1ArgumentationDefinitionofargumentation

Anargumentativeessayisanessaywhichtriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofaction（行動綱領）thatitproposes.

Thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince，persuadeandapprove.2Argumentationandexpositionareverycloselyrelated:argumentationisactuallyexpositionwiththeadditionalpurposeofconvincingorpersuading(帶有“說服”附加目的說明文).Comparisonbetweenexpositionandargumentation3

(1)Adebatablepoint(要有一個爭議觀點)

Itisimperativethatthepapershouldhaveadebatablepoint,thatis,somethingwhichcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.Therequirementsofagoodargumentativeessay:4a.Therearemanybenefitstohaveagoodbreakfast.(Merestatementsoffacts)b.Isitimportanttohaveagoodbreakfast?a.BaJinismyfavoriteauthor(nottoleadtodispute(Statementsofpersonalpreference)b.BaJinisthegreatestChinesewriterofthe20thcentury(disputable)5DebatingMotions1.THWallowterminally-illpatientstoreceivemedicinesunderclinicaltrials.2.THBTcompensationshouldbepaidforinjusticescommittedbypastgenerations.6DebatingMotions3.THWarmcharitableworkersworkinginunstableareas.4.Shouldchinaimposeannualtaxonownersofpets?5.THWrequiremediareportingnewsinvolvingsciencetoreceivewrittenendorsementfromascientistinarelevantfield.72)Sufficientevidence(充足的證據)3)Clearlogic（邏輯清楚）

Theevidenceyouprovideshouldbearranged:a)fromtheleasttothemostimportant;b)fromthemostfamiliartotheleastfamiliar;c)fromtheeasiesttoacceptorcomprehendtothemostdifficult.Requirementsofagoodargumentativeessay:

8Requirementsofagoodargumentativeessay:

4)Anhonestandfriendlyattitude

Toargueisnottoquarrel.Theforceofanargumentdoesnotcomefromabuse,exaggerationorfierceattacks,butfromsolidevidence,logicalreasoning,andcarefulanalysis.Inaddition,anhonestandfriendlyattitudewillhelpwinthetrustofyourreaders.9HowtowriteintroductionTheintroductionofbothargumentativeessayscanbewrittenasfollows:

(1)Adebatablepoint

(2)Differentpeople’sopinionsaboutthedebatablepoint

(3)Author’sopinionaboutthepoint.

(4)Atransitionalsentence10Argumentation1).

Recently,theproblemof…hasarousedpublicconcern.Somepeoplebelievethat…Butothersholdthat…Asforme,Iamonthefirst/secondsideoftheargument.Thereasonsareasfollows.11

Recently,theproblemofheavytraffichasarousedpublicconcern.Somepeoplebelievethat

itcannotbesolvedunlesspopulationdecreases.

Butothersholdthat

itispossibleifweconstructmanyothersubways.

Asforme,Iamonthefirstsideoftheargument.Thereasonsareasfollows.12Argumentation2).

Thereisnoagreementamongpeopleastotheissueof…Somepeopleholdthat…,whileothersholdthat….Frommypointofview,itismoreadvisabletosupportthefirst/secondopinionratherthanthesecond/firstone.13

Thereisnoagreementamongpeopleastotheissueof

doingphysicalexercise.

Somepeopleholdthat

physicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday

whileothersholdthat

studentsshouldspendthewholeschooldayonacademicstudies.

Frommypointofview,itismoreadvisabletosupportthefirstopinionratherthanthesecondone.14Argumentation3).

Whenaskedabout…,somepeoplepreferto…,others,however,preferto…,Astome,Ichoosethefirst/secondway/method/approach.Thefollowingreasonscanaccountformyinclination.

15

Whenaskedabout

wheretospendtheleisuretime,

somepeoplepreferto

spendtheirfreetimeoutdoors;

others,however,preferto

spendtheirleisuretimeindoors.

Astome,Ichoosethesecondway/method/approach.Thefollowingreasonscanaccountformyinclination.16Argumentation4).

People’sideas/opinions/viewson…varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplehold/thinkthat….Fromtheirpointofview,…However,othershold/thinkthat…Intheiropinion,…Astome,Iagreewith/aminfavorofthefirst/secondidea.Thefollowingarethereasonsof/formychoice/personalinclination.

17Argumentation

People’sviewson

money

varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeoplethinkthat

moneyiseverything.

Fromtheirpointofview,

theycanusemoneytobuymanythingssuchasTVs,DVDs,airconditioners,andcomputers.

However,othersholdthat

moneyisimportantbutnotsoimportantastomeaneverything.

Intheiropinion,

noteverythingcanbeboughtwithmoney.

Astome,Iaminfavorofthesecondidea.Thefollowingarethereasonsformypersonalinclination.18Howtowriteconclusion議論文的結尾要重申作者的觀點，以加強論證效果。以下是套路：1).SincetherearesomanyadvantagestodoA/B,itisnotdifficulttounderstandwhyI…(因為做有A/B這么多好處，所以不難理解我為什么選A/B)例如：Sincetherearesomanyadvantagestoliveinacity,itisnotdifficulttounderstandwhyIprefercitylife.19Argumentation2)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelyconcludethat…(根據上述分析，我們可以確定…..)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelyconcludethatitiswiserforchildrentochoosetolearnwhattheylike.203)Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemayreasonablydrawaconclusionthat….(鑒于上述因素，我們可以合理地得出……的結論。)例如：Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemayreasonablydrawaconclusionthatbookswillnotbereplacedbycomputers.21Argumentation4)GiventhefactorsIhavejustoutlined,Icanonlysaythat…(鑒于上述因素，我只能說……)5)Fromtheforegoing,itiswisertosupportthestatementthat….(綜上所述，支持……的觀點較為明智。)6)Inviewoftheabovefacts,itissafetodrawtheconclusionthat…(