Bloomfield’sTheoryBorninChicago,Illinoisin1887.AttendedHarvardCollegefrom1903to1906,graduatingwiththeA.B.degree.AttendedtheUniversityofChicagoin1908-1909,graduatingwiththeDoctor’sdegreeUndertookfurtherstudiesDrovetheAmericanlinguisticsstudyintoaBloomfieldTimesLanguage《語言論》Publishedin1933ThebasicprincipleofAmericanstructuralistlinguisticsacomprehensivedescriptionofAmericanstructuralistlinguistics.Language(28chapters)Synchroniclinguistics(共時語言學)〔1-16chapter)diachroniclinguistics(歷時語言學)

(17-28chapter)Thestudyanduseoflanguage,speechcommunitiesandthelanguagesoftheworld(1—4chapter)Phoneme,semantemeandspeechsound(5—9chapter)Grammaticalformsandterms(10—16chaper)Literaryrecordsandcomparativemethod(17—19chapter)EvolutionoftheLanguage(語言演變〕,semanticchange〔語義變化〕andLanguageborrowing〔語言借用〕(19—28chapter)MainTheoriesBehaviorismSpeechCommunityPhoneticsandPhonologyGrammaticalDescriptionImmediateConstituentAnalysisSyntacticConstructionsForBloomfield,linguisticsisabranchofpsychology,andspecificallyofthepositivisticbrandofpsychologyknownasBEHAVIOURISM.Behaviorism,isaprincipleofscientificmethod,basedonthebeliefthathumanbeingscannotknowanythingtheyhavenotexperienced.Stimulus---Response---ReinforcementWhenthebehavioristmethodologyenteredlinguisticsviaBloomfield’swritings,thepopularpracticeinlinguisticstudieswastoacceptwhatanativespeakersaysinhislanguageandtodiscardwhathesaysaboutit.Bloomfield’sPrincipleWhenoneindividualisstimulated,hisspeechcanmakeotherindividualreactaccordingly.一個人受到某種刺激時，他可以用他的言語讓另一個人做出相應的反響。Thedivisionoflaborandallhumanactivitiesbasedonthedivisionoflaboraredependentonlanguage.勞動分工以及基于勞動分工之上的一切人類活動都依賴于語言。Thedistancebetweenthespeakerandhearer,twoseparatenervoussystems,isbridgedupbysoundwaves.說話人和聽話人——兩個不同的神經系統——之間的距離由聲波連接在一起。Fromthat,Bloomfieldputforwardthewellknownformula:S→r---------------------s→RHereSstandsforpracticalstimulus,rstandsforthesubstitutereactionofspeech,sstandsforthesubstitutestimulus,andRstandsforexternalpracticalreaction.S—外部刺激r—言語的代替反響s—言語的代替性刺激R—外部的實際反響MainTheoriesSpeechCommunityLiteraryStandard(文學標準體)：用于正式講演或書面語，通過教育得到，與人所處的地域沒有關系。e.g.Ihavenone.ColloquialStandard(口語標準體)：特權階層的非正式文體。e.g.Ihaven’tgotany.ProvincialStandard(地方標準體)：與口語標準體接近，取決于出現的地方。e.g.Ihaven’tany.Ihaven’tgotany.SpeechCommunitySub-standard(非標準體)：中下層的語言與前三類有明顯區別，但沒有明顯的地域差異。e.g.Iain’tgotnone.LocalDialect(本地方言)：最低階層的語言或家庭日用語，同一社團內的其他人如果不了解就聽不懂。e.g.Ahaenane.MainTheoriesPhoneticsandPhonologyExperimentalPhonetics/LaboratoryPhonetics實驗語音學Phonology音位學Phoneme---minimalunitsingleprimaryphoneme/segmentalphonemecompoundphonemesecondaryphoneme

MainTheoriesGrammaticalUnitFreeform—anindependentforme.g.Bill,danceBoundform—adependentforme.g.–yinBilly,-ingindancingMorpheme—aformthathasnophonologicalandsemanticcommonnesswithotherform.MainTheoriesICAnalysisConstituentisatermusedinstructuralsentenceanalysisforeverylinguisticunit,whichisapartofalargerlinguisticunit.Severalconstituentstogetherforaconstruction.Forexample,

ICAnalysisEndocentricConstruction向心結構ExocentricConstruction離心結構AchievementandinfluenceLeadingthedevelopmentofstructuralistlinguisticsintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930sandthe1940s.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theseyearsbetween1933-1950iscalled“BloomfieldianAge”.MakingsignificantcontributionstoIndo-Europeanhistoricallinguistics,Sanskritstud