工程碩士研討生英語根底教程英漢言語對比肖小芳了解英語英語語法1,onepartofspeech:Verb2.twomainmembersofsentence:subjectandpredicatePayattentiontowordorder,inversion,ellipsis,andagreementbetweensubjectandpredicate.3.threetypesofnon-finiteverbs:Infinitive,Gerund,andParticiple;Threecomplexsentences:Noun,Adjectival(attributive)andAdverbialClauses.4.FourkindsofNounclauses:Object,subject,predicativeandappositive.5.Fivekindsofsimplesentence:S+V(subject+intransitiveverb)S+V+OS+V+P(subject+Linkverb+predicative)S+V+in.O+directobjectS+V+O+O.C(subject+transitiveverb+object+objectcomplement)6.Sixkindsofattributiveplacedafterthemodifiedword〔后置定語〕:attributiveclause,participlephrases,infinitive,prepositionalphrases,adverb,andadjectivesafterindefinitepronouns.1)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.ThisisthecompanywhereIworkedtwoyearsago.Thisistheplacethat/whichwevisitedlastautumn.2)Thewomantalkingwithourmonitorisournewphysicsteacher.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.3)Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Haveyouanythingtosayonthisquestion?4)Theladywiththefanisanactress.5)Theyliveintheroomabove.Doyouseethebigdamthere?6)Thereissomethingwrongwithhim.IthinkI’dcomeandseeiftheyhadanythingnew.7.Sevenmembersofsentence:subject,predicate,object,predicative,objectcomplement,attributiveandadverbial8.Eightkindsofpronoun1)personalpron.2)possessive3)reflexive4)indefinite5)demonstrative6)reciprocal7)interrogative8)relative9.Ninedifferentkindsofadverbialclause:10.Tenpartsofspeech:thenoun,thepronoun,thenumeral,theadjective,theverb,theadverb,thearticle,thepreposition,theconjunction,theinterjection感慨詞.九種常用的狀語從句及其常用的銜接詞時間狀語從句when,while,as,before,after,assoonas,till,until,not…until,thefirst/second…/lasttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly,hardly…when,scarcely…when,nosooner…thanwhere,whereverbecause,since,as,nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthatif,unless,now(that),as(so)longas,incase,onconditionthat,suppose/supposing,provided/providingalthough,though,eventhough/if,as,while,nomatterwhich/what/when/where/who/how,whichever,wherever,whatever,whoever,whenever,however,whether…or；地點狀語從句緣由狀語從句條件狀語從句退讓狀語從句九種常用的狀語從句及其常用的銜接詞結果狀語從句sothat,so…that,such…thatsothat,incase,forfearthat,lesthow,as,asif/asthoughthan,as…as,notso/as…as,the+比較級…,the+比較級…目的狀語從句方式狀語從句比較狀語從句IdentifythetypesoftheAdverbialClauses.1.WhileIwaswonderingatthis,ourschoolmastertookhisplace.()2.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.()3.Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.〔〕4.I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.()5.Socleverwasheastudentthathewasabletoworkoutallthedifficultproblems.()6.Aslongasyoudon’tloseheart,you’llsucceed.()7.Tryashemight,hecouldnotfindajob.()8.Theoldladytreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.()時間地點緣由目的結果條件退讓方式英漢句式構造對比英語句型構造1,SvEg.Ironrusts.Theguestshavearrived.2,SvoEg.Liverpoolwonthegame.3,SVC〔S+link.v+P主系表〕Eg.Sheisingoodhealth.Theflowerssmellfragrant.4,SvoO間接直接Davidshowedmetheway.Marylentmehercar.5,SVOC主謂+賓語+賓補Thedirectorappointedhimsalesmanager.Wealthmakesmanypeopleselfish.中文句式構造I.主謂構造〔S+V〕1)他沒來。〔S+V〕2〕全家人都在看電視。〔S+V+O〕3〕我們看到很多人站在廣場上。(S+V+O+O.C)4〕他能遞給我那本書嗎？SvoO5〕他看上去很絕望。〔S+link.v+P主系表〕1.Hedidn’tcome.2.ThefamilyarewatchingTV.3.Wesawmanypeoplestandingonthesquare.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?5.Helooksdisappointed.話題構造與主謂構造主語本質上是語法化了的話題相比之下，在語法方面，英語選擇了主語，漢語選了話題，以及“把〞字構造和“被〞字構造。“典型的主語既是主題也是施事。〞(Comrie1981)英語是主謂構造(subject-predicatestructure)的言語。中國言語學家趙元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“漢語句子中主語和謂語的語法意義是主題(topic)和述題(comment),而不是動作者(actor)和動作(action)。〞Li和Thompson(1975)在其SubjectandTopic一書中提出:“言語有四種根本類型:1)注重主語(Subject-prominent)的言語;2)注重主題(Topic-prominent)的言語;3)主語和主題都注重的言語;4)主語與主題都不注重的言語。〞他提出英語屬于注重主語(簡稱SP)的言語,而漢語那么屬于注重主題(簡稱TP)的言語。話題(topic),又稱主題。II.漢語的主題—評述句〔Topic+Comment/Theme+Rheme〕1〕大象，鼻子長。2〕吃，武漢很方便。3〕成百萬原來享用免費醫療的城市居民，今后的醫療費用要本人承當一部分。4〕搞西洋畫的，生活環境也應該洋一點。5〕樓上住著一個女工。6〕今晚開會嗎？7〕中國幅員遼闊，人口眾多，物產資源豐富。1.Theelephanthasalongnose.2.VariousrestaurantsareavailableinWuhan./ItiseasytofindvariousrestaurantsinWuhan.3.Millionsofurbanresidentswhowereentitledtofreemedicalcarewillhavetopaypartoftheirmedicalexpenses.4.ThosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldliveinanenvironmentofWesternstyles./thosewhospecializeinWesternpaintingshouldhavealivingenvironmentofWesternstyles.5.Therelivesawomanworkerupstairs./Awomanworkerlivesupstairs.6.Chinaboastsvastland,alargepopulationandabundantresources.III.無主句〔Zero–subjectStructure〕在海拔3000米的高空采集到了這種空氣樣本。Thisairsamplehasbeencollectedatthealtitudeof3,000meters.違反法律，就必需遭到法律的懲罰。Thosewhobreakthelawsmustbepunishedbylaws.只需改革創新，才干促進經濟的快速開展。Onlythroughreformandinnovationcanwepromotetherapiddevelopmentofeconomyandsociety.學這一套，不如去學照相。Itisbettertolearnphotographingthantolearnthisstuff.英漢句法對比意合與形合形合hypotaxis，指言語中的詞與詞，句與句的結合主要憑仗詞形變化，關系詞、銜接詞等顯性手段。意合parataxis，指言語中的詞與詞，句與句的結合主要依托語義上的關系和聯想達成，這種結合在外部形狀上沒有明顯的標志，交際雙方根據語境和語感對語句作出正確的解碼。①我常見許多青年的朋友，②聰明用功，③成果優良，④而語文程度缺乏以表達，⑤甚至寫一封信亦難得照射，⑥問其故那么曰其興趣不在語文方面。〔梁實秋<學問與興趣>〕①Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanyyoungfriends,②brightanddiligent,③doexceedinglywellinstudies,④buttheyareratherweakinChinese,⑤evencan’twriteasmoothChineseletter.⑥Whenaskedwhy,they’llsaytheyarenotinterestedinChinese.Ihavecomeacrossagreatmanybrightanddiligentyoungfriendswhohavedoneexceedinglywellinheirstudies,butareratherweakinChinese.TheycannotevenwritealetterincorrectChinese.WhenIaskedthemwhy,theysaidtheywerenotinterestedintheChineselanguage.冬天，在四周圍都是山地的這里，看見太陽的日子真是太少了。今天，難得霧這么稀薄，空中融融地混合著金黃的陽光，把地上的一切，好似也照上一層歡笑的顏色。Inwinter,sunnydayswerescarcehere,asitwassurroundedbyhillsallaround.Today,however,thefogwaswonderfullythinandtheairwasfilteredthroughwithgoldensunlightthattintedeverythingonthegroundwithajoyfulhue.詞義多樣性〔polysemy〕：指稱意義，言內意義，語意圖義。“紅〞為例：英漢語義的對比dishpreparingweddingsandfuneralshonorrollredpaperbagofrewardblackteatheworldofmortalseggspaintedredforthewholefamilytosharewhenachildisbornveryinfluentialone’sfaceglowingwithhealth;inruddyhealthflourishing紅案紅白喜事紅榜紅包紅茶紅塵紅蛋紅得發紫紅光滿面紅火老樹又長出了許多嫩葉。Manynewleaveshavegrownontheoldtree.別看他是個大小伙子，臉皮可特別嫩。Thoughheisatallguy,heisshy.孩子的皮膚嫩了點，不要用碘酒外敷。Babies’skinisdelicate,sodon’tuseiodineonit.這黃瓜很嫩。Thecucumberisquitefreshandtender新來的教師還嫩了點。Thenewteacherisyoungandinexperienced.她穿一件嫩綠的毛衣。Shewearsalightgreensweater詞義對比語境選詞，如：“嫩〞kill1，黑死病是一種奪取過千百萬人生命的疾病。2，太多的蒜破壞了肉的味道。3，他給樹澆了太多的水，把樹澆死了。4，他天天在那邊的公園里消磨光陰。5，那次錯誤毀掉了他的時機。6，他的笑話真是笑死人。7，委員會提出那個提案，他們就把它否決了。1，TheBlackDeathwasadiseasethatkilledmillions.2,Toomuchgarlickilledthetasteofthemeat.3,Hekilledthetreebysprayingittooheavily.4,Hekillstimeeverydayatthepark.5,Thatmistakekilledhischances.6,Hisjokenearlykilledme.7,Theykilledthemotionwhenitcamefromthecommittee.Theoutstandingfinalkilledtheaudience.ChinesecabbagePasswordmobilephonetofightafirepuppyloveAcneinstantnoodlesJeanscontactlenses假朋友(falsefriend)生搬硬套字面意義(以下錯誤)白菜whitecabbage密碼secretcode手機handphone救火tosaveafire早戀earlylove青春痘youthspot方便面convenientnoodle牛仔褲cowboytrousers隱形眼鏡invisibleglasses流動資金circulatingcapitalworkingcapital新聞自在freedomofnewsfreedomofpress買一贈一Buyone，presentoneBuyone,getonefree省吃儉用tosavefoodandexpensestolivefrugally冷餐會coldfoodget-togethersbuffetmeal高等教育higheducationhighereducation洗牌towashtheplayingcardstoshuffletheplayingcards課堂檢驗classroomexampop-quiz大片Bigmovieblockbuster英漢思想差別英語：籠統思想，重邏輯；由內向外，由小到大，由遠到近，由詳細到籠統。漢語：籠統思想，重詳細；由外向內，由大到小，由近到遠，由籠統到詳細。如：世界著名室內設計師克里斯托夫.德卡本特利應邀對裝飾進展了設計。ChristopheDecarpentrie,theworld-famousinteriordesigner,wascommissionedtodesignthedécor.邏輯與審美…andIfellintoanexhaustedsleep于是，我墜入了疲憊的睡眠。…Ofsuchpitifulsmallthingslifeisaparttobemade人生常是由這種可嘆的小事組成的。Solittlehappens;theblackdogcrackinghisfleasinthehotsunishistory.很少發生什么事；黑狗在烈日下咬跳蚤就算是歷史事件。1〕于是，在精疲力竭中，我墜入了夢鄉2〕瑣屑不就是人生么。3〕諸事寧和，黑狗在烈日下啃身上的跳蚤大約算得上歷史事件了。英漢文化差別中英文中比喻聯想意義不同的動物。中英文稱謂系統中英文人稱指示語的差別應付語的差別中英文中比喻聯想意義不同的動物河貍與beaverEagerbeaver鶴與crane龍與dragon“likeadragon〞貓與cat“sheisacat〞狗與dog“luckdog〞Owl與貓頭鷹Aswiseasanowl1牛與馬〔horse〕Asstrongasahorse力大如牛Worklikeahorse老黃牛Stubbornness,strong-willed牛脾氣Talkhorse吹牛drinklikeafish牛飲2虎與獅lionHeroasbraveasalion虎膽英雄Ofstrongbuild虎背熊腰Daretoconfrontthegreatestdanger/beardthelioninhisden虎口拔牙虎視眈眈toeyewithhostility/castagreedye