考研英語（一）模擬試卷76(題后含答案及解析)題型有：1.UseofEnglish2.ReadingComprehension3.WritingSectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD.(10points)Ifthetechnologicalrevolutioncontinuestohaveitseffects,therewillbefewerandfewerjobsavailable,particularlytoschool-leaversandthoseovertheageoffifty.【B1】______thereareonlyhalfthenumberofjobsinthefuture,menandwomenwillhavetosharethem.Twopeoplewill【B2】______workonlytwentyhourseach【B3】______thefortytheyarecurrently【B4】______to.Itisawell-knownfactthatthosewhosufferfromstressatworkareoftennothigh-poweredexecutivesbut【B5】______workersdoingboring,【B6】______jobs,especiallythoseonproductionlines.Unemploymentoftenhasa【B7】______effectonitsvictims.Ifwewishtopreventthistypeofstressandthedepressionthatfrequentlyfollowslongperiodsofit,wewillhavetofindwaysofeducatingpeopleto【B8】______thissuddenincreaseinleisuretime.Manyhavealready【B9】______pillsandtabletsto【B10】______sleeplessnessandanxiety,twoofthesymptomsoflong-termstressanddepression.InAmerica,we【B11】______$650millionayearondifferentkindsofmedicines.We【B12】______anastonishingthreemillionsleepingtabletseverynight.【B13】______these“drugofthemind”canbeextremelyusefulincasesofcrisis,themajorityofpatientswouldbe【B14】______withoutthem.Theboredomandfrustrationofunemploymentarenottheonly【B15】______ofstress;poorhousing,familyproblems,overcrowdingandfinancialworryareallsignificantfactors.【B16】______,doctorsbelievethatifpeoplelearnttobreatheproperly,tookmoreexercise,usedtheirleisuretimemore【B17】______andexpressedtheirangerinsteadof【B18】______itup,theywouldnotdependsomuchondrugs,【B19】______treatonlythe【B20】______andnotthecauseofthestress.1．【B1】A．ThoughB．WhenC．SinceD．If正確答案：D解析：本題考查狀語從句的用法。從句是主句的條件，是對未來的假設，與段首句構成并列句式。其他選項均不符合文意。2．【B2】A．otherwiseB．subsequentlyC．thereforeD．simultaneously正確答案：C解析：本題考查邏輯關系。該句進一步解釋說明上句，是在上句這一條件成立的基礎上產生的結果，表示因果關系的選項只有[C]，故排除表示轉折關系的[A]otherwise“否則”，表示時間先后的[B]subsequently“隨后”和表示并列關系的[D]simultaneously“同時”。3．【B3】A．insteadofB．otherthanC．nomorethanD．aswellas正確答案：A解析：本題考查介詞短語的用法。insteadof“而不是”，該句文意為：兩個人每人將工作20個小時，而不是他們現在習慣的40個小時。其他選項均不符合文意，[B]otherthan“與……不同；除了”，如：Thereisnobodyhereotherthanme．“這里除了我沒別人。”[C]nomorethan“不過、僅僅”，如：Hewasakidreally，nomorethan18or19．“他確實是個孩子，不過十八九歲。”[D]aswellas“既……又……”。4．【B4】A．amountedB．putC．accustomedD．familiarized正確答案：C解析：本題考查固定搭配。beaccustomedto(doing)sth．“習慣(做)某事”，是固定搭配。此處指現在習慣的40個小時，故選[C]。amountedto“總計”不符合文意；[B]put和[D]familiarized不能與to搭配，故應排除。5．【B5】A．efficientB．deficientC．skillfulD．unskilled正確答案：D解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。根據句中的high—poweredexecutives“干勁十足的行政人員”，以及workers之后的修飾語如boring等的提示，可排除[A]efficient“能干的”和[C]skillful“有技能的”；而[B]deficient“有缺陷的”也不符合文意，因此選[D]unskilled“無需技能的”。6．【B6】A．repetitiveB．challengingC．demandingD．exhausted正確答案：A解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。選項語意應與boring“乏味的”并列，首先排除[B]challenging“有挑戰性的”和[C]demanding“苛求的”；[D]exhausted“筋疲力盡的”，常用于修飾人，而不是物，因此確定答案為[A]repetitive“重復性的”。7．【B7】A．similarB．sameC．diverseD．different正確答案：A解析：本題考查形容詞詞義辨析。[A]similar“類似的”，文章的主題是失業帶給人們壓力并使人們抑郁，這點與做重復性勞動給人們帶來的影響是類似的或者一致的，故選[A]。[B]same“相同的”，常與定冠詞the連用，故應排除；[C]diverse“多種多樣的”和[D]different“不同的”與下文文意不符。8．【B8】A．idleawayB．copewithC．cutintoD．setaside正確答案：B解析：本題考查動詞短語的用法。科技的發展導致人們有了很多業余時間，過多的閑暇時間也會使人們精神抑郁。因此需要教育人們如何有效地應對增多的業余時間。[B]copewith“(正確地)應對”，其他選項均不符合文意。[A]idleaway“消磨時光”；[C]cutinto“縮減”；[D]setaside“留出”。9．【B9】A．fellonB．switchedtoC．heldonD．turnedto正確答案：D解析：本題考查動詞短語的用法。[A]fellon“(急切地)撲向，抓住”，不符合文意；[B]switchedto“從一個地方轉換到另外一個地方”，而上下文并沒有給出其他選擇，故排除；[C]heldon“堅持”也不符合文意。因此選[D]turnedto“求助于”，即開始做某事。10．【B10】A．combatB．campaignC．contestD．struggle正確答案：A解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析。人們服用藥品是為了與失眠、焦慮等癥狀做斗爭，首先排除[B]campaign“戰役，運動”和[C]contest“競爭”；[D]struggle要與against連用才能帶賓語，在此不符合語法；因此答案為[A]combat“與……搏斗”。11．【B11】A．costB．repayC．takeD．spend正確答案：D解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析。[D]spend的常用句型結構為：sb．spendtime／moneyonsth．“某人花時間／錢做某事”，符合文意和用法，故選[D]。[A]cost“花費”，常用物作主語；[B]repay“報答，償還”，不符合文意；[C]take“拿、取”常用物作主語。12．【B12】A．digestB．swallowC．purchaseD．manufacture正確答案：B解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析。上文提到人們turnto“開始服用”安眠藥，與此語意相并列的是[B]swallow“吞，咽”，其他選項均不符合文意。[A]digest“消化”、[C]purchase“購買”和[D]manufacture“制造”與句中的everynight連用邏輯不通，故排除。13．【B13】A．AlthoughB．SinceC．WhereasD．If正確答案：A解析：本題考查邏輯關系。主從句之間有轉折關系，故選[A]。所在句子的意思是：盡管在遇到危機時這些“治療思想的藥片”極其有用，但是，如果不用藥物，絕大多數病人的境況會更好。14．【B14】A．deterioratingB．betteroffC．worseningD．suffering正確答案：B解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析。因為主從句有轉折關系，并且作者對服藥持反對態度，可以推斷如果不吃藥，人們也不會惡化、變得不好或者受折磨，因此排除[A]deteriorating“惡化”；[C]worsening“變壞”和[D]suffering“受折磨”。[B]betteroff“境況不錯”，符合文意，故為正確答案。15．【B15】A．reasonsB．outcomesC．consequencesD．causes正確答案：D解析：本題考查名詞詞義辨析。作者試圖總結引起人們緊張和壓抑癥狀的原因。[A]reasons“理由”，常與for搭配使用，不是起因，故排除；[B]outcomes“結局，最終的結果”和[C]consequences“結果”也不符合邏輯；再根據短文末句的thecauseofthestress，可以確定答案為[D]causes“起因”。16．【B16】A．FurthermoreB．NeverthelessC．MoreoverD．Additionally正確答案：B解析：本題考查副詞詞義辨析。該處需要填入表示轉折關系的副詞，而[A]Furthermore“進一步說”表示并列遞進關系；[C]Moreover“再者”和[D]Additionally“另外”都是表示并列遞進關系的副詞，故排除。[B]Nevertheless表示轉折關系，意為“不過，仍然”，符合文意，故為正確答案。17．【B17】A．thoroughlyB．enthusiasticallyC．activelyD．skillfully正確答案：C解析：本題考查副詞詞義辨析。上文提到要學會處理好增多的業余時間，醫生又提了一些積極的建議，因此[C]actively“積極地”最符合文意。[A]thoroughly“徹底地”、[B]enthusiastically“滿懷熱情地”和[D]skillfully“有技巧地”，此三項均不符合文意，故排除。18．【B18】A．makingB．puttingC．bringingD．bottling正確答案：D解析：本題考查動詞詞義辨析。根據上文，人應該expressedtheiranger而不應強忍怒火，故此處應選[D]bottling，與up搭配意為“抑制(怒氣或怨氣)”。其他選項與up搭配時的意思為：makingup“構成，編造，和解”；puttingup“提出，支起”；bringingup“撫養大”，此三項均不符合文意，故排除。19．【B19】A．whatB．whicheverC．thatD．which正確答案：D解析：本題考查定語從句的用法。[D]which引導非限制性定語從句，修飾drugs，其他選項均不符合文意。20．【B20】A．symptomsB．indicationsC．signaturesD．appearances正確答案：A解析：本題考查名詞詞義辨析。與壓力相關的選項為[A]symptoms“病癥”。其他選項均不符合文意。[B]indications“跡象”、[C]signatures“簽名”和[D]appearances“外表”都不如symptoms與stress這種病密切相關，故排除。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)AsthegovernmentlaunchestheNationalYearofMusic,anewreportconfirmsthatlearninganinstrumenthasmanybenefitsforchildren.Learningamusicalinstrumentatschoolimproveschildren’sbehavior,memoryandintelligence,agovernment-commissionedstudyhasfound,asministerslaunchthefirstNationalYearofMusic.ProfessorSusanHallamoftheInstituteofEducation,UniversityofLondon,analyzedscoresofresearchers’studiesonthebenefitsofmusictochildren.Shefoundresearchershaddiscoveredthatlearningtoplayaninstrumentenlargestheleftsideofthebrain.Thisleadsmusically-trainedpupilstorememberalmostafifthmoreinformation.Hallarn’sresearchreviewwascommissionedbytheDepartmentforChildren,SchoolsandFamiliesaspartofadrivetopersuademorechildreninEnglandtoplayamusicalinstrument.Thegovernmenthopestodoublethenumberofchildren,aged7to11,whoaregivenachancetolearnaninstrumentforfreeby2011.Thegovernmentsaysthatnowoverhalfofprimary-agedchildrenlearnaninstrument.Astudycontrastingtheimpactofmusiclessonswiththatofdramaclassesfoundmusiclessons,overtime,increasedpupils’IQby7points,comparedto4.3pointsfordramalessons.SeveralU.S.studieshavefoundthatplavinganinstrumentimproveschildren’sbehavior.Thiswasbecauseworkinginsmallmusicalgroupsrequirestrust,respectandcompromise,Hallamsaid.“Inadolescence,musicmakesamajorcontributiontothedevelopmentofself-identityandisseenasasourceofsupportwhenyoungpeoplearefeelingtroubledorlonely.“Hallamsaid.Butsingingorpianolessonsdonotnecessarilyimprovechildren’smathsability.“Therelationshipbetweenmathsandactivemusicalengagementhashadmixedresults.“Hallamsaid.￡330mhasbeeninvestedinmusic“insideandoutsidetheclassroom”inthelastyear.Long-hairedrockguitaristswilltakepartinwhatthegovernmenthascalledthebiggestmusiclessonever.Andsomeofthecountry’sbest-knownartistswillplayintheclassrooms.MusicisattheveryheartofBritishpopularculture—it’swhatkidstalkabout,it’swhattheyaspireto.Youngpeopleneedtoknowthattheycanonlybecomestarsbymasteringthebasicswhenthey’reyoungandbylearningaboutarangeofmusic,fromclassicaltocountry.Thisisexactlywhyweneedworld—classmusiceducationinschools.Weknowthatlearningtoplayaninstrumentcanimprovebothreadingandwriting.Itisrightthatmusicshouldplayanimportantroleinschoollifeandbeyond.21．Whichofthefollowingisamongthebenefitsoflearninganinstrumentforchildren?A．Improvingbehaviorsandrelievingstress.B．Promotinggrowthandimprovingintelligence.C．Boostingconfidenceandimprovingintelligence.D．Improvingintelligenceandstrengtheningmemories.正確答案：D解析：細節題。由題干關鍵詞benefits和learninganinstrument定位至第一段。該段首先提到了兒童學習樂器有很多好處。隨后作者列舉了研究所發現的兒童在校學習樂器的三大好處：能夠改善兒童的行為、提高兒童記憶力、增強兒童智力，故[D]為正確答案。第一段首句就提到了兒童學習樂器有很多益處。根據英文的寫作模式，介紹完主題，接下來就要進行解釋說明。由此，在后面的內容中我們不難找到兒童學習樂器的具體好處：改善行為、提高記憶力、增強智力。[A]中的“緩解壓力”文中并沒有提及，故排除；[B]中的“促進生長22．AccordingtoSusanHallam,musically-trainedpupils______.A．candowellinmathsB．haveabettermemoryC．willmakemorefriendsD．overcomedifficultiesmoreeasily正確答案：B解析：細節題。由題干關鍵詞SusanHallam和musically—trainedpupils定位至第二段。該段首先介紹了SusanHallam的研究發現：學習樂器有助于人類大腦左半球的發育，因此，受過音樂教育的孩子能多記住五分之一的信息，即受過音樂教育的孩子比沒有受過音樂教育的孩子的記憶力要好，故[B]選項符合文意。musically-trainedpupils所在的上下文并沒有提到受過音樂教育的孩子是否有數學天賦，故排除[A]；文中也未提及受過音樂教育的孩子是否“會交到更多朋友”、“更容易克服困難23．OneofthefindingsoftheU.S.studiesonplayingmusicalinstrumentsisthat______.A．singinglessonscanimprovechildren’smathsabilityB．musichaslittleeffectonchildren’snegativeemotionsC．groupmusicalworkishelpfultoimprovechildren’sbehaviorD．trustandrespectaremostimportantforlearningmusic正確答案：C解析：推理題。根據題干關鍵詞theU．S．studies定位至第四段。該段的中心思想是美國的幾項研究發現學習樂器能夠改善兒童的行為。其原因是演奏樂器需要人與人之間的密切配合才能完成，在演奏過程中，相互信任、相互尊重、相互包容顯得尤為重要。由此可推斷[C]符合該處語境。第四段引用Hallam的話是為了對美國的幾項研究發現作進一步的說明。Hallam說：音樂課和鋼琴課不一定能提高孩子的數學能力，因為二者之間的關系很復雜，故排除[A]；此外，音樂還可以幫助年輕人排解勸煩惱或孤獨，故[B]不符合本處語境，也排除；[D24．Musicisveryimportantinschoollifebecauseplayingamusicalinstrumentcanimprove______.A．readingandwritingB．listeningandwritingC．mathsandreadingD．listeningandmaths正確答案：A解析：細節題。根據題干關鍵詞playingamusicalinstrument和improve定位至最后一段。該段主要介紹了音樂在英國文化中的核心地位以及兒童掌握音樂知識和技能的重要性。在接下來的內容里作者介紹了學校開展音樂教育的原因——演奏樂器有助于提高閱讀和寫作能力，故[A]為正確答案。該段首先強調了學校開設音樂教育是因為音樂既是孩子們談論的話題，也是他們追求的目標。還提到“大家都知道，學習演奏樂器可以提高閱讀和寫作能力。”因此，[B]、[C]和[D]均與原文內容不符，故應排除。25．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthispassage?A．TheImpactofMusicLessonsB．TheFirstNationalYearofMusicC．TheBenefitsofMusicEducationforChildrenD．TheHeartofBritishPopularCulture正確答案：C解析：主題題。本文運用典型的英文開篇模式，在第一段就點明主題，即：兒童在上學期間學習演奏樂器對改善行為、提高記憶力、增強智力有益。在后面的內容中，作者對這幾種益處分別進行了闡述。在最后一段，作者首尾呼應，對音樂教育的好處及重要性進行了總結。因此可以推斷[C]最能體現本文的主旨，故為正確答案。本題要從全文中尋找線索，最佳標題應該最能體現文章主題。根據英語文章的寫作手法，文章的主題一般出現在第一段或最后一段。因此，結合這兩段信息，我們不難找到本文的關鍵信息。[A]范圍太廣，未切中本文主題，故排除；[B]屬于以偏概全Forhealthinsurance,theUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemost,relyheavilyontheprivatesector,andobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.Whilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfaction,ifnotpride,intheseremarkablequalities,otherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.Inherexceptionalbook,PartingattheCrossroads,AntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-1960.TheUnitedStateandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborder,arewealthy,andhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerful,andtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Nevertheless,theirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplans,targetedtotheelderlyandindigent,andemployment-basedplans,whichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidents,withtheprivatesectorprovidingsupplementaryservicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractors,particularlyorganizedmedicine,wieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanprovince,whichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibility,spurringthedominantliberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.Incontrast,theU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformation,forcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggeststhateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systems,buttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealth,Maionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.Conversely,MaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancy,dissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.Althoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountry,theU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandmedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.High,chronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandmedicare,swellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.Inanycase,whethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesector,escalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetsofgovernment,corporations,andfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingtodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.26．FromthefirstsentencewelearnthattheUnitedStates______.A．hasgoneastrayaboutwhatitdoeswithhealthinsuranceB．hascomplicateditshealthinsurancepolicyandconfuseditspeopleC．hasreformeditshealthcaretotheiraveragepeople’ssatisfactionD．carriesoutadifferenthealthinsurancepolicyfromotherWesterncountries正確答案：D解析：推理題。第一句話原意是：在醫療保險方面，美國走的是很少有人走的道路。言外之意是：美國采取了與眾不同的做法。這句話開門見山地表明了本文所要說明的問題。本文主要對比了美國和加拿大的醫療保險制度，指出了加拿大醫療保險制度的利和美國醫療保險制度的弊。27．Canadianhealth-caresystemsaredifferentfromthoseoftheU.S.inthat______.A．thefederalgovernmentisdirectlyresponsibleforthemB．privatesectorsinCanadaplayamoreimportantroleC．thegovernmentonlyindirectlysupportstheemployment-basedplansD．thetradeunionsinbothcountriesareonlymoderatelypowerfulinsuchmatters正確答案：A解析：細節題。根據第二段最后兩句，美國依靠的是一種混合的政府計劃：有專門針對老人和窮人的政府保險計劃，和以就業為基礎但受政府間接支持的保險計劃；而加拿大實施的則是公共醫療保險制度，面向所有合格的居民，私營部門只在某些省提供補充服務項目。第四段第二句也提到，雖然人們最近對加拿大政府的預算狀況表示擔憂，但是Maioni仍然認為廣泛的支持會保護全民保險制度。可見，在加拿大，政府直接實施醫療保險；而在美國，主要是公司負責其職員的醫療保險，政府對此僅提供間接支持。28．ThevulnerabilityoftheU.S.insurancesystemsliesin______.A．itsfailuretoextenditscoveragetothepoorandelderlyB．itsexcessivedependenceonthelabormarketC．Americans”willingnesstobuyinsuranceD．thewillingnessofthegovernmenttoinvestinthem正確答案：B解析：細節題。第四段指出，雖然經濟形勢急轉直下可能使兩國(加拿大和美國)的醫療保險支出陷人困境，但美國的(醫療保險)體制將顯得特別脆弱(vulnerable)，因為以就業為基礎的保險和醫療都依賴勞動力市場狀況。經常性的高失業率可能縮減享受保險的人數(coverageloss)，使雇主在提供保險和醫療上遇到困難，使得不參加保險的總體人數上升。29．TheSaskatchewanprograminCanadashowsthat______.A．thelaborunionofacountrycanplayapositiveroleinhealth-insurancereformB．universalhealthinsuranceispracticableinafederalgovernmentC．athirdpartyisneededtocoordinatetheeffortsofthegovernmentandthelaborunionD．theelectoralsystemhasadirectimpactontheinsuranceplan正確答案：B解析：例證題。第三段第四句提到，加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省的醫療保險計劃說明了全民保險計劃的可行性(feasibility)，促使執政的自由黨提出了全國性的全民保險計劃。另外，第二段第三句提到美國和加拿大都是聯邦政體。根據文意，雖然[A]提到的內容也是事實，但卻不是薩斯喀徹溫省醫療保險計劃所要說明的道理。30．ThepassageismostlikelytobeA．asummaryofagovernment-sponsoredprograminhealthpolicystudyB．areviewofabookinhealth-caresystemstudyC．asurveyoftheinfluenceofeconomicpoliciesonthehealth-caresystemD．acriticalcommentaryontheU.S.health-caresystem正確答案：B解析：主題題。文章在第二段提到Maioni的書，第二、三、四段其實都在介紹書中的內容和觀點，請考生尤其注意第四段中三次提到了Maioni。Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.Untilrecently,childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturity,childrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharm,butrathersimplyassignpunishmentfortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescaused.AccordingtoPiaget,childrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopment,whichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutism(rulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyed)andimminentjustice(ifrulesarebroken,punishmentwillbemetedout).Untilyoungchildrenmature,theirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofatransgression.However,inrecentresearch,Keaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharm,butalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtier,regardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.Bothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildren,atanearlieragethanPiagetclaimed,advanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopment,moralautonomy,inwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage.Keasey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven;dothevrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactions,anddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences?Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicduty,self-defense,andprovocation.Forexample,NesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionwasjustifiedbypublicduty:five-year-oldsreactedverydifferentlyto“BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse”dependingonwhetherBonniedidit“sosomebodywon’tfalloverit”orbecauseBonniewanted“tomakeAnnfeelbad”.Thus,achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions,thoughintentional,canbejustified;theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgments.Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharm,six-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeable,andthuspreventable,harmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheperpetratorcannotbeblamed.Sevenmonthslater,however,Darleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctions,thusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous.31．Accordingtothepassage,PiagetandKeaseywouldhavedifferentviewsonthepointsthat______.A．thekindsofexcuseschildrengiveforharmfulactstheycommitB．thejustificationschildrenrecognizeformitigatingpunishmentforharmfulactsC．theageatwhichchildrenbegintodiscriminatebetweenintentionalandunintentionalharmD．thecircumstancesunderwhichchildrencommitharmfulacts正確答案：C解析：細節題。兩位學者的觀點在第一段：Piaget認為七歲以下兒童不會對傷害自己或他人的行為做道德判斷，而Keasey認為六歲兒童開始對傷害自己或他人的行為做出道德判斷。由此可知，兩個心理學家在兒童區分有意傷害和無意傷害的年齡問題上觀點不一，故選[C]。[A]、[B]和[D]均不符合題意，故應排除。32．Whichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutsix-year-oldchildrenwouldKeasey’sfindingsupport?A．Theyregardmoralabsolutismasathreattotheirmoralautonomy.B．Theyhavetheabilitytomakeautonomousmoraljudgments.C．Theydonotunderstandtheconceptofpublicduty.D．Theyacceptmoraljudgmentmadebytheirpeersmoreeasilythanolderchildrendo.正確答案：B解析：細節題。他們有能力進行獨立的道德判斷。由題干關鍵詞Keasey’sfindings定位至第一段倒數第二句however，inrecentresearch…．theamountofdamageprodlreed。Keasey認為六歲以前的兒童能夠區分有意傷害和無意傷害，故[B]符合題意。[A]、[C]和[D]都不是Keasey’sfindings所得出的結論，故應排除。33．AccordingtoPiaget,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．Themoredevelopmentallyimmatureachild,themoreseverethepunishmentthatthechildwillassign.B．Thepunishmentforactsofunintentionalharmislessseverethanitisforactsinvolvingaccidentalharm.C．Thechildrenassignpunishmentlessarbitrarilythantheydowhentheyreachtheageofmoralautonomy.D．Theseverityoftheassignedpunishmentisdeterminedbytheperceivedmagnitudeofnegativeconsequences.正確答案：D解析：細節題。[D]懲罰的嚴厲程度取決于消極結果的嚴重程度。由題干關鍵詞Piaget定位至第一段第二句：Untilrecently，childpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesis…，butrathersimplyassignpunishmenffortransgressionsonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativecons34．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingaboutfive-year-oldchildrendoestheresearchofNesdaleandRulesuggest?A．Theirreactionstointentionalandaccidentalharmdeterminetheseverityofthepunishmentstheyassign.B．They,asperpetratorsofharmfulacts,disregardthefeelingsofthechildrentheyharm.C．Theyviewpublicdutyasajustificationforaccidental,butnotintentionharm.D．Theytakeintoaccountthemotivationsofactionswhenjudgingthebehaviorofotherchildren.正確答案：D解析：推理題。由題干關鍵詞：NesdaleandRule定位至第二段：Forexample，NesdaleandRuleconcludedthat…Thus，achildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactions，thoughintentional，canbejustified；theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjud35．Darleyfoundthataftersevenmonthsofkindergarten,whichofthefollowingabilitiesdidsix-year-oldchildrenacquire?A．Recognizingthedifferencebetweenmoralabsolutismandmoralautonomy.B．Differentiatingbetweenforeseeableandunforeseeableharm.C．Justifyingharmfulactionsthatresultfromprovocation.D．Evaluatingthemagnitudeofnegativeconsequencesresultingfromthebreakingofrules.正確答案：B解析：細節題。由題干關鍵詞Darley定位至最后一段Darleyobservedthat…thattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous．Darley認為剛進幼兒同的六歲兒童不能辨認出可預見的傷害，然而七個月之后，Darley發現這些兒童能夠對這兩種傷害做出區分，證明他們在道德上已經變得獨立自主了，故選[B]。Darley沒有提及兒童對moralabsolutismandmoralautonomy的區別認識，故排除[A]；Darley只證明了在進入幼兒園七個月后，兒童Themade-for-TVmovieaboutatornadocarryingman-eatingsharkswasasurprisehitinAmerica.Thepreposterousplotof“Sharknado”maystrikeachordwithmediabosseswhohavewatchedtheinternetravagetheirbusinessoverthepastdecade.Newspapershavelostreadersandadvertisingtotheinternet.Bookandmusicshopshaveclosedforgood.SalesofDVDsandCDshaveplummeted.Thetelevisionindustryhassofarresistedbigdisruptionbutthathasnotstoppeddoomsayerspredictingaflightofadvertisingandviewers.In2008JeffZucker,thenthepresidentofNBCUniversal,abigentertainmentgroup,lamentedthetrendof“tradinganaloguedollarsfordigitalpennies”.Butthosepenniesarestartingtoaddup.AndevenMr.Zucker,nowbossofCNNWorldwide,aTVnewschannel,haschangedhistune.“Oldmediaiswell,wellbeyonddigitalpennies.“hesays.Whathaschangedhismind?Thesurgeinsmartphones,tabletcomputersandbroadbandspeedshasencouragedmorepeopletopayforcontenttheycancarryaroundwiththem.Andall-accessservices,whichgiveunlimitedcontentonmobiledevicesforamonthlyfee,arepromotingpeopletospendmoreondigitalproducts.Afteryearsofwreakinghavoc,theinternetishelpingmediacompaniestogrow.SanfordC.Bernstein,aresearchfirm,reckonsonlinelicensingwasresponsibleforaboutathirdofthegrowthinrevenuesatCBS,anAmericanmediafirm,in2012.Themostobviouschangeinthepastfewyearsisthedeclineof“physical”products,suchasCDs,DVDsandprintnewspapers.In2008nearlynine-tenthsofconsumercashwentonthem;by2017itwillbealittleoverhalf,withdigitalgrabbingtherest.Newspapersaretryingtopeddledigitalsubscriptions;theNewYorkTimeshasnearly700,000onlinesubscribers,butfewothershavedonesowell.Sothereisstillabigquestion.Somewonderwhetherthepricesthatcanbechargedforcomputerizedproducts“cansupporttheunderlyingindustriesiftheyarenotalsophysicalbusinesses”.Somemediafirmsneedtogetbiggerandtrimcosts.Butnewtechnologydoesprovideopportunitiesformediaindustry.Thevalueofarchivesisgrowingintheinternetage:ownerscanprofitfromolderprogramsthatarerarelybroadcast.Theinternetcanalsohelpfirmsbecomecleverer.Concertshavebecomethelifebloodofthemusicindustryandmakeupmorethanhalfofrevenues.Actsusedtogoontourtosellalbums.Nowtheyputoutalbumssotheycanmaketheirlivingontheroad.Publishersarereleasingbookselectronicallytotestsalesbeforeputtingtheminprint,andtoadjustpricestodrivedemand.Experimentsthatwereonceimpossiblyexpensivenowcostpeanuts.36．Thestatement“tradinganaloguedollarsfordigitalpennies”(Line2,Para.2)implies______.A．thelamentationofdisruptionoffortunecausedbyinternetB．NBCUniversalhaschangeditstuneofdigitalpenniesC．digitalmediacannotrivalwiththeoldoneD．digitalsectionofmediacontributesmoretoJeffZucker’sindustry正確答案：D解析：推理題。在“…(第一句)but…(第二句)”這樣的結構中，問第一句implies什么，答案應該是對第二句的同意替換。如果問第一句means什么，答案應該是和第二句意思相反的選項。[A]thelamentationofdisruptionoffortunecausedbyinternet這個選項其實是在對but前面的內容進行同意替換；[B]NBCUniversalhaschangeditstuneofdigitalpennies這個選項是一個胡亂拼湊的視覺干擾；[C]digi37．JeffZuckerbelievedthatdigitalmediaisgainingitsimportancemostprobablybecause______.A．theemergenceof“all-access”servicesB．theeasyavailabilityofthemediacontentC．theprofitabilitybroughtbycybertechnologyD．thelowpriceofthemonthlyfee正確答案：C解析：細節題。題干定位至第三段。首先題干告知結果是：JeffZucker認為數字媒體變得日益重要了，原因就是來自于后面的語句。[A]全接口服務的出現。[B]媒體內容容易獲得。[C]數字技術帶來的盈利可能。[D]低廉的月租費用。[A]、[B]和[D]三個選項都可以是原因，都可以是正確答案；但是如果要選擇主要原因的話就要選擇一個最佳選項，那就只能是[C]了。profitability意為“盈利的能力”。38．Inparagraph4,thedigitalbusinessofothernewspapersismentionedtoshow______.A．thedec