科技英語寫作授課知識點論文人稱和時態一、科技論文要求敘述客觀，讀者關注作者的研究內容和結論，而非作者本人，所以應避免使用。二、論文常用時態1.敘述論文研究之前所進行的工作（通常出現在論文的部分）

具體時間或具體人的一般采用；對以前工作的總結一般采用。Leeetal.[17](report)aso-called‘hardanodization’approachtoobtainhighlyorderedPAAwithawiderangeofporesizesandinterporedistances.Alotofwork(devote)toinvestigatingtheformationmechanismsofPAA[4–8],andconsiderableresearchefforts(direct)towardthefabricationofthePAAwithlong-rangeorderednanoholes[9–18].2.實驗經過、實驗過程的描述通常采用。Thespectra(record).Thestructure(determine)byneutrondiffractionmethods.

Theelectrolytesolutions(prepare)fromreagentgradechemicalsanddeionizedwater.ThemorphologyofthePAAfilm(characterize)byfield-emissionscanningelectronmicroscopy(FE-SEM,HitachiS-4800).3.圖表介紹、公式說明、實驗結果、實驗結論等通常采用。Fig.3（show)SEMimagesoftheas-preparedsles.InordertofurtherunderstandtheeffectofEGonthemorphologyofPAA,EISmeasurements(carry)outforthefilmsobtainedinEGandaqueoussolutions.Impedancespectraforthefilms(illustrate)inFig.5intheformofBodeplot.ThePAAfilmsformedinbothEGandaqueoussolutions(exhibit）aquasilinearchangeintheimpedancemodulusintheexperimentalfrequencyrangewithaslopecloseto1.總之：?

表示“報道、研究、綜述”等，通常用一般現在時

Inthispaperwereport

thesynthesisofRFCcontainingbariumferriteaccordingtoaspecificmethodanditsevaluationofdielectricandmechanicalproperties.Theprobablemodeofevolutionisdiscussed.

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敘述他人已報道的內容用一般過去時或現在完成時

Inthepastdecadepublicattentionmoreandmorefocusedonthepotentialapplicationsofrenewableresources.?

表示研究過程的行為通常用一般過去時

HighDensityPolyethylene(HDPE)waskindlysuppliedbyFIAT(Italy).

TheHDPEwasblendedwiththeLDPE,inthemoltenstateathightemperature(200℃),usingaBrabenderblender,equippedwithrotatingblades.?

表示實驗結果及其產生的原因,通常用一般現在時

Tensilestrengthdecreaseswiththeadditionofoxides.Thisisduetothepoorinterfacialadhesionbetweentheoxidefillerandnaturerubber.

如用一般過去時，則表示這一結論僅適用于該研究過程中的特定情況，不具普遍性?

表示計劃與預期的結果用將來時

Inthecomingyears,scientistswilltrytocollectsignalsfromouterspace.論文人稱與時態論文人稱與時態論文人稱與時態論文人稱與時態科技英語的選詞科技語言與口語的區別硫酸鉀適用于怕氮作物。

目前，相圖的測繪已有許多方法，由于很多物質的熱力學數據都已積累不少，一些人就干脆直接通過熱力學計算的結果數據繪出相圖，特別是采用了計算機之后，即使是較為復雜的相圖也不在話下。→硫酸鉀適用于不能施用氮化物的作物→相圖的測繪有多種方法，甚至可利用現有的熱力學數據借助計算機計算相當復雜的相圖選用穩重的規范詞Askbuycheapsimilarenough2.正式動詞替代短語動詞

吸收（takein）；熄滅（putout）;維持（keepup）3.避免使用口語或生活中常用的縮略詞語lotsof;quiteafew;lab;ad;We’ll;don’t;can’t4.尊重客觀事實，不要濫用修辭（夸張、擬人、雙關語等）

語句的一致性主謂一致、代詞與先行詞一致復合主語成為一個整體，或指同一個人、同一個地方、同一件事物，謂語動詞用單數

ItsinventorandpractitionerisRobert.“thereis”,“thereare”

句型，主語為復合主語時，謂語動詞與靠近的主語一致Therewasateacherandseveralstudentsinthelaboratory.Therewereseveralstudentsandateacherinthelaboratory.用or,nor(或者either…or,neither…nor)連接的復合主語，有時用復數，有時用單數。復合主語中兩主語均是單數時，謂語動詞用單數；兩個主語均是復數時，謂語動詞用復數Thedesigneroranotherscientistusuallyannouncesthedecision.Neitherbanksnorindependentagenciesofferappropriatelifeinsurancepolicies.復合主語中一個主語是復數，另一個是單數，謂語動詞與靠近的主語一致Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.集合名詞指一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數；指集體中各個體時用復數

Thatdata

isreliable.Donotformconclusionuntilthedata

havebeengathered.代詞與先行詞一致

Thepurposeistobringtogetherseveralmanuscriptsbyactivescientistsandengineersandpublishtheminasingleissue.平行結構一致性原則Manufacturingprocessesmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandmassproductionwhichproduceslargenumbersofidenticalparts.ThenanoparticlesdispersedintheSolutionAwererelativelylarge,deepcolorandvariedinshape.Theresultssuggestedthatduringtheprecarbonization,thetensionhadanabruptdecreasebefore480℃,andthenincreasedrapidly,whichcoulddividetheprocessintotwosections.科技英語句子特征Thecrudepetroleumoilobtainedfromwellconsistsofamixtureofhydrocarbonsandeachoftheseisachemicalcompoundofcarbonandhydrogen.BorninBeijing,Chinain1930,YuanLongpingcameupwithanideaforhybridizingriceinthe1960s,whenaseriesofnaturaldisastershadplungedChinaintoanunprecedentedfamine.語句結構嚴謹合理統一句子成分間或段落中各個句子之間的協調一致，一個句子的各個部分或段落內的各個句子都從屬于一個中心，不存在游離于中心思想之外的句子。

?

違反主從關系：主從顛倒、主從并列

?

意思不完整或不明確：成分殘缺，結構混亂，表達不充分，表達不具體包括意連（句子內在意義的邏輯關系）、形連（使用轉換詞語）敘述主體對象突然改變，邏輯銜接欠妥Amicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped.AnI-Vcharacteristiccurvecanbeautomaticallyacquiredin5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.Amicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdeveloped,whichcanautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvein5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.AmicrocomputerizedmeasuringsystemisdevelopedanditcanautomaticallyproduceanI-Vcharacteristiccurvein5secondswithanaccuracyof0.05%.懸垂結構及比較對象問題Splittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.TheresultsindicatedthatthecontentofironinSleAwashigherthanSleB.

語句連貫性(coherence)完整性

Thelaboratoryneededanoperator.Preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.→Thelaboratoryneededanoperator,preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.Suchcommentsneithercontributenordetractfromhisreputation.→Suchcommentsneithercontributetonordetractfromhisreputation.單義性（1）兩個句子不以逗號連接

Nooneisbornwithknowledge,knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.→Nooneisbornwithknowledge;knowledgemustbetaughtandlearned.

（2）句子不應粘連（run-onsentence）

Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenanceitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.→Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenance,soitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.省略句較多Oxygenhasanionicvalenceof-2,andchlorinehasanionicvalenceof-1.Letthepressureoftheairpersq.bedonotedbyP,anditstotalvolumebedenotedbyV.Denmarkalreadygetsafifthofitselectricityfromwind,andGermanygetsatenthofitselectricityfromwind.省略句較多Ifitisalloyedwithtin,copperformsaseriesofalloyswhichareknownasbronze.Themetalalloyswhichareusedinsidetheenginemustbeabletowithstandthehightemperatureandpressureswhicharegeneratedduringitsoperation.Ceramicmaterialsareinorganicmaterialswhichconsistofmetallicandnonmetallicelementswhicharechemicallybondedtogether.Sinceitiscomposedofseveraldifferentpuresubstances,airisamixture.科技英語阿拉伯數字與數詞的使用方法基數詞數字小于10時用數詞（即全拼英文單詞），10以上用阿拉伯數字，這一點中英文是相似的；序數詞由“第一”(first)到“第九”(ninth)全部拼寫，序數詞第10以上前面部分用數字（即由阿拉伯數字和序數詞詞尾構成）。如：threeflasks30flasksseventrees10treesthirdflaskseighthexlefirstcentury12thflasks33rdexle21stcenturysixfold20‐fold在某一系列或范圍內只要含有數字10以上的就全部使用數字。如：5-15experiments

句子開頭用全拼數量詞，如：Threemicrogramsofslewasdissolvedin20mLofacid.Fiftysleswerecollected,butonly22weretested.敘述中引用兩個帶有編號的項目，使用“and”。如：Figures1and2refs23and24compoundsIandII·使用endash表示范圍，或3項以上的系列。如：Tables1–4temperaturesof100–125℃Refs3–5eqs6–9sles5–10pages237–239pp165–172但如以“from…to”或“between…and”的字樣表示則不使用endash。如：from20to80,notfrom20–80between50and100mL,notbetween50–100mL注意中、英文標點的差別

中文英文書名號《》“

”

或用不同字體

頓號、,凡中文使用頓號處英文均使用逗號句號。（科普讀物）..（學術論文）省略號……

…破折號——emdash“–”

成對使用，注釋Allthreeexperimentalparameters―temperature,time,andconcentration―werestrictlyfollowed.

表示范圍的一字線和波紋線endash“–”表示范圍

半字線“–”

構成復合詞endash“–”

構成對等復合詞(Oxidation–reduction)

hyphen“-”

構成不對等復合詞(light-year）

其它注意事項數字與單位之間空一格(單位是溫度和%的除外)，如25kg，35cm，5%縮略詞的復數形式應該置于點之前。Figs.1and2showthisprocess.Thewell-groundedreadermayskipChaps.1,2,and3.Eqs.5and6areveryuseful.Theanswerstoalltheseexercisesaregivenonpp.11to14.3.上下標、大小寫等改寫下列句子，注意科技英語的修辭習慣1.Thetotalareaundernaturalprotectionreaches19330hectares,andwhichaccountfor2.01%ofthetotalofChina.2.Cokehasprovedtobemoreefficientthananyfuelwehavetried.3.Theboilpointofthesolutionishigherthananyofitsseparatecomponents.4.A80-lbforcemustbeusedhere.5.GivingVandI,wecanfindoutR.6.Speedisequaltodistancedividingtime.改寫下列句子，使其更符合科技英語規范1.Aninitialanalysisofthedeviceparametershasbeenmadeandtheresultsobtainedaresatisfactory.2.Anelectronisaboutaslargeasanucleus,anditsdiameterisabout10-12cm.3.Sapproximateseanditserrorislessthan10-7.4.Anewmethodforsolvingthisproblemispresented.Thismethodissimpleandpracticable.5.Becausecomputersareaccurateinoperationandhighinspeed,theyhavefoundwideapplicationsinallfields.6.Acapacitorisadeviceanditconsistsoftwoconductorswhichareseparatedbyaninsulator.7.Thepriceforthisinstrumentisexpensive.8.Becausethisdeviceissmallinsize,lightandcheap,ithasfoundwideapplicationsinmanyfields.根據科技英語規范，改寫下段錯誤。Weusezirconiumfoilasanodicelectrodeandplatinumfoilascathodicelectrode。Thedistancebetweenanodicandcathodicelectrodeswas20mm.Weuse20KGNaOHaqueoussolutionaselectrolyte.Fig.1,2showstheXRDpatternofsleAandsleBannealedatdifferenttemperature.It’