ChapterTwo

EtymologicalStudyofEnglishLanguageandMedicalTermsTwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Native(本族詞)Borrowed(外來詞)TwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Native:thosethatderivefromOldEnglishTwoTypesofMedicalTerms

Borrowedwords,orloan-words:takenfromotherlanguageslargelybaseduponGreek,LatinandFrenchvocabularyGerman,Italian,Spanishandothershavecontributedsomewordstomedicalterminology.WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

MostmedicalwordsfromoldEnglishdenote:anatomicstructures(解剖結構)Organs(器官)Substances(物質)Humanactivities(人類活動)WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

Changesconcerningpronunciation(phonological)spelling(morphologic)meaning(semantical)WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithoutSemanticalChangesanklebackbladdereareyefoothairhandkneelipliverlungneckthroattongueachebreathfeverAnatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesblood

InO.E.,speltasblodperhapsoriginallymeant“toswell,gush,spurt”or‘"thatwhichburstsout”.Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestchest–InO.E.,cestmeaning“box,coffer”.amedicinechest(藥箱)Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangeschestrachiticchest[rE5kitik]佝僂病胸雞胸Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Itwasorgane

inO.E.,andorgene

inO.Fr.(OldFrench),bothmeaning“musicalinstrument”.Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

SensewasnarrowedinlateM.E.tomodernmusicalinstrumentknownbythatname(風琴).Anatomicwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangesorgan

Themeaning“functioningbodypart”appearedinEnglishin1392.Whatarethey?conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangescoldInO.E.,ithadtwoforms,caldinAnglianandcealdinWestSaxon.conceptwords

WordsevolvedfromoldEnglish

WithSemanticalChangescoldSenseincommoncoldwasintroducedin1537,fromsymptomsresemblingthoseofexposuretocold.WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneItwasborrowedfromGk.akmein1570,meaning“(highest)point”.Itcontainsthebase“ak-”,denoting“sharp”.“青春痘”“暗瘡”“粉刺”WordsoriginatedfromGreek

acneacnevulgaris尋常性痤瘡aconditionoftheepidermisorskintypicallyoccursontheface,neck,upperback,chest,orshoulders.

WordsoriginatedfromGreek

anorexiaanorexia–ItenteredEnglishfromGreekanorexia

in1598.Madefroman-(without)andorexis(appetite,desire),itmeans“lackofappetite”.Anorexianervosa

神經性食欲缺乏(emaciationasaresultofsevereemotionaldisturbance)wascoined1873byWilliamWhitneyGull(1816-1890).WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosisItwasGreekdiagnosis(adiscerning,distinguishing)usedasamedicalterminEnglishin1681.Thewordwasevolvedfromdiagignoskeincomposedofdia-(apart)andgignoskein

(tolearn,todiscern).WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnosismisdiagnosis>misdiagnoseManygiftedandtalentedchildren(andadults)arebeingmis-diagnosedbypsychologists,psychiatrists,pediatricians,andotherhealthcareprofessionals.WordsoriginatedfromGreek

diagnoseBack-formationdiagnosewasfirstrecorded1861.Diagnosticwasrecordedfrom1625.WordsoriginatedfromGreek

Dyspeptic消化不良的Itwasborrowedin1694fromGreekDyspeptos,meaning“hardtodigest”,madefromdys-(bad)andpeptos(digested).dyspepsiaWordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosis壞死

EnteringEnglishin1665,itwasevolvedfromGreeknekrosis(ingdead,stateofdeath),formedfromthebasenekros(deadbody,corpse).WordsoriginatedfromGreek

necrosise.g.necrodermatitis壞死性皮炎necromania/necrophilia戀尸狂,戀尸癖necrophobia死亡恐怖,尸體恐怖WordsoriginatedfromGreek

pandemicItwasborrowedintoEnglishin1666fromGreekpandemos(pertainingtoallpeople),composedofpan-(all)anddemos(people).epidemice.g.PanAmericandemocracyWordsoriginatedfromLatin

abscess膿瘡ItwasborrowedintoEnglishfromLatinabscessus(anabscess)in1543.Literallymeaning“agoingaway,”itisderivedfromab-

(away)andcedere(togo)Thenotionisthathumors“gofrom”thebodythroughthepusintheswelling.WordsoriginatedfromLatin

apnea(呼吸暫停)[Ap5ni:E]Meaning“suspensionofbreathing,”itwasborrowedin1719fromModernLatin.ItwasmadefromGreekapnoia(absenceofrespiration),composedofa-(not)andpneo/pnein(tobreathe)WordsoriginatedfromLatin

bacteriaThepluralformofModernLatinofbacterium,itcomesintoEnglishin1847.TheoriginalLatinwordisfromGreekbakterion(smallstaff),thediminitutiveofbaktron(stick,rod).Itissocalledbecausethefirstonesobservedwererod-shaped.

WordsoriginatedfromLatin

clinicItwasborrowedin1626fromLatinclinicus(physician),whichwasformedfromGreekklinike

(practiceatthesickbed).fromklinikos“ofthebed.”ItwasoriginallyusedasanadjectiveinEnglish,thentorefera“sickperson.”Thesenseof“hospital”wasfirstrecordedin1884.WordsoriginatedfromLatin

dystrophy營養障礙Meaning“defectivenutrition,”itwasformfromModernLatindystrophia,fromGreekdys-(hard,bad,ill)+trophe(nourishment).WordsoriginatedfromLatin

inflameItwasmadefromLatininflammare(tosetonfire,kindle),fromin–(in)+flammare(toflame).Literalsenseof“tocausetoburn”wasfirstrecordedinEnglishin1382.Inflammation(rednessorswellinginabodypart)begantobeusedfrom1533.WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleMadein1533fromLatinmusculus(amuscle),whichliterallymeans“littlemouse,”thediminutiveofmus(mouse).WordsoriginatedfromLatin

muscleItissocalledbecausetheshapeandmovementofsomemuscles(notablybiceps)werethoughttoresemblemice.analogyinGreek:mysisboth“mouse”and“muscle,”anditscombingformgivesthemedicalprefixmy–/myo–.

WordsoriginatedfromLatin

prognosisItenteredEnglishin1655fromlateLatinprognosis,whichwasmadefromGreekprogignoskein(cometoknowbeforehand)frompro–(before)andgignoskein(cometoknow).WordsoriginatedfromLatin

tumorItisMiddleEnglish,originatingfromLatintumor(swelling,conditionofbeingswollen).WordsoriginatedfromLatin

Brieflyintroducetotheclasspanaceaandhygieneintermsoftheirorigin,meaning,andusage.(PRE1)WordsoriginatedfromLatin

Hygiene衛生Panacea靈丹妙藥“hygiene（衛生，衛生學）”一詞源于希臘神話健康之神海吉娜（Hygeia）的名字，而海吉娜是醫神阿斯克勒庇俄斯（Asclepius）的女兒。而“panacea”源出阿斯克勒庇俄斯另一女兒、被奉為治療之神的帕娜賽婭（Panacea）的名字。WordsoriginatedfromLatin

BrieflyintroducetotheclassAchillestendonandcellintermsoftheirorigin,meaning,andusage.(PRE2)WordsoriginatedfromLatin

Achillestendon

跟腱Theoldest-knownwrittenrecordofthetendonbeingnamedforAchillesisin1693bytheFlemish/DutchanatomistPhilipVerheyen.ThenameAchilles'heelcomesfromGreekmythology.Achilles'mother,thegoddessThetis,receivedaprophecyofherson'sdeath.Hearingthis,shedippedhimintotheRiverStyxtoprotecthisbodyfromharm.However,shekeptholdofhisheel,meaningthatthewaterdidnottouchthispartofhisbodyanditwasthereforevulnerable.DuringtheTrojanWar,AchilleswasstruckonhisunprotectedheelbyapoisonedarrowshotbyParis,thatkilledhim.WordsoriginatedfromLatin

cell

ItismadefromLatincella(smallroom,hut),relatedtoLatincelare(tohide,conceal).Theearliestsensewasformonasticrooms,thenprisonrooms.Itbegantobeusedinbiologyinthe17thcenturybutnotinmodernsenseuntil1845.WordsoriginatedfromArabian

Chemistry<alchemy煉金術duramater<duramatercerebri=hardmotherofbrainpiamater<piamatercerebri=softmotherofbrainWordsoriginatedfromFrench

AftertheNormanConquest,theconquerorsruledthecountryforalongperiodoftimeandleftadeepinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage.AsFrenchlanguageitselfisamodifiedformofLatin,manyoftheseborrowedwordsultimatelycomefromGreek,sincemanywordsformthislanguagehadpassedintoLatin.WordsoriginatedfromFrench

migraine(asevereformofheadache,usuallyunilateral偏頭痛).French:migraineLatinhemicraniaGreekhemikrania(painononesideofthehead),fromtheprefixhemi-(half)andkranion(skull).WordsoriginatedfromFrench

hospitalBorrowedin1242fromOldFrenchhospital

(hostel),itoriginallyreferredto“shelterfortheneedy”.Itssenseof“institutionforsickpeople”wasfirstrecorded1549.Hospitalizewasrecordedfrom1901.WordsoriginatedfromFrench

DoctorItwasderivedfromOldFrenchdoctourinabout1303,whichoriginatedfromM.Latindoctor(religiousteacher,adviser,scholar).Doct–,thestemofdoceremeans“toshow,teach”.Referenceto“medicalprofessional”datedfrom1377,thoughthiswasnotcommontillthelate16thcentury.

WordsoriginatedfromFrench

BenignItcamefromOldFrenchbenigne

(good,kind)inabout1320,derivedfrombene(well)andgignere(tobear,beget).

benefitWordsoriginatedfromFrench

DiseaseItwasevolvedinabout1330fromOldFrenchdesaise,madeofdes–(without,away)andaise(ease).Senseof“sickness,illness”wasfirstrecorded1393.

WordsoriginatedfromFrench

AnatomyEnteringintoEnglishin1398,itwasderivedfromOldFrenchanatomie,madefromana–(up)+temnein(tocut).“Dissection”,“mummy”,andeven“skeleton”wereprimarysensesinShakespeare'sday.Themeaning“thescienceofthestructureoforganizedbodies”predominatedfromthe17thcentury.

WordsoriginatedfromFrench

artery

ItenteredinEnglishin1398fromOldFrenchartaire,(windpipe,alsoanarteryasdistinctfromavein).Arterieswereregardedbytheancientsasairductsbecausetheydonotcontainbloodafterdeath;medievalwriterstookthemforthechannelsofthe“vitalspirits”.

WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Malaise心神不安[mA5leiz]Borrowedin1768fromFrenchmalaise,itliterallymeans“ill–ease”.TheFrenchwordisformedfrommal(bad)andaise(ease).

WordsoriginatedfromFrench

SurgeonItwasborrowedintoEnglishinabout1300fromAnglo–Frenchsurgien(originally,workingordonebyhand).WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺[5prCsteit]ItenteredEnglishin1646fromMiddleFrenchprostate,whichwasultimatelybasedonGreekproistanai(setbefore),frompro–(before)andhistanai(causetostand).Itwassocalledbecauseofitspositionatthebaseofthebladder.

WordsoriginatedfromFrench

Prostate前列腺炎prostatitis前列腺肥大prostatehypertrophy/enlargement/enlargedprostateWordsoriginatedfromGerman

Startingfrom19thcentury,Germanmadegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology.

SomemedicaltermswerefirstcoinedinGermanandthenintroducedintoEnglish.

WordsoriginatedfromGerman

BiologyThewordwassuggestedfromGreekbios(life)andlogia(studyof)in1802byGermannaturalistG.ReinholdTreviranusandintroducedasascientifictermthatyearinFrenchbyLamarck.ItwasborrowedinEnglishin1819.WordsoriginatedfromGerman

ChemotherapyItcameintoEnglishin1907fromGermanChemotherapiecoinedbyGermanbiochemistPaulEhrlichfromchemo–andtherapie.WordsoriginatedfromGerman

chromosome

染色體ItenteredEnglishin1889fromG