Warming–upExercise

1.Canyouhavethewashing-machine_______(send)tomyplace?2.Thosewhohavequestions________(ask),raiseyourhands.3.Yourshoesaredirty.Theyneed________(wash)badly.4.Wouldyoulike________(take)partinthesportsmeet?5.Thestudentsfeltlike______(solve)theproblemsonceforall.

senttoaskwashingtotakesolvingWarming–upExercise

1.CaLecture4Non-predicateVerb

非謂語動詞概述：顧名思義，非謂語動詞就是不能充當謂語的動詞。除了不能作謂語外，非謂語動詞具備動詞的特征，可以在句中充當多種成分。根據種類的不同，非謂語動詞充當的成分也不一，因此，非謂語動詞呈現出多樣性和復雜性，需要逐一對比分析，多觀察，多推理。Lecture4Non-predicateVerb

第一節分類(classification)非謂語動詞可分為三大類型：不定式

(Infinitive)動名詞(Gerund)

現在分詞(-ing)分詞

（Participle）(PresentP.)

過去分詞(-ed)(PastP.)第一節分類(classification)非謂語動詞可分第二節構成與成分比較分類構成

成分主語賓語表語定語狀語補語不定式todo動名詞doing分詞doing-ed??????????????????第二節構成與成分比較分類構成第三節不定式構成與特征：

主動被動一般todotobedone進行tobedoing

完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進行tohavebeendoing

第三節不定式構成與特征：

主動被動一般to

1.動詞不定式的一般式所表示的動作和狀態發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作和狀態的同時或以后：

Ibelievehimtobeanartist.HewaseagertovisitBeijing.Shefounditdifficulttobeunderstoodbyherstudents.Allofusweresurprisedtohavelearnedthatyouareplanning

toleaveschoolnextsemester.(改錯)

tolearn1.動詞不定式的一般式所表示的動作和狀態發生在謂語動詞所

2.

動詞不定式的進行式所表示的動作和狀態與謂語動詞所表示的動作和狀態同時發生：

ThebookissaidtobesellingwellintheU.S.A.Heappearedtobelisteningattentively.I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____allthetime.A.togetworseB.tobegettingworseC.tohavegoneworseD.gettingworse2.動詞不定式的進行式所表示的動作和狀態與謂語動詞所

3.動詞不定式的完成式所表示的動作和狀態發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作和狀態以前：

I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforme.Theyaresaidtohavefinishedthewholeproject.Mostofthemarereportedtohavebeenprintedontime.Good-bye,Mr.Zhang.I’mpleased___.A.tomeetyouB.meetingyouC.tohavemetyouD.havingmetyou

Key:C(“再見”表明已經見過了）3.動詞不定式的完成式所表示的動作和狀態發生在謂語動詞4.動詞不定式的否定式在to前加not:Shedecidednottobelateagain.Heregrettednottohavecaredforhertheseyears.Theypretendednottobelisteningtous.

5.不定式的被動式表示其邏輯主語為不定式動作的承受者：

Therearemorethanfiftyproposals___attheconference.A.discussedB.discussingC.tobediscussedD.havingbeendiscussed

Key:C(現在時，被動態）4.動詞不定式的否定式在to前加not:不定式的功能與用法

動詞不定式在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可以充當主語、表語、賓語、定語、賓補、主補和狀語。

1.主語:

既可位于句首,亦可用先行詞it作形式主語.Tolearnaforeignlanguagetakesalongtimeandlotsofhardwork.IttakesalongtimeandlotsofhardworktolearnEnglish.Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthan____.A.livingonone’skneesB.liveonone’skneesC.onone’skneesD.toliveonone’sknees

Key:D(一致)不定式的功能與用法2.表語：

表目的：

Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.Thepurposeoftheexchangeprogramistopromotetheunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.表示事態發展或預期的結果：

Tobecomeaslaveistogiveupone’sfreedom.

Manistoliveabetterlifeinthenextcentury.用于第一人稱疑問句，表示征求意見：

WhatamItosayiftheyaskmethequestion?2.表語：用于被動語態，具有情態意義：Theregulationsaretobeobserved.Heistoberewardedforhisbrilliantdiscoveries.表示命令、決定、勸告、意愿、禁止等：

Themanisguiltyandistoundergotenmonths’imprisonment.(決定)

Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouaretosucceed.(愿望)可用主動形式表被動：

Agreatdealisyettodo.(很多事情還要去做.)Littleremainstodo.(幾乎沒有什么要做的.)Sheistoblame.(她應該受到譴責.)

用于被動語態，具有情態意義：3.賓語（動詞賓語，介詞賓語）

1）作單賓語

Weregret____youthatmaterialsyouorderedareoutofstock.

A.informingB.toinformC.havinginformedD.tohaveinformed

Key:B(我們遺憾的通知你，你所訂購的材料沒有現貨）

Mr.Johnsonpreferred____heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenB.tobegivingC.tohavegivenD.havinggiven

Key:A

約翰先生寧愿被分配較重的工作去做。3.賓語（動詞賓語，介詞賓語）能夠以不定式作單賓語的動詞分類：

1）接不定式不接動名詞的動詞：同意、拒絕、決心、試圖、希望、要求

afforddarehoperefuseagreedecidelearnresolve

(決心)aim(打算)demandlongseekarrangedesire

manage

threatenaskdetermine

offer

volunteerbegexpectplanwantcarefailpreparewishchoosefearpretendclaimhelppromise能夠以不定式作單賓語的動詞分類：2）接不定式或接動名詞的動詞（與動名詞比較）可以互換：

attempt(多接不定式）

(can’t)bearbeginbotherceasecommence(開始)continuehateintendlikeloveneglectomitpreferpropose(打算、建議)start不可以互換：

rememberforgetregret(后悔/遺憾、抱歉)mean(打算/意味著)goonstopneedwant(主觀上想要/客觀上需要)2）接不定式或接動名詞的動詞（與動名詞比較）復合賓語：在consider,feel,find,make,regard,think等動詞后作復合賓語中的賓語時，通常需要先行詞作形式賓語。翻譯：我覺得學好英語很難。Ifeel/thinkthattolearnEnglishwellisverhard.IfindithardtolearnEnglishwell.Weconsideritagreathonortobeinvited.Imakeitarule_________(keep)recordsoneveryexperiment.tokeep復合賓語：在consider,feel,find,m不定式作介詞賓語：常見于except,but的賓語。如果句中的except或but之前有實義動詞do的任何形式，則省to。翻譯：除了做飯他什么都能做。Hecandoeverythingexceptcook.Hewantednothingbuttostaythere.“Ithoughtyouhadplannedtopracticepianotoday.”“Ididnothingbut___lettersallday.”A.towriteB.writeC.writingD.wroteB不定式作介詞賓語：常見于except,but的賓語。如果4.不定式作定語：被修飾詞與不定式之間有邏輯上的施動關系(主謂）

1）Hisnextbooktoappearthismonthwillbepopular.2）In1938PearlS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwoman___theNobelPrizeforLiterature.

A.receiveB.receivedC.toreceiveD.shereceived

3）Theapplicants___________________(interview)arerequiredtobringallthenecessarypapers.

(被動式，受動關系。）Ctobeinterviewed4.不定式作定語：Ctobeinterviewed被修飾詞與不定式之間有邏輯上的受動關系

1.

Ihavesomeletterstomail.2.Doyoulikesomethingtodrink?3.Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichofficeroom____.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsend4.I’vegotaloafofbread;nowI’mlookingforaknife________(cut)itwith.

tocutitwithaknife

用刀切

haveaknifecut

把刀切了Atocut被修飾詞與不定式之間有邏輯上的受動關系Atocut有時被修飾的名詞為其后不定式短語中介詞的賓語，此時的介詞是必不可少的。Therewerenochairtositon.Hedoesn'thavearoomtolivein.Theboy’sfatherboughthimalargetoytrain_____.A.toplaywithB.toplaywithitC.whichtoplaywithD.atwhichtoplayA有時被修飾的名詞為其后不定式短語中介詞的賓語，此時的介詞是必被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的動詞同源：Ihavenowishtomakeacomplaint.(Idon’twishtomakeacomplaint.)Heexpressedhisintentiontoresign.(Heintendedtoresign.)類似的詞：attempt-attempt,decision-decide,determination-determine,failure-fail,need-need,promise-promise翻譯：他承諾過今晚要來參加舞會的。Hemadeapromise

tojoinintheballtonight.Hepromisedtojoinintheballtonight.被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的動詞同源：被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的形容詞同源：Hehastheabilitytodothework.(Heisabletodothework.)Icouldseehereagernesstoseeyou.(Shewaseagertoseeyou.)Oneofthekeys

tothesurvivalofanyanimalistheabilityadapts

tochangesintheenvironment.

Key:toadapt類似的詞：determination-determined,anxiety-anxious,willingness-willing被修飾的名詞與常接不定式的形容詞同源：不定式作某些抽象名詞的定語：Ihadneverhadtheopportunitytolearntoplaythepiano.Theyfoundawaytospendlessmoneyonelectricity.Hehadeveryreasontocomplain.Thetraditionalapproach___withcomplexproblemsistobreakthemdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.

A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todealKey:D(介詞to后往往接名詞或名詞詞組）不定式作某些抽象名詞的定語：“介詞+關系代詞+不定式”作定語Theycouldn’tgetthematerialwithwhichtobuildtheirhome.(=thematerialtobuildtheirhomewith)Irespecttheprofessortowhomtointroduceher.(=theprofessortointroduceherto)Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds___hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.

A.tobebasedonBtobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobaseKey:D(這位教授找不到充分的證據讓自己贊同這種新理論。)“介詞+關系代詞+不定式”作定語不定式作狀語：

1）目的狀語

1.

____ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster’sdegree.

A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming2.Iadvisethemtowithdraw____.A.soastogetnotinvolvedB.soasnottogetinvolvedC.sothatnottogetinvolvedD.asnottogetinvolvedAB不定式作狀語：AB結果狀語：

1）在too+a./ad.之后：

Therabbitrantooquicklytobeovertakenbythefox.Iamonlytoopleasedtohelpyou.(我很樂意幫你)

當(only)too后面的形容詞為apt(易于…),eager,easy,pleased,ready等時，too…to結構表示肯定，too相當于very。

2）在a./ad.+enough之后：

I’moldenoughtomakeupmyownmind.

Somemoleculesarelargeenoughtobeseenundertheelectronicmicroscope.結果狀語：so+a./ad.+as

Hebehavedsofoolishlyas

tomakemethinkhehadlosthissenses.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly____.A.noticedB.tobenoticed

C.beingnoticedD.tonoticesuch…as結構

Hiskindnesswassuchastomakeallofuslovehim.Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeep

youwaitingforsolong.so+a./ad.+as被only修飾的不定式（短語）作結果狀語Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhisbrotherhadleft.Hesurvivedthecrashonlytodieinthedesert.Atlastsheleftherhouseandgottotheairport,only___theplaneflyingaway.

A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.sawD.tosee其他形式：Helivedtobeeighty.Shewentabroadnevertoreturn.WhathaveIdonetomakeyousoangry?被only修飾的不定式（短語）作結果狀語方式狀語（asif/asthough引導）Heopenedhismouthasiftospeak.Shestoodupasiftoleave.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough___outoftheoffice.A.wentB.goneC.togoD.wouldgo方式狀語（asif/asthough引導）6.

不定式作補語6.1帶to不定式作賓補表示思維活動的動詞后：consider,find,believe,expect,hold,think,etc.Weconsiderhertobeourfriend.Ibelievehimtohavegoneabroad.Youcanfindthequestions______________(answer)onpage31.Thestudentsexpectedthere____morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.A.isB.beingC.havebeenD.tobetobeansweredD6.不定式作補語tobeansweredD在表示請求、允許、命令等動詞后Amembershipcardauthorizes___theclub’sfacilitiesforaperiodof12months.A.theholderusingB.thehold’suseC.theholdertouseD.theholderusesBecauseoftherecentaccident,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmefromswimmingintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.Key:C;toswim在表示請求、允許、命令等動詞后建議，請求,要求：advise,ask,beg,command,invite,request,require,允許，讓，迫使：allow,enable,get,force,permit,compel,challenge,promise,oblige,leave(委托，讓)指示、命令：direct,instruct,order,command,lead,tell,choose,assign,cause,愿望，期待,鼓勵：wish,expect,encourage,urge,prefer,inspire,promote,mean,stimulate,summon提醒，警告：remind,warn,阻止，勸告,說服：forbid,advise,persuade,convince打算，想要：mean,intend,want,need,打擾麻煩：trouble,給予，授權,批準：entitle,authorize建議，請求,要求：advise,ask,beg,co改錯Hehopedhissistertolendhimahand.Hehopedthathissisterwouldlendhimahand.Hedemandedmetogiveupthechance.

HedemandedthatIgiveupthechance.Isuggesthimnottogotherealone.

Isuggestthathenotgotherealone.改錯不帶to的不定式作賓補：感官動詞feel,hear,listen,lookat,notice,observe,overhear,see,watch等之后：Ihaveheardbothteachersandstudentsspeakwellofhim.在使役動詞have,let,make之后：Therearegoingtohavetheservicemaninstallanelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.不帶to的不定式作賓補：不定式作主語補足語要求不定式作賓補的大部分動詞(have,let,notice,watch等除外)都可以作被動句中的謂語，這樣，主句中的賓補就成了被動句中的主補。

Theywerenotallowed

tocomein.Shewasseen

torunoutoftheroom.不定式在“主-動-that從句”的被動句中作主補：Thebanksisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.(Itisreportedthatthebankshavebeenrobbed…)不定式作主語補足語不定式在suppose,design等動詞的固定被動式中作主補：TheancientEgyptiansaresupposed

tohavesentrocketstothemoon.Thebackgroundmusicinanassemblylineisdesigned

nottobelistenedto.(裝配線里的背景音樂不是為了給人聽而設計的。)不定式在suppose,design等動詞的固定被動式中作不定式作形容詞補語表原因：（fortunate,glad,happy,lucky)Shewasproudtobeinvitedtospeak.I’msorrytohearthat.在表示人的品格或智能特征的形容詞后，主語與不定式之間存在邏輯上的施動關系：Hewassillytodoso.(Itwassillyofhimtodoso)(brave,careful,clever,clumsy,courageous,generous,reasonable,sensible,wise)不定式作形容詞補語邏輯上的受動關系：agreeable(愉快的,愜意的)amusing,difficult,easy,hard,hopeless,impossible,interesting,nice,pleasantHeisdifficulttoteach.Yourquestionisimpossibletoanswer.(Itisimpossibletoansweryourquestion.)表示未來的趨勢、可能性、愿望：able,afraid,anxious,apt,bound,determined,eager,free,fit,inclined,keen,liable,likely,certain,sure,ready,reluctant,prone,welcome,willingTheyarelikelytolosetheelection.Areyousuretowinthegame?邏輯上的受動關系：agreeable(愉快的,愜意的)不定式作獨立成分：Totellthetruth,weknownothingaboutit.Tobeginwith,heistooyoungforthatposition.Ithappened,tobeexact,atfivepasttwo.[tobebrief,tobefrank,tobesure,toconclude，

todohimjustice(說句對他公道的話),tomakealongst