中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)CombatingCorruptionandManagingIntegrityinMalaysia:ACriticalOverviewofRecentStrategiesandInitiativesAbstractTheGovernmentofMalaysiahasmadecontinuouseffortsandputinplaceanelaboratesetofstrategiesandinstitutionsaimedatcombatingcorruptionandpromotingintegrityinthesociety.Thenation’santi-corruptiondrivehaslatelyreceivedamajorboost.TheBadawigovernmentthatcametopowerin2003following22yearsoftheMahathireradeclaredcontainingcorruptionasitsmainprioritywhichwasfollowedbyaseriesofconcretemeasures.However,thegovernmentalattemptsandstrategiesinMalaysiaappeartohavemetwithlittlesuccess,asevidencedbythecurrentdatathatsuggestsentrenchedcorruptioninthesociety.Evidenceshowsthatdespitegovernmentalcampaignsandinitiatives,corruptionhasremainedacute,widespreadand,infact,worsenedinrecentyears.Thispaperpresentsacriticaloverviewoftheanti-corruptionstrategiesbeingfollowedinMalaysiaandexplorestheproblemsandlimitationsofthecurrentapproachtofightingcorruptionandmanagingintegrityinthesociety.KeywordsCorruption.Publicintegrity.Governance.Politicization.PatronageandMoneypoliticsIntroductionAlthoughcorruptionisnotanewphenomenon,latelyithasbecomeamatterofgrowingconcernallovertheworld.Thisispartlybecauseofthechangingeconomicandpoliticalenvironmentaroundtheglobeandpartlybecauseofthegrowingconsensusinbothacademicandpolicycirclesofthenegativeimpactsofcorruptiononsocio-economicdevelopment.Nowthereisafargreaterappreciationthaninthepastthatcorruptionisnotonlymorallywrong,itexactsaheavytollonanation’sprosperity.Corruptionunderminesgoodgovernance,distortspublicpolicy,leadstomisallocationofresourcesandhurtseconomicgrowth(Bardhan1997;Rose-Ackerman1999).Consequentlygovernmentsandinternationalagencieshavedivertedmucheffortssearchingforeffectivemeasurestocontrolthismenace.Thishasproducedavarietyofstrategiesandinstitutionalinnovationsaroundtheworld.ApopularchoicehasbeentheestablishmentofastrongandcentralizedanticorruptionagencymodeledalongthelinesofthoseinSingaporeandHongKongwithclearmandatestoconfronttheproblemsofcorruption.Elsewhere,amultipleagencyframeworkhasbeenadoptedwhichinvolvescreatingand/orstrengtheningofanti-corruptioncapacitiesacrossseveralgovernmentalagencies(Meagher2005).Buttheresultsachievedarefarfromuniform:whilesomecountrieshaveachievedconsiderablesuccessincontainingcorruption,othershavefailedtomakesignificantheadwaysdespitehavingfollowedsimilaranti-corruptionreformsandstrategies.Attemptstodrawlessonsforpolicytransfershaveproveddifficult(Klitgaard1988;Quah2003)giventhedifferencesinthecontextsandahostofotherfactor.Thusthereisagenerallackofagreementonwhatapproachesworkandwhatexplainsthesuccessandfailureofanticorruptionstrategies.Notwithstandingthis,combatingcorruptionorpromotingintegrityhasbecomeamajorcomponentofgovernmentalreformsinmanycountries.Malaysiaisnoexceptiontothisrule.InappreciationofthesignificanceofgoodgovernanceforsustainedeconomicgrowthandprosperitygenerallytheMalaysiangovernmenthasreneweditscommitmenttofightingcorruption.WhiletheAntiCorruptionAgencywassetupin1967withclearmandates,itwasreformedandrevitalizedsubsequentlytomakeitmoreEffectiveincontainingcorruptionandallformsofmaladministrationinthesociety.Since2003fightingcorruptionhasbeenfirmlyontheagendaofthegovernment:varietyofnewinitiativesandstrategieshavebeendevisedandimplementedeversince.Takentogether,Malaysiahasanelaborateanti-corruptionframework.YetMalaysiapresentsaninterestingcase:thelevelofcorruptionhasremainedhighandtheplethoraofstrategiesandtherecentcampaignsappeartohavemadehardlyanydifferenceincontainingandCombatingcorruptioninthesociety.ThispaperpresentsacriticaloverviewofMalaysia’santi-corruptionstrategieshighlightingsomeoftheirdrawbacksandlimitations.Itbeginswithabriefreviewoftheliteratureoncorruptionandanti-corruption,whichisfollowedbyanoverviewofinstitutionalstrategiesandrecentinitiativesforcombatingcorruptionandmanagingintegrityinthesociety.“Explainingtheresults:limitationsoftheanti-corruptionstrategies”providesananalysisoftheinadequaciesandlimitationsofthecurrentapproachtofightingcorruptionandmanagingintegrity.Finally,theconcludingsectionofthepaperoutlineskeylessonsandpolicyimplicationsforbolsteringtheeffectivenessofanti-corruptiondrivesandstrategies.Developmentssince2003Since2003corruptionhasbecomeacentralissueinMalaysia’spoliticaldiscourse.Soonafterhistakeoverofpower,PrimeMinisterAbdullahAhmadBadawideclaredfightingcorruptionashisfirstpriority.Thiswasfollowedbyaseriesofinitiatives—believedtobeanintegralpartofgovernment’santi-corruptioncampaign.TheintroductionofNationalIntegrityPlanin2004representsamajoreffortmadebyhisgovernmenttowardspromotingacultureofintegrity.TheNIPprovidesacomprehensiveframeworkforpromotingethicsandintegrityinthesociety.GearedtowardsinstillingandnurturinganethicalcultureandintegrityatalllevelsoftheMalaysiansocietytheNIPisexpectedtofocusonindividuals,family,privatesector,publicadministration,socio-culturalagencies,NGOsandpoliticians(GOM2004).TheMalaysianInstituteofIntegrity(MII)wasestablishedinordertoprovideaframeworkthatwouldsupporttheeffectivecoordinationandimplementationofNIP.ChairedbytheChiefSecretarytothegovernmentandgovernedbyaBoardofDirectorstheMIIisresponsibleformonitoringandcoordinatingtheimplementationofNIP.TheMIIisalsoresponsiblefordevisingappropriateindicestomeasureperformanceinachievingNIPtargets,preparingannualreportsonMalaysianIntegritysystemandinorganizingconventionsofstakeholderstodebateintegrityissuesseekingnewandinnovativewaystomoveforward.Asafurthereffortaimedatstrengtheninganti-corruptiondrivestheBadawigovernmentlaterestablishedtheAntiCorruptionAcademy.In2004theAbdullahgovernmentintroducedanotherschemedesignedtocomplementtheongoingeffortsforenhancingpublicintegrityinMalaysia.KnownasIslamHadari(civilizationalIslam)itisacomprehensiveframeworkwhichseekstopromoteanintegratedandbalanceddevelopment,consistentwiththetenetsofIslam.Itisessentiallyastate-sanctionedprogramofsocialengineering;itemphasizes,amongothers,thedevelopmentofknowledgeableandpiouspeoplewhoarehonest,trustworthyandarepreparedtotakeonglobalchallenges.FaithandpietyinGod,avigorouspursuitandmasteryofknowledge,ajustandtrustworthygovernment,culturalandmoralintegrityareamongtheleadingprinciplesofIslamHadari(JKIM2005).Suchprinciplesareexpectedtoguidetheindividualsaswellasorganizationsthusprovidingaframeworkfortheformulationofpoliciesandstrategiestowardsgoodgovernanceandresponsibleadministration.ItisobviousthatMalaysiahasputinplacecomprehensiveanti-corruptionstrategiesinvolvinginstitutional,legalandnormativeaspects.Thesestrategiesalsocombinepreventiveaswellaspunitivedimensions.Takentogetherwithwatchdogbodies,educationalandsocialawarenessprogramsandadministrativeinnovations,Malaysiaprovidesanelaborateframeworkfordealingwithcorruptionandissuesofpublicintegrity.Theobviousquestionis:howeffectivearesuchdrivesandstrategies?InarecentsurveyconductedbyTransparencyInternationaltherespondentshavearguedthatlittleimprovementshavehadoccurredinthefightagainstcorruption.Nearlytwo-thirdsoftherespondentsfromthemembersofthepublicbelievedthattherehavebeennoimprovementsinthelevelsofintegrityandTransparencyinbothpublicandprivatesectors.Aseparatesurveyoncorporatemanagersrevealedthatsome47%paidorknewsomeonewhopaidbribesinthepast12months(InternationalHeraldTribune,5March,2007).Thepolicewasrankedasthemostcorruptdepartmentfollowedbyotherenforcementagenciessuchasroadsandtransportandcustomsdepartment.Themagnitudeofcorruptionintheenforcementagenciesisevidentfromtheconfessionofaformerpolicechiefwhorevealedthat40%oftheseniorpoliceofficerscouldbearrestedwithoutinvestigation—strictlyonthebasisontheirlifestyles(AliranMonthly,11,2007).Theroyalcommissiononpoliceformedearlierbythegovernmentalsomadesimilarobservationsaboutthemagnitudeofcorruptionwithintheagency.ConcludingobservationsThispaperrevealsthatalthoughthereisanelaborateinstitutionalframeworktodealwithcorruptionandthegovernment’santi-corruptioncampaignhasbeeninplacesince2003,theoverallsituationinMalaysiahasbeenfarfromsatisfactory.Inotherwords,theinstitutionalmeasuresandgovernmentalstrategieshavefailedtohavesignificantimpactsoncorruptioninthesociety.Varietyofmeasuresintroducedisclearlyvisible,buttheireffectivenessisfarlessevident.Thisismoresowiththerecentmeasuresandinnovationssomeofwhicharestillattheearlystageofimplementation.Whilegovernmentalinitiativesmadeduringpastdecadesaregenerallyviewedfavorably,thereisafeelingthattheyfellshortofwhatwasrequiredtomakeanti-corruptionbodieseffectiveandcredibleintheeyesoftheN.A.Siddiqueepeople.ThepapershowsthatinsteadofstrengtheningtheexistinginstitutionsandenhancingtheircapacitytoactaseffectivewatchdogagenciesthegovernmentofMalaysiahasoftentakenthepathofestablishingnewinstitutionsandstrategies.TheleadershipinMalaysiaappearstobeefficientinimportingnewmodelswithalltheirinstitutionalwrappingsandjargonsbutpoorineffectiveimplementationandtheirsubsequentconsolidation.Theexperiencewithnumerouspublicsectorreformsconfirmsthis.Throughoutthe1990sand2000sthepublicserviceinMalaysiahasadoptedarangeofmeasuresmanyofwhichhavealreadyfallenwaysidegiventhecurrentemphasisone-government.TheBadawigovernmentcametopowerwithaslogantostampoutcorruptioninthesocietyhashardlymadeanymajordeparturefromthepastinthisregard.Reformsandchangesitintroducedhaveremainednarrowlyfocused;nosignificantmovehasbeenmadetoeithertorectifythedefectsofthepoliticalsystemortoaddresstheweaknessesoftheexistinginstitutionsforenhancingtheireffectiveness.Hardlyanythingsubstantivehasbeendoneintermsofstrengtheningdemocraticinstitutions,auditandoversightfunctions,freedomofmedia,accesstoinformationandthelike.Suchfailurescoupledwithpoliticalcorruptionandslacksintheenforcementoflawsandregulationshaveunderminedthegovernment’santi-corruptiondrivestoalargeextent.ThepapershowsthatthecurrentleadershipiseitherunableorunwillingtotacklepoliticalcorruptionfortherulingUMNOitselfisenmeshedinsuchculture.Thusthepoliticalwilltofightcorruptionhasremainedlowandhalf-hearted.Thepaperarguesthatitisthisweaknesswhichlargelyexplainsotherdeficienciesincludingthehandicapsoftheexistinginstitutionsandthenon-enforcementorselectiveenforcementofexistinglawsandregulations.OnesilverlininghoweveristheestablishmentofMACC.Despitesomeobviouslimitations,theestablishmentoftheMACCcouldberegardedasastepintherightdirection—althoughitremainstobeseenifthereformedstructurecanmakeanymajordifference.Thisbringsustosomeimportantquestions:doinstitutionsmatter?WhatlessonscouldbedrawnfromtheMalaysianexperience?AkeyargumentofthepaperisthatthatcurrentinstitutionsandstrategiesinMalaysiahavefailedtohavedesiredimpacts.ThepaperalsoshowsthatthedeterioratingcorruptionsituationinMalaysiaisdue,amongothers,tothedefectsofthecountry’spoliticalsystems,culturesandinstitutions.Inawaythissuggeststhatoldpoliticalinstitutionsandcultureslastlongandthattheycontinuetoshapeandconstrainnewpoliticsandreforms.Thusinstitutionsareimportantandtheydomatter!However,asthepaperdemonstrates,theintroductionofnewinstitutionalmeasuresisnotenough;infact,thisisnotwhatMalaysianeedsurgently.Institutionsarenecessarybutnotsufficientconditionsforeffectiveanti-corruptiondrives.Forinstitutionsdonotworkinavacuum,theymustbesupportedwithfavourablepolicycontexttoenablethemtoplaytheirroles.Therefore,whatisimportantisacomprehensiveapproachwhereanti-corruptioneffortsfocusbeyondinstitutionaltools.Arobustgovernanceframeworkcanbolsterthecapacityandeffectivenessofinstitutionstoalargeextent.Anti-corruptiondrivesandinstitutionsareunlikelytomakemuchheadwayifbasicconditionsofgoodgovernanceareabsent.Thereisgreaterneednowthananytimebeforeforafreemedia,freedomofinformationactandwhistleblowerprotectionlaws.ItisalsoimportantthattheOfficialSecretsActisrepealedtoensuregreatertransparencyinCombatingCorruptionandManagingIntegrityinMalaysiapublicadministration.CertainlyMalaysiacannotbeatransparentsocietyifthetransparencyanddisclosureofinformationispunishableunderthelaw.Objectivesofcombatingcorruptionandmanagingintegritywillremainlargelyillusiveaslongasfactorslikemoneypolitics,patronagenetworksandfusionofrolescontinuetobethekeyfeaturesofMalaysia'spolitico-administrativeculture.Sincetheeffectivenessofanti-corruptiondrivesisfrustratedbyhighlevelcorruptionconcertedandrobusteffortsarerequiredfortacklingit.Mostimportantly,thereisaneedtochangethepublicperceptionabouttheseriousnessofthegovernmentinfightingcorruptionmakingita‘highriskandlowreturnactivity’.Withoutthis,newinstitutionsandlawsareunlikelytobearmuchfruits.馬來西亞的反腐斗爭和廉政管理：近期戰略和舉措一種批判性概述摘要為了打擊腐敗實行廉政管理，馬來西亞政府已經作出了不斷的努力，投入了一系列精心設計的的策略和機構。近年來，馬來西亞政府反腐敗運動也得到了很大的推進。巴達維政府在2003年掌權后宣布在隨后的22年的馬哈蒂爾時代，腐敗依然是優先考慮的問題，接下來也會有一系列具體措施。但是，馬來西亞政府的嘗試和策略似乎少有成效，這已經被目前的數據證明，當前數據顯示社會中的腐敗仍根深蒂固。又有證據顯示，盡管政府進行了反腐活動，也開展了相關舉措，腐敗仍然是嚴峻的、廣泛存在的，并且事實上在最近幾年出現惡化。本文對馬來西亞政府采取的反腐策略進行了一個批判性的概述，同時探討了當前政府打擊腐敗和實行廉政管理中存在的問題和局限。關鍵詞腐敗公共廉政治理政治化賄賂和金錢政治緒論盡管腐敗并不是一個新現象，但最近它已成為一個世界各地日益關注的問題。這一部分是因為世界經濟和政治環境的變化，另一部分是因為公眾對貪污腐敗給社會經濟造成負面影響的共識在不斷增加。現在，我們比過去更加深刻地了解到腐敗不僅僅只是腐蝕道德文明，它對一個國家的繁榮也造成了嚴重的損害。腐敗破壞善政及公共政策，導致資源分配不當，損害經濟增長(Bardhan1997;Rose-Ackerman1999).因此各國政府和國際機構努力尋找有效的措施來控制這種威脅。這就產生了世界上各種各樣的策略和制度創新。最受歡迎的模式是模仿新加坡和香港，建立強大和集中式的反腐機構，發布明確的指令直擊腐敗問題。在其他地方，一種多機構框架已被采用，這種框架涉及在在幾個政府機構間創建和/或加強反腐能力(Meagher2005)。但各個政府機構在反腐上取得的效果各異：一些國家在遏制腐敗上取得了極大的成功，而其他國家盡管實行了類似的反腐敗改革和策略，但卻沒有重大突破。由于背景的差異和一系列其他的因素，想要借鑒其他國家的政策被證明是很困難的(Klitgaard1988;Quah2003)因而，對于哪些方法是可行的，哪些是可以解釋反腐敗策略的成功和失敗，大家都缺乏一致的意見。盡管存在這種現象，打擊腐敗和促進誠信已成為許多國家政府改革的一個重要組成部分。馬來西亞也不例外。在感激善政帶來的經濟持續增長和普遍繁榮的同時，馬來西亞政府也已重申了其打擊腐敗的決心。盡管于1967成立的反腐敗機構（ACA)有其明確的目標，但是為了使它在遏制當代社會的腐敗和各種形式的行政失當上發揮更大作用，ACA后來也經歷了不斷地改變與革新。自2003以來，反腐敗斗爭一直都在政府的議程中：從此以后，各種舉措和策略就層出不窮。總的來說，馬來西亞有一個詳細的反腐敗框架。但是它也向我們展示了一個有趣的現象：馬來西亞的腐敗程度仍然很高，近期的策略和活動在反腐敗斗爭中幾乎沒有帶來任何反響。這篇文章即是對馬來西亞反腐敗策略的缺點和局限性的批判性概述。本文首先是對腐敗和反腐敗文獻做簡要回顧，然后是對為進行反腐敗和實行廉政管理戰略而施行的機制和新近創舉的概述。接著通過"解釋結果：反腐敗策略的局限性"這一部分，分析當前治理反腐敗和廉政管理方法的不足和局限性。最后,文章在結語部分概述了加強反腐機制和策略有效性的重要經驗和影響。馬來西亞廉政建設機制、策略和影響2003年以來，腐敗已成為馬來西亞的政治中的一個中心話題。自總理阿卜杜拉·艾哈邁德巴達維上臺后，他就宣布把打擊腐敗作為他首要任務。隨后，他也進行一系列的舉措這些舉措被認為是政府反腐敗運動的一個組成部分。2004年的《全國誠信計劃》（NIP）的引入也表明了他領導的政府在促進誠信文化方面所作的重大努力。NIP為促進道德和社會誠信的提供了一個全面的框架。為向馬來西亞社會的各個階層的人們傳遞和培養道德文化，NIP將著重關注個人、家庭、私營部門、公共行政、社會文化機構、非政府組織和政治家這些個人，群體。為了提供一種框架以支持NIP的實施和有效協調其他措施，馬來西亞誠信研究所得以成立。由政府的政務司司長領導，由董事會管理，馬來西亞誠信研究所負責監測NIP的執行情況。誠信研究所也負責制定適當的指標來衡量國家誠信計劃的完成情況、準備馬來西亞誠信系統的年度報告、組織利益相關者參與討論誠信問題以尋求新的解決方式，推進工作。為進一步加強反腐敗機制，巴達維政府隨后建立了反腐敗學院。在2004年，阿卜杜拉政府推出了另一項計劃，作為當前努力的補充，以加強馬來西亞公共廉正建設。這項被稱為文明伊斯蘭教的計劃，提供了一個全面的框架，旨在促進社會和諧均衡發展，它也符合伊斯蘭教義。文明伊斯蘭教計劃本質上是一個經國家批準的社會工程；它首要強調對那些知識淵博的、虔誠的并準備迎接全球挑戰的人的培養。信念，虔誠，渴求掌握知識，一個值得信賴的政府，文化以及誠信文明，這些都是伊斯蘭教的主要教義。人們認為這些教義可以用來指導個人和組織行為，以此為制定政策法規和旨在建立一個良性的責任型政府的戰略提供框架。很明顯,馬來西亞實施了全面反腐敗策略，這些包括體制建設、法律和規范性文件的頒布。這些策略還結合了預防和懲治措施。