthedooropen.（SVOC,形容詞）4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.（SVOC,形容詞）5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?（SVOC,省略to的不定式）6.Wesawhimout.（SVOC,副詞）7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.（SVOC,動(dòng)詞不定式）8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.（SVOC,現(xiàn)在分詞）9.Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.（SVOC,名詞）10.I’llhavemybikerepaired.（SVOC,過去分詞）11.Weelectedhimmonitor.（SVOC,名詞）12.Don’tkeepthelightsburning.（SVOC,現(xiàn)在分詞）6.Therebe句型此句型是由there+be+主語+狀語構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)某地存在有，它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動(dòng)詞be之后，there僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實(shí)際意義。Be與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如，現(xiàn)在有

thereis/are…

過去有

therewas/were…

將來有

therewillbe…/thereis/aregoingtobe...

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有

therehas/havebeen…

可能有

theremightbe...

肯定有

theremustbe…/theremusthavebeen...

過去一直有

thereusedtobe…

似乎有

thereseems/seem/seemedtobe…

碰巧有

therehappen/happens/happenedtobe…

此句型有時(shí)可用live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive,等詞代替be動(dòng)詞。Eg.Therelivedanoldmanatthefootofthemountain.Therecameashoutfor"help".Theremusthavebeenavillagehere.Thereliesabookonthedesk.Therestandsatreeonthehill.Therebe與have的區(qū)別Therebe…某地有某物，某時(shí)有某事have表示某人擁有某物。且記：沒有therehasabookonthedesk.Therehasameetingthisevening.這樣的表達(dá)方法練習(xí)：翻譯下來句子1.我有許多好朋友。2.今天晚上將有一場(chǎng)電影。3.公園內(nèi)有許多人。4.樹上有許多小鳥。5.一條狗有四條腿和一個(gè)尾巴。答案:Ihavemanyfriends.2.Thereisgoingtobeafilmtonight.Therearealotofpeopleinthepark.4.Therearelotsofbirdsinthetree.5.Adoghadfourlegsandatail.練習(xí)：劃分句子成分練習(xí)分析下列句子成分，在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。Teesturngreenwhenspringcomes.Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.Wherehewasburiedremainedunknown.Whathesaidprovedtrue.Wemustkeepquiet.Theshopstayedopenuntileleven.Sheappearedyoungerthanshereallywas.Hisfacewentred.Hefellilllastweek.ThecakeIateyesterdaytastedelicious.從上面我們可以看出，常見的系動(dòng)詞有，____,________,_______,________,________,________,_________,________,_______,________等，它們后面一般跟______詞作表語。答案:Teesturngreenwhenspringcomes.(SVP)Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.(SVP)Hisjobistotrainswimmers.(SVP)Wherehewasburiedremainedunknown.(SVP)Whathesaidprovedtrue.(SVP)Wemustkeepquiet.(SVP)Theshopstayedopenuntileleven.(SVP)Sheappearedyoungerthanshereallywas.(SVP)Hisfacewentred.(SVP)Hefellilllastweek.(SVP)ThecakeIateyesterdaytastedelicious.(SVP)Turn,feel,be,remain,prove,keep,stay,appear,go,fall,taste形容詞分析下列句子成分，在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。口譯，體會(huì)it的替代性用法。Itisveryplaintomethatheisroundandtalllikeatree.ItisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.Itworriedherabitthatherhairwasturninggrey.Thechairmanthought

itnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.Shemadeitherdutytolookafteralltheotherpeople’saffairsinthattown.

Idon'tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork．Hemadeitknowntohisfriendsthathedidn’twanttoenterpolitics.Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryoushoulddoit.從上面我們可以看出，作形式主語和形式賓語一般用代詞______,真正的主語或賓語通常是____________或___________,放在后面。答案:Itisveryplaintomethatheisroundandtalllikeatree.（SVP）ItisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.（SVP）Itworriedherabitthatherhairwasturninggrey.（SVO）Thechairmanthought

itnecessarytoinviteProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.（SVOC）Shemadeitherdutytolookafteralltheotherpeople’saffairsinthattown.

（SVOC）Idon'tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork．（SVOC）Hemadeitknowntohisfriendsthathedidn’twanttoenterpolitics.（SVOC）Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryoushoulddoit.（SVO）It,動(dòng)詞不定式，名詞性從句（一般由that引導(dǎo)且不能省略，也有其它引導(dǎo)的）分析下列句子成分，在后面括號(hào)內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。口譯，留意定語是什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)，并留意定語的位置。Comradesinhergroupoftenhelpherwithgrammar.Thewomenontheleftaremakingshirtsfortheneighbors.TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.Afterthethirdperiodthereisalongbreakforrestandexercise.Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheisexactlylikearope.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Thereislittletimeleft.Therewerefewpeoplepresentatthemeeting.OncetherelivedakingwhosenamewasMidas.ThefilmwesawlastnightwasabouttheWarofLiberation.Thehousethatstandsatthefootofthehillisarest-homefortheworkers.Hetoldusastory,whichmovedmanyofustotears.ThefirstthingIdugupwasapieceofwhitecloth.Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewastomarchpastthepalaceintheteam.從上面我們可以看出，____________,___________,__________和_______作定語時(shí)常后置。答案:Comradesinhergroupoftenhelpherwithgrammar.(SVO)Thewomenontheleftaremakingshirtsfortheneighbors.(SVO)TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.(SVP)Afterthethirdperiodthereisalongbreakforrestandexercise.(therebe)Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheisexactlylikearope.(SVO)PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.(SVO)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.(SVP)Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.(SVO)Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.(SV)Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.(SVO)Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.(SVO)It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.(SVP)It’sacityfarfromthecoast.(SVP)Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.(SVO)Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.(SVO)Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?(SVO)Thereislittletimeleft.(therebe)Therewerefewpeoplepresentatthemeeting.(therebe)OncetherelivedakingwhosenamewasMidas.（therebe）ThefilmwesawlastnightwasabouttheWarofLiberation.(SVP)Thehousethatstandsatthefooto