托福聽力核心：筆記突破（例證結構講座）主講老師：朱美亭AcademicTopic1:Biology

Lecture-6（TPO14-L2）1. Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?DifficultiesanimalshaveinregulatingtheirbodytemperaturesHowpeoplecanaffectanimals’microclimatesWaysofidentifyingdifferenttypesofmicroclimatesTheimportanceofmicroclimatestosomeanimalsWhattwofactorsdoestheprofessorsaycanaffectamicroclimate?Clickon2answersThesizeoftheanimalpopulationintheareaThenumberofothermicroclimatesintheareaTheelevationofthelandwherethemicroclimateislocatedHumanactivityintheareawherethemicroclimateislocated3.Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshementionssquirrels?Studyingsquirrelshashelpedbiologistsidentifydifferentmicroclimates.Mammalshavemorethanonewayofregulatingtheirbodytemperature.Smalleranimalshavemoresuccessthanlargeranimalsinadaptingtodifferentmicroclimates.Squirrelsdonotrelyonmicroclimatesasmuchasothermammalsdo.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutreptilesandmicroclimates?Microclimatescanbebothhelpfulandharmfultoreptiles.Microclimatesareoneofthemanywaysreptilescontroltheirbodytemperature.Manyreptilespositionthemselvesinmicroclimateswhenwaitingfortheirprey.Manyreptilesspendmostoftheirtimeinonetypeofmicroclimate.5.Accordingtotheprofessor,howdoposingleavesaffectmicroclimates?posingleavesformlayersthatpreventsunlightfromwarmingthegroundbelowtheleaves.posingleavesinsulateburrows,keepingtheburrowscool.posingleavesgenerateheat,creatingawarmmicroclimate.posingleavesbringmoisturetodrymicroclimates.6.Whydoesthestudentsaythis:Torefertoawell-knowmisconceptionaboutreptilesToindicatethatheunderstandstheprofessor’sexplanationsToprovideanexamplethatmaybeanexceptiontotheprofessor’sstatementToindicatethatthereismorethanoneexplanationforaphenomenon解析Narrator:Listentopartofalectureinabiology

class.Professor:Almostallanimalshavesomewayofregulatingtheirbodytemperature;otherwisetheywouldn’tsurviveextremehotorcoldconditions---sweating,panting,swimmingtocoolerorwarmerwater;duckingintosomewherecoollikeaburroworaholeunderarock;thesearejustafew.Andthat’sbodyiscolderorwarmerthanthesurroundingenvironment,becauseit’samicroclimate.Professor:Amicroclimateisagroupofclimateconditionsthataffectthelocalizedarea,weatherfeaturesliketemperature,wind,moistureandsoon.AndwhenIsaylocalized,Imeanreallylocalized,becausemicroclimatescanbe,asthenamesuggests,prettysmall,evenlessthanasquaremeter.

Andmicroclimatesareaffectedbyhugenumberofothervariables.Obviouslyweatherconditionsinthesurroundingareasareafactor.Butotheraspectsofthelocationlike,um…theelevationoftheland,theplantlifenearby,andsoon,haveasubstantialeffectonmicroclimates.Andofcoursethehumandevelopmentinthearea,eh,aroadwillaffectanearbymicroclimate.第2題Professor:It’salsointerestingtoknowthatmicroclimatesthatareneareachothercanhaveverydifferentconditions.Intheforestforexample,therecanbeanumberofverydifferentmicroclimatesclosetoeachother,becauseofallthevariablesIjustmentioned.Student:Sohowdoesaholeintheground,aburrow,staycoolinahotclimate?Professor:Well,sincecoldairsinks,andthesespotsareshaded,theyareusuallymuchcoolerthanthesurroundingarea.Andthesespotsaresoimportantbecausemanyanimalsrelyonmicroclimatestoregulatetheirbodytemperature.Hmm,forinstance,thereisaspeciesofsquirrel,intheWesternpartoftheUnitedStatesthatcangetreallyhotwhentheywereoutforagingforfood.Sotheyneedawaytocooldown.Sowhat’dtheydo?Theygobacktotheirownburrow.Oncetheygetthere,theirbodytemperaturesdecreasevery,veryquickly.Thetriptotheburrowpreventsthesquirrelfromgettingtoohot.Student:Butsquirrelsaremammals,right?Ithoughtmammalsregulatetheirtemperatureinternally.Professor:Mammalsdohavetheabilitytoregulatetheirbodytemperature,butnotallcandoittothesamedegree,oreventhesameway.Likewhenyouwalkoutsideonahotday,youperspire,andyourbodycoolsitselfdown,aclassicexampleofhowmammalregulatesitsownbodytemperature.Professor:Butonechallengethatsquirrelsface,wellmanysmallmammalsdo,isthatbecauseoftheirsize,sweatingwouldmakethemlosetoomuchmoisture.Theydehydrate.Butontheotherhand,theirsmallsizeallowsthemtofitintoverytinyspaces.So

forsmallmammals,microclimatescanmakeabigdifference.Theyrelyonmicroclimatesforsurvival.

第3題Student:Socoldbloodanimals,likereptiles,theycan’tcontroltheirownbodytemperature,soIcanimagetheeffectofmicroclimatewouldhaveonthem.Professor:Yes,manyreptileandinsectsrelyonmicroclimatestocontroltheirbodytemperature.Alotofreptilesuseburrowsorstayunderrockstocooldown.Ofcoursewithreptiles,it’sabalancingact.Stayingintheheatfortoolongcanleadtoproblems,butstayinginthecoldcandothesame.Soreptileshavetobereallypreciseaboutwheretheyspendtheirtime,evenhowtheypositiontheirbodies.AndwhenIsaythey’reprecise,Imeanit---somesnakeswillsearchoutaplaceunderrocksofaspecificthickness,becausetoothinarockdoesn’tkeepthemcoolenough,andtoothickarockwillcausethemtogettoocold.Thatlevelofprecisioniscriticaltothesnakeformaintainingitsbodytemperature.第4題Professor:Andevenmicroscopicorganismsrelyonmicroclimatesforsurvival.Thinkaboutthis,posingleavescreateheatthatwarmsthesoil;thewarmsoilinturnaffectsthegrowth,theconditionsoforganismsthere.Andthoseorganismsthenaffecttherateofpositionoftheleaves.Soamicroclimatecanbesomethingsosmallandsoeasilytodisturbedthatevenatinychangecanhaveabigimpact.Ifsomeoneonahikeknocksacoupleofrocksover,theycouldbeunwillinglydestroyingamicroclimatethatananimalororganismrelieson.第5題1. Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?DifficultiesanimalshaveinregulatingtheirbodytemperaturesHowpeoplecanaffectanimals’microclimatesWaysofidentifyingdifferenttypesofmicroclimatesTheimportanceofmicroclimatestosomeanimalsWhattwofactorsdoestheprofessorsaycanaffectamicroclimate?Clickon2answersThesizeoftheanimalpopulationintheareaThenumberofothermicroclimatesintheareaTheelevationofthelandwherethemicroclimateislocatedHumanactivityintheareawherethemicroclimateislocated第2題答案點Whattwofactorsdoestheprofessorsaycanaffectamicroclimate?Clickon2answersThesizeoftheanimalpopulationintheareaThenumberofothermicroclimatesintheareaTheelevationofthelandwherethemicroclimateislocatedHumanactivityintheareawherethemicroclimateislocated3.Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshementionssquirrels?Studyingsquirrelshashelpedbiologistsidentifydifferentmicroclimates.Mammalshavemorethanonewayofregulatingtheirbodytemperature.Smalleranimalshavemoresuccessthanlargeranimalsinadaptingtodifferentmicroclimates.Squirrelsdonotrelyonmicroclimatesasmuchasothermammalsdo.第3題答案點3.Whatpointdoestheprofessormakewhenshementionssquirrels?Studyingsquirrelshashelpedbiologistsidentifydifferentmicroclimates.Mammalshavemorethanonewayofregulatingtheirbodytemperature.Smalleranimalshavemoresuccessthanlargeranimalsinadaptingtodifferentmicroclimates.Squirrelsdonotrelyonmicroclimatesasmuchasothermammalsdo.Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutreptilesandmicroclimates?Microclimatescanbebothhelpfulandharmfultoreptiles.Microclimatesareoneofthemanywaysreptilescontroltheirbodytemperature.Manyreptilespositionthemselvesinmicroclimateswhenwaitingfortheirprey.Manyreptilesspendmostoftheirtimeinonetypeofmicroclimate.第4題答案點Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutreptilesandmicroclimates?Microclimatescanbebothhelpfulandharmfultoreptiles.Microclimatesareoneofthemanywaysreptilescontroltheirbodytemperature.Manyreptilespositionthemselvesinmicroclimateswhenwaitingfortheirprey.Manyreptilesspendmostoftheirtimeinonetypeofmicroclimate.5.Accordingtotheprofessor,howdoposingleavesaffectmicroclimates?posingleavesformlayersthatpreventsunlightfromwarmingthegroundbelowtheleaves.posingleavesinsulateburrows,keepingtheburrowscool.posingleavesgenerateheat,creatingawarmmicroclimate.posingleavesbringmoisturetodrymicroclimates.第5題答案點5.Accordingtotheprofessor,howdoposingleavesaffectmicroclimates?posingleavesformlayersthatpreventsunlightfromwarmingthegroundbelowtheleaves.posingleavesinsulateburrows,keepingtheburrowscool.posingleavesgenerateheat,creatingawarmmicroclimate.posingleavesbringmoisturetodrymicroclimates.Whydoesthestudentsaythis:Student:Socoldbloodanimals,likereptiles,theycan’tcontroltheirownbodytemperature,soIcanimagetheeffectofmicroclimatewouldhaveonthem.

6.Whydoesthestudentsaythis:Torefertoawell-knowmisconceptionaboutreptilesToindicatethatheunderstandstheprofessor’sexplanationsToprovideanexamplethatmaybeanexceptiontotheprofessor’sstatementToindicatethatthereismorethanoneexplanationforaphenomenonAcademicTopic1:Biology

Lecture-5（TPO11-L1）1. Whatisthetalkmainlyabout?VariouspredatorsthatthreatenyoungbirdsVariouspatternsofgrowthinyoungbirdsOnewaythatbirdsprotecttheiryoungOnewaythatbirdsprovidefoodfortheiryoungAccordingtothelecture,whatdobirdsusuallydowhenputtingonadistractiondisplay?

Clickon2answersTheyimitateanotherkindofanimalTheyflyincirclesaroundtheirnestTheycovertheirnestwiththeirwingsTheypretendtheyaresickorinjured3.Accordingtothelecture,whendobirdsputontheirmostconspicuousdistractiondisplays?JustbeforetheylaytheireggsImmediatelyaftertheyhavelaidtheireggsJustbeforetheiryoungeindependentImmediatelyafteryounghaveleftthenestWhydoestheprofessorsaythisTointroduceanexplanationToexpressuncertaintyTopointoutanerrorToemphasizeapointthatshouldbeobvious5.WhydoestheprofessorsaythisToexplainthebehaviorofthepredatorToemphasizethatpredatorshaveexcellenthuntingskillsTostatethepurposeofbirds'behaviorToemphasizetherisksinvolvedinadistractiondisplay6.WhydoestheprofessorsaythisTodescribethebehaviorofaninjuredsandpiperTogiveanexampleofawell-performedbroken-wingdisplayToshowwhysomesandpipersfailtodistractpredatorsTodistinguishthesandpiper'sdisplayfromanotherkindofdisplay解析Professor：Ok,todaywearegoingtocontinueourdiscussionoftheparentingbehaviorsofbirds.Andwearegoingtostartbytalkingabout

whatareknownasdistractiondisplays.Nowifyouwereabirdandtherewasapredatoraround.Whatareyougoingtodo?Well,foronethingyouaregoingtotrytoattractaslittleattentionaspossible,right?Becauseifthepredatordoesn’tknowyouarethere,itisnotgoingtotrytoeatyou.Butsometimescertainspeciesofbirdsdotheexactoppositewhenthepredatorapproachestheydotheirbesttotrytoattracttheattentionofthatpredator.Professor:Nowwhywouldtheydothat?Well,theydothattodrawthepredatorawayfromtheirnests,awayfromtheireggsortheiryoungbirds.Andthebehaviorsthatthebirdsengagingintodistractpredatorsarecalled

distractiondisplays.Andthereareanumberofdifferentkindsofdistractiondisplays.第1題Mostofthetime,whenbirdsareengagingindistractiondisplacestheyaregoingtobepretendingeitherthattheyhaveinjuryorthatthey’reillorthatthey’reexhausted.Youknowsomethingthat’llmakethepredatorthinksHum…hereisaneasymeal.Professor:Oneprettycommondistractiondisplaywascalledthebrokenwingdisplay.Andinabrokenwingdisplaythebirdspreadsanddragsthewingsoritstail,andwhileitdoesthat,itslowlymovesawayfromthenestssoitreallylookslikeabirdwithabrokenwing.Andthesebrokenwingdisplayscanbeprettyconvincing.Anotherversionofthiskindofdistractiondisplay

iswherethebirdscreatesameimpressionofamouseorsomeothersmallanimalsthatrunningalongtheground.Agoodexampleofthatkindofdisplayiscreatedbyabirdcalledthepurplesandpiper.第2題Professor：Nowwhat’sthepurplesandpiperdoesiswhenapredatorapproaches,itdragsitswingsbutnottogiveittheimpressionthatitswingsarebrokenbuttocreatetheillusionthatithasasecondpairoflegs.Andthenitraisesitsfeathers,soitlookslikeitgotacoatoffur.Andthenitrunsalongthegroundswirlingleftandrightyouknowlikerunningaroundalittlerocksandsticks.Andasitgoesalongitmakesalittlesqueezingnoises.Sofromadistanceitreallylooksandsoundslikealittleanimalrunningalongthegroundtryingtogetaway.Againtothepredator,itlookslikeaneasymeal.Professor：Nowwhat’sinterestingisthebirdshavedifferentlevelsofperformanceofthesedistractiondisplays.Theydon’tgivetheirtopperformance,theirprimetimeperformanceeverytime.Whattheydoistheysavetheirbestperformancesthey’remostconspicuousandmostriskydisplaysforthetimejustbeforethebabybirdseabletotakecareofthemselves.Andthetimethatwaybecausethatwhenthatthey’vemadethegreatestinvestmentinparentingtheiryoung.第3題Professor:Sotheyarenotgoingtoputtheirbestperformancejustaftertheylaidtheireggsbecausetheyhaven’tinvestedthatmuchtimeandenergyinparentingyet.Thetopperformanceisgoingtocomelater.Nowyouhavesomebirdsthatarequietmature,arequitecapablealmostassoonastheyhatch.Inthatcase,theparentwillputonthemostconspicuousdistractionsdisplaysjustbeforethebabies’hatchbecauseoncethebabiesarehatchedtheycanprettymuchtakecarethemselves,andthenyouhaveothersbirds

thathelplesswhenhavehatch.Inthatcase,theparentswillsavethebestperformanceuntiljustbeforethebabiesgettheirfeathers.1. Whatisthetalkmainlyabout?VariouspredatorsthatthreatenyoungbirdsVariouspatternsofgrowthinyoungbirdsOnewaythatbirdsprotecttheiryoungOnewaythatbirdsprovidefoodfortheiryoung第1題答案點1. Whatisthetalkmainlyabout?VariouspredatorsthatthreatenyoungbirdsVariouspatternsofgrowthinyoungbirdsOnewaythatbirdsprotecttheiryoungOnewaythatbirdsprovidefoodfortheiryoungAccordingtothelecture,whatdobirdsusuallydowhenputtingonadistractiondisplay?

Clickon2answersTheyimitateanotherkindofanimalTheyflyincirclesaroundtheirnestTheycovertheirnestwiththeirwingsTheypretendtheyaresickorinjured第2題答案點Accordingtothelecture,whatdobirdsusuallydowhenputtingonadistractiondisplay?

Clickon2answersTheyimitateanotherkindofanimalTheyflyincirclesaroundtheirnestTheycovertheirnestwiththeirwingsTheypretendtheyaresickorinjured3.Accordingtothelecture,whendobirdsputontheirmostconspicuousdistractiondisplays?JustbeforetheylaytheireggsImmediatelyaftertheyhavelaidtheireggsJustbeforetheiryoungeindependentImmediatelyafteryounghaveleftthenest第3題答案點3.Accordingtothelecture,whendobirdsputontheirmostconspicuousdistractiondisplays?JustbeforetheylaytheireggsImmediatelyaftertheyhavelaidtheireggsJustbeforetheiryoungeindependentImmediatelyafteryounghaveleftthenestWhydoestheprofessorsaythisBecauseifthepredatordoesn’tknowyouarethere,itisnotgoingtotrytoeatyou.Butsometimescertainspeciesofbirdsdotheexactoppositewhenthepredatorapproachestheydotheirbesttotrytoattracttheattentionofthatpredator.Nowwhywouldtheydothat?

Well,theydothattodrawthepr