采礦工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)喬燕珍1采礦工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)喬燕珍1Newwordsandexpressionsresource[ri's?:s]n.[復(fù)數(shù)]資源、物力、財(cái)力rely[ri'lai]vi.依賴，依靠，仰仗，信任，指望hydro['haidr?u]n.水力發(fā)的電,電力

[復(fù)數(shù)]水力發(fā)電站，水力發(fā)電廠renewable[ri‘nju:?bl]adj.可更新的;可繼續(xù)的;

可再生的

n.再生性能源fossil['f?s?l]n.從地下采掘出的石塊(或礦物)adj.從地下采掘出來(lái)的IntroductiontoCoalMining2NewwordsandexpressionsIntrocombustible[k?m'b?st?bl]adj.可燃的,易燃的

n.可燃物,易燃,燃料sedimentary[,sedi'ment?ri]adj.沉淀(物)compose[k?m'p?uz]vt.組成,構(gòu)成consolidate[k?n's?lideit]vt.把…合成一體,合并stratum['streit?m;'str?-;'strɑ:-]n.層;巖層silt[silt]n.泥沙，淤泥;泥沙層；粉沙層crust[kr?st]n.外殼，外皮;地殼tectonic[tek‘t?nik]adj.地殼構(gòu)造的peat[pi:t]n.泥炭，泥煤;泥炭塊；泥炭土bog[b?ɡ]n.沼澤,泥沼,泥塘;沼澤地區(qū)3combustible[k?m'b?st?bl]adj.subject[s?b‘d?ekt]n.主題,題材,題目,論題,課題

adj.受(…)影響的(常與to連用)carboniferous[,kɑrb?‘n?f?r?s]adj.石炭紀(jì)的

n.石炭紀(jì),石炭層span[sp?n]n.時(shí)間階段deposit[di‘p?zit]vi.沉積;沉淀

n.沉積,沉淀,沉積物;堆積物

【采礦】礦藏,礦床maturity[m?'tju?riti]n.成熟;【生物學(xué)】成熟期lignite['liɡnait]n.褐煤[亦作browncoal]shade[?eid]n.陰,樹(shù)陰;細(xì)微差別4subject[s?b‘d?ekt]n.主題,題材,題目progressive[pr?u'ɡresiv]adj.逐漸的;漸進(jìn)的bituminous[bi‘tju:min?s]adj.瀝青的;煙煤的anthracite英[‘?nθr?sa?t]n.[礦物]無(wú)煙煤abundance[?'b?nd?ns]n.充足,大量,多;豐富,富有yield[ji:ld]n.生產(chǎn),收益;產(chǎn)量，收益量historically[his't?rik?li]adv.在歷史上;以往,過(guò)去destine['destin]vt.預(yù)定,指定；打算使…(成)為，委托(for)continental[,k?nti‘nent?l]adj.洲的,大陸的exponentially[,?kspo'n?n??li]adv.以指數(shù)方式Newcastle[‘nu,k?s?l]n.紐卡斯?fàn)枺ㄓ?guó)港市）5progressive[pr?u'ɡresiv]adj.Durham['d?r?m]n.達(dá)拉謨(英格蘭一郡及其首府名)Coalbrookdale煤溪谷colliery['k?lj?ri]n.煤礦(包括建筑物和設(shè)備)drift[drift]n.【采礦】平巷，水平巷道，平峒Midlothian[mid'l?uθi?n]中洛錫安郡(英國(guó)蘇格蘭東南部舊郡)Virginia[v?'d?inj?](美國(guó)東部的)弗吉尼亞州pick[pik]n.鶴嘴鋤；鎬shovel['??v?l]n.鏟，鐵鍬conduct[k?n‘d?kt]vt.進(jìn)行,實(shí)施,處理tremendous[tri'mend?s]adj.巨大的，極大的subsidence[s?b'sa?dns]n.下沉；沉淀；陷沒(méi)

6Durham['d?r?m]n.達(dá)拉謨(英格蘭一郡及其首beneath[bi‘ni:θ]prep.在…下面，在…下方collapse[k?‘l?ps]vi.(突然)倒塌；塌下transmit[tr?ns‘mit]vt.傳導(dǎo)；傳遞potential[p?u‘ten??l]adj.潛在的,可能的aquatic[?‘kw?tik]adj.水產(chǎn)的，水生的；水棲的terrestrial[ti‘restri?l]adj.陸地的,陸生的offset[,?f‘set]vt.抵消;補(bǔ)償landscape[‘l?ndskeip]n.山水,景色;地形,景觀7beneath[bi‘ni:θ]prep.在…下面，在…relieson依賴mineralresources礦藏、礦產(chǎn)資源hydropower水力發(fā)電fossilfuel礦物燃料，化石燃料fossiloil石油；化石燃料combustiblegas可燃?xì)怏wcombustiblematerial可燃物；易燃材料combustibledust可燃粉塵；易燃粉塵sedimentarystrata沉積巖sedimentarydeposit沉積礦床；成層沉積buyout買下…的全部產(chǎn)權(quán)；出錢使…放棄地位coalpreparationplant選煤廠tosamedegree在某種程度上inplace適當(dāng)?shù)模‘?dāng)?shù)?relieson依賴8composedof由…組成rockstrata巖層earth‘scrust地殼tectonicmovement構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)；地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)peatbog泥炭沼，泥炭沼澤bituminouscoal煙煤；瀝青煤（等于softcoal）inabundance大量的；豐富的；充足的electricitygeneration發(fā)電industrialrevolution工業(yè)革命，產(chǎn)業(yè)革命destinedfor駛往；去往9composedof由…組成9IntroductiontoCoalMining煤炭開(kāi)采技術(shù)

Coalisoneoftheworld’smostimportantresourcesofenergy,fuellingalmost40%ofelectricityworldwide.Inmanycountriesthisfigureismuchhigher:Polandreliesoncoalforover94%ofitselectricity;SouthAfricafor92%;Chinafor77%;andAustraliafor76%.Coalhasbeentheworld’sfastestgrowingenergysourceinrecentyears—fasterthangas,oil,nuclear,hydroandrenewable.10IntroductiontoCoalMining101.Whatiscoal?Coalisafossilfuel,whichisacombustible,sedimentary,organicrock,anditiscomposedmainlyofcarbon,hydrogenandoxygen.Itisformedfromvegetation,whichhasbeenconsolidatedbetweenotherrockstrataandalteredbythecombinedeffectsofpressureandheatovermillionsofyearstoformcoalseams.Thebuild-upofsiltandothersedimentstogetherwithmovementsintheearth’scrust(knownastectonicmovements)buriedtheseswampsandpeatbogs,oftentogreatdepths.111.Whatiscoal?11

Withburial,theplantmaterialwassubjectedtohightemperaturesandpressures.Thiscausedphysicalandchemicalchangesinthevegetation,transformingitintopeatandthenintocoal.CoalformationbeganduringtheCarboniferousPeriod(knownasthefirstcoalage),whichspanned360millionto290millionyearsago.12Withburial,theplantmate

Thequalityofeachcoaldepositisdeterminedbytemperatureandpressureandbythelengthoftimeinformation,whichisreferredtoasits“organicmaturity”.Initiallythepeatisconvertedintoligniteor“browncoal”-thesearecoal-typeswithloworganicmaturity.Incomparisontoothercoals,ligniteisquitesoftanditscolorcanrangefromdarkblacktovariousshadesofbrown.13Thequalityofeachc

Overmanymoremillionsofyears,thecontinuingeffectsoftemperatureandpressureproducesfurtherchangeinthelignite,progressivelyincreasingitsorganicmaturityandtransformingitintotherangeknownas“sub-bituminous”coals.Furtherchemicalandphysicalchangesoccuruntilthesecoalsbecameharderandblacker,formingthe“bituminous”or“hardcoals”.Undertherightconditions,theprogressiveincreaseintheorganicmaturitycancontinue,finallyforminganthracite.

14Overmanymoremillion2.ImportanceofCoalDuetoitsabundance,coalhasbeenminedinvariouspartsoftheworldthroughouthistoryandcontinuestobeanimportanteconomicactivitytoday.Comparedtowoodfuels,coalyieldsahigheramountofenergypermassandcouldbeobtainedinareaswherewoodisnotreadilyavailable.Thoughhistoricallyusedasameansofhouseholdheating,coalisnowmostlyusedinindustry,especiallyinsmeltingandalloyproduction,aswellaselectricitygeneration.152.ImportanceofCoal15

Coalisoneoftheworld’smostimportantsourcesofenergysincetheIndustrialRevolutionofthe1800s.Asof2010,coalisfuellingalmost40%ofelectricityworldwide.Inmanycountriesthisfigureismuchhigher:Polandreliesoncoalforover94%ofitselectricity;Southafricfor92%;Chinafor77%;andAustraliafor76%.Coalhasbeentheworld’sfastestgrowingenergysourceinrecentyears-fasterthangas,oil,nuclear,hydroandrenewable.16CoalisoneoftheworlOver6185milliontones(Mt)ofhardcoaliscurrentlyproducedworldwideand1042Mtofbrowncoal/lignite.Thelargestcoalproducingcountriesarenotconfinedtooneregion-thetopfivehardcoalproducersareChina,theUSA,India,AustraliaandSouthAfrica.Muchofglobalcoalproductionisusedinthecountryinwhichitwasproduced;onlyaround15%ofhardcoalproductionisdestinedfortheinternationalcoalmarket.17Over6185milliontone3.HistoryofCoalMiningTheIndustrialRevolution,whichbeganinBritaininthe18thcenturyandlaterspreadtocontinentalEuropeandNorthAmerica,wasbasedontheavailabilityofcoaltopowersteamengines.Internationaltradeexpandedexponentiallywhencoal-fedsteamengineswerebuiltfortherailwayandsteamships.Thenewminesthatgrewupinthe19thcenturydependedonmenandchildrentoworklonghoursinoftendangerousworkingconditions.Thereweremanycoalfields,buttheoldestwereinNewcastleandDurham,SouthWales,ScotlandandtheMidlands,suchasthoseatCoalbrookdale.183.HistoryofCoalMining18Theoldestcontinuouslyworkeddeep-mineintheUniteKingdomiaTowerCollieryinSouthWalesvalleysintheheartoftheSouthWalescoalfield.Thiscollierywasdevelopedin1805,anditsminersboughtitoutattheendofthe20thcentury,topreventitfrombeingclosed.TowerCollierywasfinallyclosedon25January2008,althoughproductioncontinuesattheAberpergwmdriftmineownedbyWalterEnergyoftheUSAnearby.

19Theoldestcontinuously

CoalwasminedinAmericaintheearly18thcentury,andcommercialminingstartedaround1730inMidlothian,Virginia.Coal-cuttingmachineswereinventedinthe1880s.Beforethisinvention,coalwasminedfromundergroundwithapickandshovel.By1912surfaceminingwasconductedwithsteamshovelsdesignedforcoalmining.4.ProblemsinFaceofCoalMiningDespitethetremendousimportanceofcoal,theindustryisfacedwithseriousproblems,suchas:20CoalwasminedinAmeri

(1)Dustandnoisepollution(ⅰ)Dustatminingoperationscanbecausedbytrucksbeingdrivenonunsealedroads,coalcrushingoperations,drillingoperationsandwindblowingoverareasdisturbedbymining.(ⅱ)Mainsourcesofnoisepollutionareblasting,movementofheavyearthmovingmachines,drillingandcoalhandlingplants.(2)MiningsubsidenceMinesubsidencecanbeaproblemwithundergroundcoalmining,wherebythegroundlevellowersasaresultofcoalhavingbeenminedbeneath.21(1)Dustandnoisepol

Themajorfactorsaffectingtheextentofsubsidenceareseamthicknessanditsdepthbeneaththesurface.Roofcollapsewilloftenstartwithin24hoursorcoalextraction,butthefulleffectsaretransmittedratherslowlyupwards,eventuallyresultinginsubsidenceatthesurface.Butitmaybeover10yearsbeforethesurfaceiscompletelystableagain.

(3)WaterpollutionMostundergroundandsomesurfaceminesliewellbelowthewatertable.

22Themajorfactorsaffec

Both,therefore,havethepotentialtopolluteanygroundwaterthatflowsthroughthem.Wastewaterfromcoalpreparationplantandminewaterareothersourcesofwaterpollution.Inadditiontotheobviousdisturbanceofthelandsurface,miningmayaffecttovaryingdegrees,groundwater,surfacewater,aquaticandterrestrialvegetation,wildlife,soils,air,andculturalresources.Actionbasedonenvironmentalregulationsmayavoid,limit,control,oroffsetmanyofthesepotentialimpacts,butminingwill,tosomedegree,alwaysalterlandscapeandenvironmentalresources.

23Both,therefore,have

Regulationsintendedtocontrolandmanagethesealterationsofthelandscapeinanacceptablewayareinplaceandarecontinuallyupdatedasnewtechnologiesaredevelopedtoimprovemineralextraction,toreclaimminedlands,andtolimitenvironmentalimpacts.24RegulationsintendedtoconUnit1CoalMineGeologyandExploration

Newwordsandexpressionsancient['ein??nt]adj.古老的；遠(yuǎn)古的；上古的；年老的microbial[mai'krobi?l]adj.微生物(細(xì)菌)的reserve[ri'z?:v]n.儲(chǔ)量extensive[ik'stensiv]adj.延伸的，伸展的structure['str?kt??]n.構(gòu)造,石理,石紋

feature['fi:t??]n.特征；特色，特點(diǎn)25Unit1CoalMineGeologyandEobserve[?b'z?:v]vt.說(shuō)，評(píng)述，評(píng)論parting['pɑ:ti?]n.夾層split[split]n.裂隙

periodic[,pi?ri'?dik]adj.定期的;周期的relatively['rel?tivli]adv.比較地；相對(duì)地reestablishmentn.重建；恢復(fù)；再建stage[steid?]n.水位

erosive[i'r?usiv]adj.

腐蝕(性)的channel['t??n?l]n.河床，河槽fold[f?uld]n.褶皺horizontal['h?ri'z?nt?l]adj.水平的26o