廣播電視新聞學外文翻譯文獻廣播電視新聞學外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)外文:Communicatinguncertainty-howAustraliantelevisionreportedH1N1riskin2009:acontentanalysis【AndreaSFogarty1,KateHolland2,MichelleImison1,RWarwickBlood2,SimonChapman1*andSimonHolding1】Abstract

1.Background:Healthofficialsfaceparticularchallengesincommunicatingwiththepublicaboutemerginginfectiousdiseasesofunknownseveritysuchasthe2009H1N1(swine‘flu)pandemic(pH1N1).Statementsintendedtocreateawarenessandconveytheseriousnessofinfectiousdiseasethreatscandrawaccusationsofscaremongering,whileofficialscanbeaccusedofcomplacencyifsuchstatementsarenotmade.Inthesecommunicationcontexts,newsjournalists,oftenreliantonofficialsourcestounderstandissuesarepivotalinselectingandemphasisingaspectsofofficialdiscoursedeemedsufficientlynewsworthytopresenttothepublic.Thispaperpresentsacase-studyofnewscommunicationregardingtheemergenceofpH1N1.2.Methods:WeconductedacontentanalysisofalltelevisionnewsitemsaboutpH1N1.Weexaminednewsandcurrentaffairsitemsbroadcaston5free-to-airSydneytelevisionchannelsbetweenApril252009(thefirstreport)andOctober9(priortothevaccinerelease)forstatementsabouttheseriousnessofthediseasehowthepubliccouldminimisecontagiongovernmentresponsestoemerginginformation.3.Results:pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightof24weeksandwasinthetop5for20weeks.353newsitemswereidentified,yielding3086statementsforanalysis,with63.4%relatedtotheseriousnessofthesituation,12.9%providingadviceforviewersand23.6%involvingassurancesfromgovernment.Coveragefocusedoninfection/mortalityrates,thespreadofthevirus,theneedforpubliccalm,thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups,directandindirectadviceforviewers,andgovernmentreassurancesabouteffectivemanagement.4.Conclusions:Overall,thereportingof2009pH1N1inSydney,Australiawasgenerallynon-alarmist,whileconveyingthatpH1N1waspotentiallyserious.Dailyinfectionratetalliesandcommentaryonchangesinthepandemicalertlevelwereseldomcontextualisedtoassistviewersinunderstandingpersonalrelevance.Suggestionsaremadeabouthowfuturereportingofemerginginfectiousdiseasescouldbeenhanced.BackgroundInrecentyears,Australianshavebeenexposedtoarangeoflarge–scalenewscoverageandhealthpromotioncampaignsaboutcommunicabledisease.Thesehaveincludedseasonalinfluenzaadvisories;campaignspromotingimmunisationforvaccine-preventablediseases;travellervaccinationmessages;sexuallytransmitteddiseasepreventioncampaigns,includinghumanpapillomavirusvaccinetopreventcervicalcancer;HIV/AIDSandhepatitisBandCprevention.WiththeexceptionofHIV/AIDSandsexually-transmitteddiseases,eachofthesehasavaccineandcleardirectivesabouthowtoavoidinfection,formingthecentralcommunicativefocusofsuchcampaigns.

TheWHO-declaredglobalpH1N1(swine‘flu)pandemicof2009hasattractedresearchattentionfromvirologistsandinfectiousdiseasespecialists,butlessfromcommunicationscholars.FromthefirstreportsofMexicancasesinlateApril2009,whatwouldbecomesustainedAustralianreportagerapidlyturnedtothelikelihoodofAustraliancasesinvolvingperhapsepidemicandhighmortalitynumbers.Australianswereexposedtodailynewsfeaturingthecountry’sseniorhealthofficialsandanarrayofinfectiousdiseaseexperts,whounavoidably,hadtodealwiththeuncertainandcomplextrajectoriesandvirulenceofthediseaseinthecontextofnewsproductionculturescharacterizedbysevensecondsound-bitesandanappetiteforunambiguous,easilyunderstoodinformation.MethodsSinceMay2005,theAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaborationhasrecordedandcategorisedallnews,currentaffairsand‘infotainment’programmesrelatedtohealthandmedicineonSydneyfree-to-airtelevisionstations.WesearchedtheAHNRCdatabaseandincludedallitemstaggedwith‘H1N1’or‘swineflu’intheperiodApril25,2009(thefirstmention)untilOctober92009.Allstorieswerevideoclipswhichwereusedforthecontentanalysisreportedhere.UsingalistofcontentcategoriesthatemergedprogressivelyfromthecontentasthepH1N1storyevolved,twoauthors(AFandMI)comparedcodingonasetof15randomclipsthateachwatchedandcodedindividually.Afterresolvinganycodingdifferencesandagreeinguponhowparticularitemsshouldbehandled,theycodedtheremainderoftheitems.Thesecategoriesrelatedtostatementsmaderegarding[1]theseriousnessofH1N1,[2]recommendedactionsviewerswereadvisedtotakeaboutavoidingcontractingorspreadingpH1N1,and[3]reassurancesthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituation.Astatementwasanydirect(Xsaid“Y”)orattributed("Xsaidthat...”)quotebythejournalistsornewsactorsfeaturedineachitem.Atestofinter-coderreliabilityproducedaKappastatisticof0.63,indicatingagoodlevelofagreement.TheroleoftheInternetasaplatformfordeliveringpublichealthinterventionstospecificpatientgroupsandtothegeneralpublicisconstantlyincreasing,dueinparticulartoitsdisseminatingpotential:theworldwidepenetrationoftheInternetisincreasingandtheuseofthismediumforseekinghealthinformationisfrequent.Moreover,theInternetpotentialforindividualtailoringandinteractivityissuperiortothatofotherhighreach-deliverychannels.ResultsAtotalof353newsstorieswereidentified,containing3,086statementsrelatedtothethreekeyareasofinquiry.Duringthe24weeksreportedhere,pH1N1wastheleadinghealthstoryforeightweeksandfor20weeksremainedinthetopfivemostfrequentlyreportedhealthstories.WealsonotethattheviruswasrarelyreferredtobythenamepH1N1duringthecoverageandinstead,wasroutinelytermedswine‘flu.Whenreportingexactquoteswehavethereforeretainedthetermswine‘flu.（1）SeriousnessOfpH1N1Ofallstatements,63.4%(n=1,958/3,086)relatedtotheseriousnessofpH1N1.Thiswascommunicatedviafourrecurringstories:(i)dailytalliesofinfectionandmortality;(ii)des-criptionsofspreadofthevirus;(iii)theneedforcalmresponses;and(iv)thevulnerabilityofparticulargroups.Webrieflysummariseotherstatementswhichdidnotcomprisesignificantproportionsofthecoverage,butmayhavebeenimportanttothosewhoincidentallysawsomenewsstories.ThisincludedsimilaritiesbetweenpH1N1andotherviruses,governmentmanagementplans,andtheneedforsystemscoveringdiagnosisandtheanticipatedvaccinerollout.（2）AdviceAndRecommendedActionsForViewersInmorethanonethirdofstories(n=131/353-37%)directorindirectadvicewasgivenonwhatviewerscoulddotopreventspreadinginfection.However,thesestatementsaccountedforjust12.9%(n=399/3,086)ofallstatements.Justoveraquarter(27.8%,n=111/399)focusedonbasicpersonalhygiene,anotherquarterrelatedtopreventinginfectionbybeingmindfulofissuesofproximity(27.8%,n=111/399)andafifthadvisedseeingadoctorandseekingfurtherinformation(20.6%,n=82/399).（3）ReassuranceThatGovernmentWasHandlingTheSituationOfallstatementsrecorded,23.6%(n=729/3,086)assuredviewersthatthegovernmentwashandlingthesituationbyelaboratingonitscurrentandproposedactions.Aboutathirdofthesestatements(29.8%,n=217/729)referredtotheimmediateneedfortheGovernmenttodevelop,testandthendistributeavaccinestartingwithprioritygroups.Aquarterofthesestatements(25.9%,n=189/729)reassuredthepublicthatthegovernmentwasputtingsignificanteffortintobordercontrolmeasuresdesignedtopreventpH1N1enteringAustralia,andfollowingupandcontainingdetectedinfection.Thesestatementsgenerallyconcernedquarantinemeasures,theuseofthermalimagingatairportsorstatementsaboutnewmeasuresandongoingmonitoringofthesituation。ConclusionsTheAustraliangovernmentandmediaactedresponsiblybyprovidingregular,highprofileandhighlytransparentinformationontheemergingintelligenceaboutthepandemic.Uncertaintyaboutthetrajectoryofthediseasewasopenlyacknowledgedandreassurancesgivenaboutgovernmentpreparedness.Potentiallydissonancegeneratingnewscoveragethatmighthaveengenderedpanic,complacencyorcynicismabout“yetanotherepidemic”wasuncommon.TheInternetisarichandefficientsourceofinformationaboutinfectiousdiseasesandtheirprevention.Itsroleinsocialmarketingcanbecrucial.Integratingitspotentialswiththoseofothermediacanguaranteeabroadspreadofinformation.Moreover,publichealthinterventionstransmittedthroughthismediumcouldtargetgroupswithpeculiarcharacteristics.Inconclusion,inordertoguaranteeanadequateuseofthisinstrumentbythepublic,healthprofessionals,whoarestilloneofthemainsourcesofinformationregardinghealthmatters,shouldguidepatientstootherreliablesources(informationprescription)atthesametime,deeperattentionshouldbepaidbyPublicHealthAgenciestowardsqualityofinformationandsearchengineoptimization;studiesliketheonepresentedinthisarticleshouldbeusedmoreoftentoimprovedeliveryofpublichealthinformationtothegeneralpublic.Furtherresearchshouldexplorehowvariouspublicsdecodedandreceivedtheinformationandadviceprovidedandhowjournalistsapproachedthechallengesofmakingthison-goingstorymaximallynewsworthy.Triangulatedwithcontentanalysisofwhatwasbroadcast,suchasthispaper,thesestudiescouldprovidevaluableinformationforriskcommunicatorsinareascharacterisedbytheuncertaintyinherentinemergingdiseases.AcknowledgementsTheprojectisfundedbyanAustralianNationalHealth&MedicalResearchCouncil(NHMRC)grant(#68610),andallauthorsareinvestigatorsontheNHMRCfundedpublichealthcapacitybuildinggrant‘TheAustralianHealthNewsResearchCollaboration’(#571376)Authordetails1SchoolofPublicHealth,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia.2FacultyofArts&Design,UniversityofCanberra,Canberra,Australia.中文:溝通的不確定性——2009年澳大利亞電視臺如何報道了甲型H1N1流感的風險：內(nèi)容分析【作者：安德烈·S·福甘蒂，凱特·霍蘭德，米歇爾·愛米申，R華威克·布蘭德，西蒙·查普曼，西蒙·霍爾丁；BMC公共健康，2011,11:181摘要：1.背景：在面對出現(xiàn)的未知的嚴重傳染病時，衛(wèi)生官員在與公眾的交流方面面臨特殊的挑戰(zhàn)，如2009年的H1N1（豬流感）大流行（即pH1N1）。官方的聲明旨在讓更多人了解并傳達傳染病威脅的嚴重性，盡管有時會得到其是危言聳聽的指控，但當官員被指責自滿時，不能連這樣的官方聲明都沒有。在這些交流環(huán)境中，新聞記者，常常依賴于官方消息渠道，了解到問題關(guān)鍵在選擇和強調(diào)官方話語方面將有價值的新聞充分呈現(xiàn)給公眾。本文介紹了新聞傳播方面關(guān)于PH1N1出現(xiàn)的一個案例研究。2.方法：我們對所有電視新聞條目中關(guān)于pH1N1的內(nèi)容進行了分析。我們在一個5天免費對空悉尼電視頻道研究了播出的新聞和時事條目，時間在2009年4月25日（官方第一次報告）和10月9日（之前發(fā)布的疫苗）之間，通過發(fā)表嚴重疾病的聲明，看公眾如何最大限度地減少腐化的政府回應(yīng)新興的信息。3.結(jié)果：pH1N1在健康故事里一直處于領(lǐng)先，過去24周里排名第八，過去20周里排名在前五。353個新聞項目進行了鑒定，得到3086份報表進行分析：其中有63.4%涉及到事態(tài)的嚴重性，12.9%為觀眾提供咨詢，還有23.6%涉及到政府的保證。報道集中在感染/死亡率，病毒擴散，公眾需要冷靜，特殊群體的弱點，直接和間接咨詢的觀眾，以及政府關(guān)于有效管理的保證。4.結(jié)論：總體而言，2009年悉尼的pH1N1，澳大利亞大體上不是危言聳聽，而表達pH1N1有潛在的嚴重性。每日感染率相吻合，并且在流感大流行警戒級別上評論在改變，以幫助觀眾理解新聞與個人的相關(guān)性。關(guān)于未來如何報告新發(fā)傳染病的意見可能會被加強。(一)背景近年來，澳大利亞人已經(jīng)披露了一系列大規(guī)模的傳染性疾病的新聞報道和健康促進活動。這包括季節(jié)性流感咨詢；為疫苗可預(yù)防疾病進行免疫接種的宣傳活動推廣；旅行者接種信息；對傳染性性病的預(yù)防宣傳，包括預(yù)防子宮頸癌的人類乳頭狀瘤病毒疫苗；艾滋病毒/艾滋病和乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎的預(yù)防。除了艾滋病毒/艾滋病和性傳播疾病，每一種都有疫苗，并且這些宣傳活動里有關(guān)于如何避免感染、形成交際重點的中心清晰的指示。2009年世界衛(wèi)生組織宣布全球pH1N1（豬流感）大流行已經(jīng)引起研究病毒學和傳染病的專家的關(guān)注，但傳播學者關(guān)注較少。從2009年4月下旬關(guān)于墨西哥情況的第一份報告看，什么將成為持續(xù)的澳大利亞報告文學迅速轉(zhuǎn)向一種關(guān)于可能流行并且死亡率高的澳大利亞病例的可能性。澳大利亞人暴露于每日新聞為有特點的國家高級衛(wèi)生官員和傳染病專家組成的隊伍，不可避免地，不得不面對充滿不確定性的和有復(fù)雜軌跡的致病性疾病，在通過7秒聲音叮咬和食欲明確的新聞制作文化語境特點下，變得容易理解信息。（二）方法自2005年5月以來，澳大利亞衛(wèi)生新聞研究合作會已經(jīng)記錄并分類所有新聞、時事和“信息娛樂”有關(guān)健康和醫(yī)學的悉尼免費對空電視節(jié)目，它被用于內(nèi)容分析。我們搜查了AHNRC數(shù)據(jù)庫，其中包括標有“H1N1”或“豬流感”在2009年4月25日（第一次提到）起至2009年10月9日的所有項目。所有的故事都是它被用于此報告的內(nèi)容分析的視頻剪輯。使用內(nèi)容的類別列表逐漸從內(nèi)容作為pH1N1故事發(fā)展而來，兩位作者（安德烈·S·福甘蒂，米歇爾·愛米申）比較一組15個隨機剪輯的編碼，觀看與編碼相獨立。解決任何編碼分歧，并在特定項目（他們在編碼的項目里的剩余部分）應(yīng)該如何處理獲得同意。這些分類涉及到關(guān)于H1N1的嚴重性陳述，觀眾已被告知如何避免感染或傳播pH1N1的建議措施，并且政府正在處理的情況再次做出了保證。聲明里任何直接的（X說“Y”）或歸咎（“X說……”）被每個項目的記者和新聞演員引用。一個關(guān)于間編碼器的可靠性測試里，間編碼器產(chǎn)生了0.63卡帕，說明協(xié)議在一個良好的水平上。其中，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)扮演的是一個平臺的角色，為特定患者群體和廣大市民提供了公共衛(wèi)生干預(yù)措施，其作用還在不斷增加，特別是它的傳播潛力：因特網(wǎng)的全球滲透在不斷增加，并且使用這種沒接尋求健康信息夜更為頻繁。此外，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)潛在的個人定制和交互性優(yōu)于其他達成交付的渠道。（三）結(jié)果共有353個新聞故事進行了鑒定，包含三個關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域的3086條陳述。在報告的24周時間里，pH1N1是前8周里領(lǐng)先的健康故事，并在20周內(nèi)保持在前五名最常見的健康故事。我們也注意到，該病毒在報道過程中很少提到，名字由pH1N1代替，通常還被稱為豬流感。因此在報告確切的情況時，我們保留了豬流感這個詞。1.pH1N1的嚴重性所有陳述，高達63.4%的死亡率說明了pH1N1的嚴重性。這是通過四個經(jīng)常性