2008年首都經濟貿易大學考博英語真題及詳解SectionI GrammaticalStructure(10points)Directions:Thereare10itemsinthissection.ChoosethecorrectwordorphrasefromthefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C,orDbeneatheachsentence.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.1.Shedidherwork______hermanagerhadinstructed.A.asB.untilC.whenD.though【答案】A查看答案【解析】as“照…的方式，如同”，引導方式狀語從句。until和when引導時間狀語從句。though表讓步。2.______ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All【答案】C查看答案【解析】neither表否定，兩者都不。all和none表示三者或三者以上。若用both，根據主謂一致原則was要改成were，而且與句意不符。3.Forsometimenow,worldleaders______outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.A.hadbeenpointingB.havebeenpointingC.werepointingD.pointed【答案】B查看答案【解析】句意：前一段時間以來，世界各國領導人一直強調就裁軍達成協議的必要性。從forsometimenow可判斷應用現在完成進行時結構，表示動作從過去某一時間開始一直持續到現在，可能還要繼續下去，強調對現在產生的影響。4.Haveyoueverbeeninasituation______youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim?A.bywhichB.thatC.inwhereD.where【答案】D查看答案【解析】此處situation后用where引導從句，屬于習慣用法，表示一種處境，相當于inwhich。5.We’vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,______shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifenextsummer.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.they【答案】A查看答案【解析】非限定性定語從句用法，起補充說明作用，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個句子，用逗號與主句隔開。what引導名詞從句，充當主語和賓語。that不能用于非限定性定語從句。they不是關系代詞，不能引導定語從句。6.AIDSissaid______thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen【答案】C查看答案【解析】句意：據說，在過去幾年中，艾滋病是那個地區的第一殺手。besaidtobe屬于固定搭配，故將選項A和選項D排除。overthepastfewyears是現在完成時態的標志。7.Shemanagedtosave______shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.A.howlittlemoneyB.solittlemoneyC.suchlittlemoneyD.whatlittlemoney【答案】D查看答案【解析】句意：她把工資中能省的都省出來幫助她的弟弟。what用作關系形容詞時，表示“所有的，盡量多的”，相當于asmuchas或whatever。how引導讓步狀語從句。so和such不能引導名詞性從句。8.Fool______Janeis,shecouldnothavedonesuchathing.A.whoB.asC.thatD.like【答案】B查看答案【解析】as引出讓步狀語時，要求句子部分倒裝。9.Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan______.A.havebeenputinB.beingputinC.hasbeenputinD.tobeputin【答案】C查看答案【解析】此處than還帶有充當關系代詞引導定語從句的色彩。用現在完成時，表示資金已經投入，故排除選項B和選項D。money為不可數名詞，要用第三人稱單數形式has。10.______forthefactthanshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot【答案】A查看答案【解析】句意：如果不是因為傷了腿，她本有可能通過考試的。虛擬語氣用法。原句為Ifithadnotbeenforthefactthat…,倒裝后if被省略，助動詞提到主語前，屬于固定用法。SectionII UseofEnglish(20points)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.STOPfrettingaboutrecession.ThatisthemessagefromAmerica’sR-wordindex.Foreachquarter,we(11)  howmanystoriesintheNewYorkTimesandtheWashingtonPostincludetheword“recession”.(12)  bellswereset(13)  bythesharpjumpinthe“R-count”inthefirstquarterofthisyear,ataratethatinthepasthas(14)  thestartofarecession.Inthesecondquarter,(15)  ,thenumberofarticles(16)  bymorethanone-third.Aconspiracytheoristmightsuggestthatnewspapereditors,(17)  aboutdwindlingadvertisingrevenues,have(18)  theR-word.TheEconomisthasfoundthat(19)  thepasttwodecades,theR-wordindexhasbeengoodat(20)  turning-pointsintheAmericaneconomy.(21)  GDPfigureswhichappear(22)  afteralag,thenumbersareinstantlyavailable.ButhowdoestheindexperforminGermany,(23)  therehavealsobeen(24)  fearsofrecession?Usingourides,HypoVereinsbankhas(25)  anR-wordindexforGermany,countingthenumberoftimesthewordrecession(26)  inHandelsblatt.Worryingly,Germany’sR-countforthefirstquarterof2001showedthesecond-steepest(27)  inthepasttwodecades.Butinthesecondquarter,theindexdroppedbyone-third,(28)  inAmerica.(29)  theworldeconomyhasnothingtoworryabout,orjournalistsaremoreworriedabouta(30)  thanamererecession.11.A.count B.calculate C.accountD.reckon12.A.Warning  B.Alarm  C.Siren D.Danger13.A.upB.out  C.off D.about14.A.hintat B.gestured C.sign D.signaled15.A.but B.yet C.however D.although16.A.reduced  B.fell  C.drop  D.descended17.A.bothered  B.harassed C.troubled D.worried18.A.prohibited  B.proscribed  C.banned D.interdicted19.A.over  B.in C.through  D.by20.A.pointing  B.setting  C.placing D.spotting21.A.Unlike B.Like C.As D.Notas22.A.generally B.usually C.always  D.only23.A.which  B.where  C.who D.what24.A.grown B.grow  C.grew  D.growing25.A.coined B.built  C.constructed D.setup26.A.appearing B.appeared  C.appearance D.appears27.A.growth  B.rise  C.rising D.climb28.A.as  B.like  C.asif D.asthat29.A.Either  B.Whichever C.Neither  D.Whatever30.A.depression  B.decline C.despair D.dejection【答案與解析】11.A 這四個詞都有“計算”的意思：count側重“計數”；calculate側重“通過計算來確認”；account是不及物動詞，意為“總計為”；reckon側重“推算”；從文中howmanystories可知這里為“計數”的意味。12.B alarmbell警鐘。13.C setup建立。setoff觸發、引起。setout開始。setabout開始，著手。由句意可知是由指數上升觸發了警鐘，所以選C。14.D signal意為“表示”，有“以信號警告”的含義；hintat意為“暗示”；sign意為“用手勢表示”；gesture意為“以手勢表示”；根據句意，D是正確答案。15.C 四項都表示轉折，但用法不同：however可插入轉折部分中間，用逗號左右分開表轉折；yet可用于轉折部分開始或結尾，須和句子相連；but可用于轉折部分開始；although表示讓步轉折。因此，C是正確答案。16.B 四項都有“下降”的意思，但是表示數字較少一般只用fall。17.D 四項都有“受…困擾”的意思，但在這里后面的介詞為about，所以應該用worried，其他幾個動詞應用by。18.C 四項都有“禁止”的含義：prohibit意為“禁止”，一般表示禁止某項活動；proscribe意為“放逐”；interdict意為“阻斷、閉鎖”；ban意為“取締、禁止<書刊>”，根據句意，C項最合適。19.A 這幾個介詞后面都可以跟時間，但表示的意思不同：in在…之內；over從頭到尾，強調覆蓋全部時間；through到…為止；by到…為止。根據后面hasbeengood可知應是個延續的時間，強調的是全部時間里，因此A比B更好一些。20.D point指出；spot精確地標識；place放置；set放置；point和spot在這里都說得通，但spot多了一層“精確”的意味，更使用于描寫經濟。21.A 根據上下文，R指數和GDP指數不同，所以意思應是“不象”，而as后面應該是句子，unlike后是名詞，所以選A。22.D 由上下文可知，R指數可隨時獲取，而GDP卻相反，只有發生經濟停滯后才出現。23.B 關系代詞引導的句子是一個完整的句子。24.D 根據句意要表達的是“日益增加的”，應該用現在分詞形式。25.C coin杜撰；construct構建、創立；built建造；setup樹立、建立；A意義不符合，B、D一般只建構具體的事物，因此C比較合適。26.D “thewordrecessionappearsinHandelsblatt”是numbers的一個定語從句，所以應選D。27.B rise上升；growth增長；rising起立；climb爬升。B項最為恰當。28.A 該句為省略句，完整句子為aswhathappenedinAmerica。29.C either...or不是…就是…。30.A depression衰退；decline下降；despair絕望；dejection沮喪。A最切合句意。SectionIII ReadingComprehension(40points)Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNationalBiography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10year’stimearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor,ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,000lives,some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornameofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandhadbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome100,000suggestions.Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch:50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.Thereremainsthedinnerpartygameofwho’sin,who’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremyinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted;malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin,Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristiewasaforceintherepealofcapitalpunishmentinBritain.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromthemiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecorded,hisbiographercomments:‘WhetherornotHugowasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility’.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks:‘Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinanoftencursory’.Thatdoesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin).31.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume,______A.becauseitisnotworththepriceB.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbeforeC.unlessonehasallthevolumesinthecollectionD.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly32.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat______.A.theeditorshadclearrolestofollowB.therewastoomanycriminalsintheentriesC.theeditorsclearlyfavouredbenefactorsD.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices33.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB______.A.becauseheescapedtotheU.S.B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolishedC.forreasonsnotclarifiedD.becauseoftheeditors’mistake34.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto______A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNBB.giveemphasistohisargumentC.impressthereaderwithitscontentD.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAges35.Onthewhole,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas______A.complimentary B.supportiveC.disapproval  D.bitter【答案與解析】31.C 第一段對于購買國家傳記字典提出質疑，因為買到的字典并不完整。“Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.”由此可見，如果沒有所有的volumes，購買就是沒有意義的。故選項C正確。32.D 在《英國傳記大詞典》收錄人物的問題上，作者對編輯持否定態度。根據文章第二段，讀者在字典中查閱不到很多人物，并向TheSpectator提出建議，可是編輯做的工作遠不能讓人滿意，因此選項A可排除。文章并沒有涉及到toomanycriminals的問題，選項B錯誤。收錄人物方面編輯是irrational，故選項D正確。33.C 根據文章第三段得知Christie是一名罪犯，因為他而誤殺了Evans，他的案例是英國主張撤銷死刑的一個原因。Crippen是第一個應用電信技術抓獲的罪犯。至于為什么Crippen沒有被收錄，文章沒有給出原因。故選項C正確。34.B 最后一段中，作者列出了DNB中的MaxMiller，Hugo和LevinaTeerlinc，以證明其論點，說明DNB收錄人物的不合理性。而不是解釋DNB的特點或突出中世紀人物。故選項B正確。35.C 通讀全文可知本文的主題是《英國傳記大詞典》收錄人物問題。作者對現收錄人物和編輯的工作并不滿意，給出LevinaTeerlinc等例子證明其不合理。因此，作者對DNB是持否定態度的。Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.URUGUAYhasbeenaproudexceptiontotheprivatizingwavethatsweptthroughSouthAmericainthe1990s.Itsstate-ownedfirmsaremoreefficientthanmanyoftheircounterpartsinArgentinaandBrazileverwere.In1992,Uruguayansvotedinareferendumagainstprivatizingtelecoms.TheyrightlyobservethatsomeofArgentina’ssaleswerebotched,creatinginefficientprivatemonopolies.Andwithunemploymentat15%,nobodyisenthusiasticaboutthejobcutsprivatizationwouldinvolve.ThatleavesPresidentJorgeBattlewithaproblem.Uruguayhasbeeninrecessionforthepasttwoyears,mainlybecauseoflowpricesforitsagriculturalexports,andbecauseofArgentina’swoes.Butpublicdebtisat45%ofGDP,andrising.Someeconomistsarguethatprivatizationwouldgiveaboosttotheeconomy,byattractingforeigninvestment,andbyloweringcosts.CERES,athink-tank,havingcomparedtariffsforpublicservicesinUruguayanditsneighbors,believesliberalizationcouldsavebusinessesandhouseholdstheequivalentof4%ofGDPannually,raisegrowthandproduceanet45,000jobs.Thepollsthatshowcontinuingsupportforpublicownershipalsoshowgrowingoppositiontomonopolies.SoMr.Battleplanstokeepthestatefirms,butletprivateoneseithercompetewiththemorbidtooperatetheirservicesundercontract.TheoppositionBroadFrontandthetradeunionsareresisting.Theyhavegatheredenoughsignaturestodemanda“publicconsultation”nextmonthonanewlawtoallowprivateoperatorsintheportsandrailways—areferendumonwhethertoholdareferendumontheissue.AlbertoBension,thefinanceminister,admitsthevotewillbeacrucialindicatorofhowfarthegovernmentcanpush.Buthenotesthat,since1992,attemptstooverturnlawsbycallingreferendumshaveflopped.Theliberalizationoftelecomshasalreadybegun.BellSouth,anAmericanfirm,isthefirstprivatecell-phoneoperator.Thereareplanstolicenseothers,andtalkofallowingcompetitionforfixed-linetelephones.AnewlawallowsprivatecompaniestoimportgasfromArgentinatogenerateelectricityincompetitionwiththestateutility.AnotherplanwouldstripAncap,thestateoilfirm,ofitsmonopolyofimports.Ithasalreadybeenallowedtoseekaprivatepartnertomodernizeitsrefinery.Hardertaskslieahead.Thestate-ownedbanksaresaddledwithproblemloanstofarmersandhomeowners.AndMr.Battleshowsnoappetiteforcuttingthebloatedbureaucracy.Afterayearinoffice,thepresidentispopular.Hehascreatedacross-partycommissiontoinvestigate“disappearances”duringUruguay’smilitarydictatorshipof1976-85.Theunionsareweakenedbyunemployment.AtCERES,ErnestoTalviarguesthatMr.Battleshouldnotehisownstrength,andpushaheadmoreblidly.ButthatisnottheUruguayanway.36.Uruguayinthe1990s______A.movedintheprivatizingwaveB.adoptedthesamemeasureasthatofArgentinaC.stickedtoitsoldeconomicmodeD.developedveryslowly37.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstfourparagraphs?A.Uruguayhasbeenalwaystryingtojoinintheprivatizingwave.B.EconomistsarguethatprivatizationistheonlywaytoboostUruguay’sGDP.C.Mr.Battleplanstoprivatizethecountry’seconomycompletely.D.TheoppositionBroadFrontisinfavorofprivatization.38.The5thparagraphsuggeststhat______.A.BellSouthisbuiltupin1982B.therehasbeennolawtoregulatetheelectricityC.AncapmaymodernizeitsrefinerywiththehelpofaprivatepartnerD.liberalizationmakestheeconomyslack39.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“flopped”(lastline,paragraph4)?A.succeededB.failedC.FollowedD.Provoked40.Whichoneistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.PrivatizationisthrivinginUruguay.B.Now,referendahavelessstrengthtochangesomelaws.C.Uruguayanpeoplearesatisfiedwiththegovernment’sactionswithregardtotheeconomy.D.ThePresidentismanagingtokeepthestatecompaniesefficient.【答案與解析】36.C 文章第一段第一句“URUGUAYhasbeenaproudexceptiontotheprivatizingwavethatsweptthroughSouthAmericainthe1990s.”中的exception指例外，可見烏拉圭并沒有私有化，堅持了自己的發展方式。故選項C正確。37.D 從文章首段第一句即可得知選項A錯誤。選項B和選項C中的only和completely過于絕對，不符題意。選項D由文章第四段推理得出。故選項D正確。38.C 選項A錯誤，Bell公司成立的年份沒有給出。選項B中nolaw錯誤，根據第五段“anewlawallows...”可以得知。選項D指出自由化是經濟放緩，與文意不符。根據第五段選項C符合題意。故選項C正確。39.B 根據第四段得知：反對政府政策的工會等要求就私有化問題全民公投，希望抵制政府政策。但是，自1992年起“attemptstooverturnlawsbycallingreferendumshaveflopped”。由此推理得知flop為“失敗”之意。故選項B正確。40.D 選項A指出私有化thriving，不符題意，文章指出私有化剛剛起步。選項B中lessstrength與原文不符。選項C忽視了工會等對政府措施的抵制。故選項D正確。Questions41to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheUniversityintransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow’suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandnon-Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity—avoluntarycommunitytoscholarsandteachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware,producedbyafewsuperstarteachers,marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawsiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunerselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthenoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation,thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontentorotherdangerswillnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatwork.Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofuniversityeducation.Whatif,forinstance,insteadofreceivingprimarilytechnicaltrainingandbuildingtheirindividualcareers,universitystudentsandprofessorscouldfocustheirlearningandresearcheffortsonexistingproblemsintheirlocalcommunitiesandtheworld?FeministscholarIvanaMilojevicdarestodreamwhatauniversitymightbecome“ifwebelievedthatchild-careworkersandteachersinearlychildhoodeducationshouldbeoneofthehighest(ratherthanlowest)paidprofessionals?”Co-editorJenniferGidleyshowshowtomorrow’suniversityfaculty,insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch,maytakeonthreenewroles.Somewouldactasbrokers,assemblingcustomizeddegree-creditprogrammesforindividualstudentsbymixingandmatchingthebestcourseofferingsavailablefrom,institutionsallaroundtheworld.Asecondgroup,mentors,wouldfunctionmuchliketoday’sfacultyadvisers,butarelikelytobeworkingwithmanymorestudentsoutsidetheirownacademicspecialty.Thiswouldrequirethemtoconstantlybelearningfromtheirstudentsaswellasinstructingthem.Athirdnewroleforfaculty,andinGidley’sviewthemostchallengingandrewardingofall,wouldbeasmeaning-makers;charismaticsagesandpractitionersleadinggroupsofstudentsandcolleaguesincollaborativeeffortstofindspiritualaswellasrationalandtechnologicalsolutionstospecificreal-worldproblems.Moreover,thereseemslittlereasontosupposethatanyoneformofuniversitymustnecessarilydriveoutallotheroptions.Studentsmaybe“enrolled”incoursesofferedatvirtualcampusesontheInternet,betweenorevenduringsessionsatareal-worldproblem-focusedinstitution.Asco-editorSohailInayatullahpointsoutinhisintroduction,nofutureisinevitable,andtheveryactofimaginingandthinkingthroughalternativepossibilitiescandirectlyaffecthowthoughtfully,creativelyandurgentlyevenadominanttechnologyisadaptedandapplied.Eveninacademia,thefuturebelongstothosewhocareenoughtoworktheirvisionsintopractical,sustainablerealities.41.WhenthebookreviewerdiscussestheInternetUniversity,______.A.heisinfavorofit B.hisviewisbalancedC.heisslightlycriticalofitD.heisstronglycriticalofit42.WhichofthefollowingisNOTseenasapotentialdangeroftheInternetUniversity?A.Internet-basedcoursesmaybelesscostlythantraditionalones.B.Teachersintraditionalinstitutionsmaylosetheirjobs.C.Internet-basedcoursewaremaylackvarietyincoursecontent.D.TheInternetUniversitymayproduceteacherswithalotofpublicity.43.Accordingtothereview,whatisthefundamentalmissionoftraditionaluniversityeducation?A.Knowledgelearningandcareerbuilding.B.Learninghowtosolveexistingsocialproblems.C.Researchingintosolutionstocurrentworldproblems.D.Combiningresearcheffortsofteachersandstudentsinlearning.44.Judgingfromthethreenewrolesenvisionedfortomorrow’suniversityfaculty,universityteachers______.A.arerequiredtoconductmoreindependentresearchB.arerequiredtooffermorecoursetotheirstudentsC.aresupposedtoassumemoredemandingdutiesD.aresupposedtosupervisemorestudentsintheirspecialty45.Whichcategoryofwritingdoesthereviewbelongto?A.Narration. B.Description.C.persuasion. D.Exposition.【答案與解析】41.B 文章第二段針對InternetUniversity提出了許多advantages，隨后的第三段則指出其存在dangers，可見文中對網絡大學的利弊都進行了客觀評價，觀點并不存在傾向性。故選項B正確。42.A 文章第三段對網絡大學的潛在危險做了介紹。A選項“網絡課程比傳統課程節省費用”并不是潛在危險，是有益處的。故選項A正確。43.A 第五段首句提到大學教育的根本任務，第二句進一步提到“insteadofreceiving...careers”可推理得知傳統大學的基本功能是knowledgelearningandcareerbuilding.故選項A正確。44.C 第六段首句指出“insteadofgivinglecturesandconductingindependentresearch”,將選項A排除。根據第二句推理得出對大學老師要求越來越高，要將各種優秀課程整合之后教給學生，選項C中的demanding符合題意。故選項C正確。45.D 全文主要是針對一本書的內容進行介紹，應該歸為說明文之列。故選項D正確。Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversesignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinapeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happinessandsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.AllgroupsincludingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialexpressionsreflectemotionalstates.Infact,variousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrain.Thefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsandfacialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles(“feedback”)aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoaperson’sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatperson’semotionalstate.ConsiderDarwin’swords:“Thefreeexpressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions.”Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningtoanger?Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthefacial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.Whatarethepossiblelinksbetweenfacialexpressionsandemotion?Onelinkisarousal,whichisthelevelofactivityorpreparednessforactivityinanorganism.Intensecontractionoffacialmuscles,suchasthoseusedinsignifyingfear,heightensarousal.Self-perceptionofheightenedarousalthenleadstoheightenedemotionalactivity.Otherlinksmayinvolvechangesinbraintemperatureandthereleaseofneurotransmitters(substancesthattransmitnerveimpulses).Thecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencestheinternalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennesmile,whichischaracterizedby“crow’sfeet”wrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskinabovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.Ekman’sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression“keepastiffupperlip”asarecommendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethata“stiff”lipsuppressesemotionalresponseaslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.46.Theword“despondent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto______.A.curious B.unhappyC.thoughtful D.uncertain47.Theauthormentions“Baringtheteethinahostileway”inorderto______.A.differentiateonepossiblemeaningofaparticularfacialexpressionfromothermeaningsofitB.supportDarwin’stheoryofevolutionC.provideanexampleofafacialexpressionwhosemeaningiswidelyunderstoodD.contrastafacialexpressionthatis