2022年研究生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語二試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,C

orDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

HarlanCobenbelievethatifyouareawriter,youwillfillthetime,andthatifyoucan'tfindthe

time,thewritingisn'tpriorityandyouarenotawriter.Forhim,writingisa_ljoblikeanyotherHe

has_2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn'twakeupandsaythathecan*twork

withpipestoday.

3likemostwritersthesedays,you*reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it'snot4tofindthe

timetowrite.Butit'snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.5thatmost

bestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,

evenwriterswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.

AsHarlanCobenhassuggestedit'sa8ofprioritiesTomakewritingapriority,you'llhaveto

9.Someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10and

yourlifestyle.thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,though

somepeoplecanwrite11theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12theamountofexerciseor

sportyoudo.You'llhavetomakesocialmediaanactivityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14.

There'llprobablyhavetobelesssocialisingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.Its15

learningcurve,anditwon'talwaysmakeyoupopular.

There'sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor16yourwritingand

that'sreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmachandaswidelyastheycan.It'stheone17

supporter—somethingyoucan'tdowithout.

Timeisfinite.Theolderyouyet,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas

19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritisingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswe

reallywanttodo.Ifyouareawriter.thatmeans20writing.

1.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant

2.AcombinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted

3.A.IfB.toughC.OnceD.unless

4.A.EnoughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy

5.A.acceptB.explainC.rememberD.suppose

6.A.Well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chosen

7.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate

8.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition

9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore

10.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills

11.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before

12.A.putupwithB.makeupforC.hangontoD.cutdownon

13.A.intelligentB.OccasionalC.intensiveD.emotional

14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan

15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny

16.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto

17.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant

18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker

19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully

20.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveall

參考答案1-5BBBDC6-10ACBBC11-15DBAA16-20DABCD

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachteatbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown's40windsweptacresin

Shiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisall

seemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeits

nextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.

Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestill

labeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey'realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusing

regenerativeagriculture——specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.

Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.

"mexcitedaboutourprogress/7saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFresh

Eggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.The

birds'wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovementsz/allowourhenstoforageforhigher-quality

Theeggindustry'spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerative

farmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswent

frombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.More

recentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhave

explodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcould

openthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.

Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,

saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity

Brandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(though

someproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).

Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchas

free-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthat

youngergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-

basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectthe

environment.Youngadults"reallycareabouttheplanet/'saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEgg

Innovations."TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventhey

understandwhatthey'redoing//

21.theclimate-friendlyeggsareproducedL

A.ataconsiderablylowcost.

B.atthedemandofregularshoppers.

C.asareplacementfororganiceggs.

D.onspeciallydesignedforms.

22.LarryBrownisexcitedaboutbisprogressin.

A.reducingthedamageofworms.

B.acceleratingthedisposalofuses.

C.Creatingasustainablesystem.

D.attractingcustomerstohisproduct.

23.Theexampleoforganiceggsisaskedintheparagraph4tosuggestL

A.thedoubtstoovernaturalfeeds.

B.Thesetbacksintheeggsindustry.

C.thepotentialofregenerativeproducts.

D.thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets.

24.1canbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.

A.arereluctanttochangetheirdie.

B.arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs.

C.arecuriousaboutnewfoods.

D.areamazedatagriculturaladvances.

25.JohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts'.

A.marketsprospects

B.nutritionalvalue

C.marketprospect

D.moralimplications

參考答案DCCBA

Text2

MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatensto

upendtheoldworkforcemodel.

OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepare

foralongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.

Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees"-thosewhoplantoworkinretirement

orwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearsevenifthey

hadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.

Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe4€unretiremenf,trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothe

study,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoiding

depression.

“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementat

TDAmeritrade."It'snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinue

workingpastretircment.^^

Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthe

population65andolderwas16%in,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.Census

Bureau.That'salsoup30.2%since2010.

Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,

theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10

“unretirees“areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.

Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverall

expenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.

Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodoso

becausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,a

5

co-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretirees

shouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.

“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimately

retiring,Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelieve

theycan'tretire.”

26.ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPallindicatesthat.

A.overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforwork

B.theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungerone

C.oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirement

D.moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement

27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericastendtothinkthat.

A.retirementmaycaseproblemisforthem

B.boredomcanberelievedafterretirement

C.thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked

D."unretirement"contributestotheeconomy

28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto

A.laborshortages

B.populationgrowth

C.longerlifeexpectancy

D.raisinglivingcosts

29.Manyretiresareincreasingtheirsavingsby

A.investingmoreinstocks

B.takingupoddjobs

C.gettingwell-paidwork

D.spendingless

30.Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare

A.unprepared

B.unafraid

C.disappointed

D.enthusiastic

參考答案DACDA

Text3

Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimes

youfelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssignupprocess

6-4

butwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,

intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdark

patterns.

Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,fcfcdarkpatterns^isacatch-alltermfor

practicesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Ondark

,Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionand

hiddencoststo"roachmotel,“whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,but

turnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Inastudyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,

researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,the

conceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeaware

ofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.

Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshouldengagein

conversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andinclude

inthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany's

userinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,

pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding“digital

deception.

Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,most

recentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalof

additionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethat

consumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.^^The

regulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusing

languageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistento

reasonswhytheyshouldn'toptout.”

Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedfbrgreater

accountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-

regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegal

requirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.

31.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns.

A.improveuserexperiences

B.leakusers'informationfbrprofit

C.undermineusers'decision-making

D.remindusersofhiddencosts

32.Thestudyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow

A.theirmajorflaws

B.theircomplexdesigns

C.theirseveredamage

D.theirstrongpresence

33.Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould

A.listentocustomers'feedback

B.talkwithrelevantteams

C.turntoindependentagencies

D.relyonprofessionaltraining

34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.

A.guideusersthroughopt-outprocesses

B.protectconsumersfrombeingtricked

C.grantcompaniesdataprivacyrights

D.restrictaccesstoproblematiccontents

35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis

A.newlegalrequirements

B.businesses,self-discipline

C.strictregulatorystandards

D.consumers?safetyawareness

參考答案CDBBB

Text4

Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscan

actuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsor

sometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleast

onereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.

Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticular

behaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopheratthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students*attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,

behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgood

becauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlarge

philosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-

minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitable

givinginstead.Then,unbeknownsttothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-

cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.<4It*sanawesome

dataset,“saysNinaStrohminger,apsychologistwhoteachesbusinessethicsattheUniversityof

Pennsylvaniaandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy.

8-4

Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethics

professorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blood

donationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,meal

purchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthe

study'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.

“That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,Schwitzgebelsays.

Strohmingeragrees:"Thethingthatstillblowsmymindisthattheonlythingthat*sdifferent

betweenthesetwocasesisjustthatonedayinclass.^^Shesaysshewantstheeffecttoberealbut

cannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,Strohmingernotes,itmightbe

reversiblebyanothernudge:"Easycome,easygo.^^

Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence-classmatesorteaching

assistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitas

achievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,

hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authors(UniversityofKansas*sBradfordCokelet

andPrincetonUniversity'sPeterSinger)sayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchers

areprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,T.A,s'eatinghabitsandstudents*videoexposure.

MeanwhileSchwitzgebel—whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghiswords.

36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.

A.hardtodetermine

B.narrowlyinterpreted

C.difficulttoignore

D.poorlysummarized

37.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforresearcherstostudymeateating?

A.Itiscommonamongstudents.

B.Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.

C.Itisimportantforstudents*health.

D.Itisahottopicinethicclasses.

38.EricSchwitzgelbePspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicprofessors.

A.areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents

B.arelesssociablethanotherprofessors

C.arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues

D.arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter

39.NinaStrohmingerthinkstheeffectoftheinterventionis.

A.permanent

B.predictable

C.uncertain

.unrepeatable

40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents'changeinbehavior

A.canbringpsychologicalbenefits

B.canbeanalyzedstatistically

C.isaresultofmultiplefactors

D.isasignofself-development

參考答案ABDDC

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheading

fromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextra

subheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

HowtoGetActiveAgainAfteraBreak

Whetheryou'verecentlylostyourroutineorarejustlookingtogetbackinshape,thesesimple

strategieswillhelp.

Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-person

exerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbe

trickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.Z/Toomuchtoo

sooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout//saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiology

departmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.

Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.

41..

Don'ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,

playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,

reduceactivityto%mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalkson

otherdays,oruse5pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensity

gradually./zThisisn'tsomethingyoucandoovernight/'Denaysays.Butyou'llreapbenefitssuchas

lessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.

42..

Ifyou'rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittle

longerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserious

symptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,

andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.

43..

Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesof

activityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityof

MiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendingwalkingbecauseit'sthe

easiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalisto

getbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.

44..

Evenifyoucan'tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutaclubor

racket,swinglikeyou'rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou'reinakayakorcanoe.Mimicyourfavorite

swimmingstrokes.Theactionwillremindyouofthejoytheactivitybroughtyouandprimeyour

musclesforwhenyoucangetoutthereagain.

45..

Exercisingwithothers“cankeepyouaccountableandmakeitmorefun,soyou'remorelikelyto

doitagain/'Jackovitzsays.Youcandoactivitiessuchasgolfandtennisortakeawalkwithothers

andstillbesociallydistant.Butwhenyoucan'tconnectinperson,considerusingtechnology.Chat

onthephonewithafriendwhileyouwalkaroundyourneighborhood.FaceTime