專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解第四講詞句猜測題——上下語境覓答案一、了解題型特點與設問方式題型特點設問方式詞句猜測題著重考查利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。主要通過以下兩點進行考查。1.要求根據閱讀材料，結合應有的常識和經驗判斷生詞、詞組或者熟詞在特定語境中的含義以及一些句子的意思。2.代詞指代題也是詞句猜測的常考題型該類題型常見的設問方式：Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans“

.”Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby

.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor？Bysaying“...”theauthormeans

.“...”asusedinthepassage，canbestbedefinedas

.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”？專題一閱讀理解二、掌握3大猜測詞義技法為做好詞句猜測題，應當熟練掌握《普通高中英語課程標準》規定的詞匯，在日常學習、訓練中注重積累生僻詞匯和短語，掌握構詞法的基本知識，對各種前綴、后綴的變化形式了然于胸；還應學會根據上下文語境進行合理推測，掌握一定的解題技巧。下面介紹三種行之有效的猜詞技巧，希望對學生提高閱讀理解中詞句猜測題的解題能力有所幫助。專題一閱讀理解技法（一）利用上下文線索猜測詞義定義作者有時會通過給某些詞匯下定義來幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其是在一些科普類、社科類以及與專業內容相關的文章中。此時，常使用的信號詞匯有i.e.、is、are、is/arecalled、mean、referto、knownas等[典例]（2021·全國甲卷）Southbank，ataneasternbendintheThames，isthecenterofBritishskateboarding，wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite：Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon't專題一閱讀理解worryaboutit.Once，whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫桿），Ifellontothestones，damaginganerveinmyhand，andTobycameover，helpingmeup：Safe，man.Safe.Afewminuteslater，whenIlandedthetrick，myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud，shouting：“Safe！Safe！Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks，beingagoodskater.29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe！Safe！Safe！”probablymean？A.Becareful！B.Welldone！C.Noway！D.Don'tworry！[解析]根據本段中的Andmyfavorite：Safe.Safemeantcool.可知，作者將“Safe”定義為“cool”，即出色的；同時結合下文，在作者成功完成動作后，朋友們應該用“Safe”為作者喝彩。[答案]

B專題一閱讀理解舉例有時，畫線詞后會跟有一些具體的例子，這些例子能幫助學生理解該詞的詞義。此時常出現的信號詞匯有：suchas，such...as，forexample，forinstance，like，including，especially等[典例]（2020·北京卷）

CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample，algorithms（算法）carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets，self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets，andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystems專題一閱讀理解havebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”probablymean？A.Enormousinquantity.

B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality. D.Presenteverywhere.[解析]根據畫線詞所在句子后的提示詞Forexample可知，下文是對畫線詞所在句的舉例：算法幫助人們在金融市場進行大量的交易，自動駕駛汽車出現在城市的街道，智能手機實現不同語言間的轉換等。這些例子都是人工智能被廣泛應用到生活中不同領域的體現，由此可以推測出，畫線詞用于形容人工智能的普遍。[答案]

D專題一閱讀理解重述作者為了使某一復雜難懂的詞或術語的含義更清楚，通常會使用常用、簡明的詞或詞組對其進行解釋，這就是重述。重述部分通過逗號（有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號或括號）與句子的其他部分隔開或用信號詞引導。常見的信號詞匯有or、namely、thatis、inotherwords、thatistosay、tobemoreexact、toputinanotherway等[典例]（2019·全國卷Ⅲ）“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook，”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld，whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement，”Ofcourse，notonlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeing專題一閱讀理解influencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang，AlexanderWang，JasonWuaretakingonGalliano，Albaz，MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales，”addsHill.6.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“takingon”mean？A.learningfrom

B.lookingdownonC.workingwith D.competingagainst[解析]

畫線詞匯所在的句子中有破折號，而畫線詞匯又位于第三個破折號之前，因此要特別注意破折號后面的內容，它是對上文的補充說明。根據畫線詞匯所在句的內容可知，三位中國最優秀的時裝設計者在設計和銷量方面擊敗了三位頂尖西方設計師，據此可推知，takeon在該句中應表示“與……較量”。[答案]

D專題一閱讀理解同義詞或近義詞有時，在畫線單詞或短語的前后會出現與之同義或近義的詞匯，它往往暗示了相應詞或短語的含義，這時就可以根據同義、近義的替代關系推知生詞或短語的含義。同義詞、近義詞常見的信號詞有and、or、like、aswell、similarly、too、also、either等[典例]

（2020·全國卷Ⅲ）Yet“Apes”ismoreexceptionthantherule.Infact，Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization，whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilmedentertainment，iskeepingtabsonmorethan2，000productionsthisyear.Already，anumberoffilms，including“WaterforElephants，”“TheHangoverPartⅡ”and“Zookeeper，”havedrawntheangerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven'tbeentreatedproperly.專題一閱讀理解26.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“keepingtabson”probablymean？A.Listingcompletely.

B.Directingprofessionally.C.Promotingsuccessfully. D.Watchingcarefully.[解析]根據本段中的Onenonprofitorganization，whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilmedentertainment可知，該非營利性組織旨在監督電影娛樂業對待動物的方式；畫線短語與上文中的monitor是隱形的同義詞、近義詞關系。[答案]

D專題一閱讀理解反義詞有時作者會用表示對比或轉折的信號詞連接意思相反的兩個詞或句子，這時就可以根據反義詞線索猜測詞義。表示對比或反義的信號詞/詞組常見的有（whether...）or、unlike、but、yet、however、while、although、nevertheless、instead、ratherthan、incontrast、onthecontrary、ontheotherhand等[典例]（2022·全國甲卷）Eversinceherchildhood，Ginni，now71，hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer（職業）

asaprofessionaldancer，shetouredintheUK，butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest，shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.專題一閱讀理解28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlined？A.Trychallengingthings.B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories.D.Sticktoapromise.[解析]根據畫線部分所在句的上句中的“butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther”可知，Ginni一直渴望探索更遠的地方，這說明她想嘗試有挑戰性的事情。[答案]

A專題一閱讀理解技法（二）根據上下文邏輯猜測詞義

有時作者并未在文中對某個單詞或短語進行明顯的解釋說明，此時可根據上下文的邏輯關系進行推理，以確定某一復雜難懂的詞或短語的意義轉折關系[典例]

（2021·新高考卷Ⅰ）WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica，theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately，ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl（水禽）werekilledatthehandsofmarket專題一閱讀理解huntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations，greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat（棲息地）.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”mean？A.Acquire.

B.Export.C.Destroy. D.Distribute.[解析]

本題需要結合上下文語境邏輯進行分析。根據語境可知，畫線詞所在句之前部分描述了北美洲陸地上曾經充滿了各種野生物種，然而畫線詞所在句之后的段落卻筆鋒一轉，描繪了大量水禽被獵殺、濕地被破壞的現象；同時結合Unfortunately這一信號詞可推斷，畫線詞在句起轉折作用，用于描寫殖民者和探險者如何破壞自然資源。[答案]

C專題一閱讀理解對比關系有時，文中會對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述，或會出現與生詞意思相反的詞。因此，學生可以根據句中的對比關系來猜測詞義[典例]（2020·天津卷）Historygroundsusinourroots.Historyisanimportantandinterestingfieldofstudy，andlearningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper，moremeaningfulglimpse（一瞥）intoourancestralpasts，andhowwegottowherewearetoday.Manypeoplefeelliketheyneedasenseofculturalbelonging，whichissomethingthatstudyingyourrootsandbeingopen-mindedtotheevolutionofyourculturecanprovide.專題一閱讀理解51.Theunderlinedpart“wherewearetoday”probablymeans

.A.theturningpointinourhistoryB.thepresentstateofournationC.thelocationofourhomelandD.thetotalareaofourcountry[解析]根據畫線部分所在句前半句中的learningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper，moremeaningfulglimpse（一瞥）intoourancestralpasts可知，學習祖國的歷史可以讓我們更深入、更有意義地了解我們祖先的過去，下文與其形成對比關系，即學習歷史也可以幫助我們了解我們國家的現在。[答案]

B專題一閱讀理解類比關系作為一種推理方法，類比關系是指類比各對象之間存在的一種相似性（共同特征），它通過比較不同對象間的某些相似屬性，從而推導出另一屬性也可能相似。常見的表示類比關系的信號詞有similarly，like，justas，also，aswell等[典例]（2019·天津卷）Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion：whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？專題一閱讀理解We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A.Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.專題一閱讀理解[解析]本題是一個隱性類比句。畫線短語runoutofsteam的主語who在此引導一個定語從句，指前面的people。steam代表“動力”。在本句中，people與蒸汽機形成隱性類比，兩者的一個共同特征就是“動力，活力”，而runoutof表示“用完，用盡”。由此可推知，畫線短語runoutofsteam的意思是“失去動力”。再聯系本段最后一句“I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowing...”可知，作者談論的是那些不再學習成長的人。所以，畫線短語“runoutofsteam”指失去學習的動力。[答案]

D專題一閱讀理解技法（三）根據構詞法猜測詞義

很多情況下，我們在閱讀理解中遇到的生詞是派生詞或合成詞。根據這些詞的前綴、后綴、詞根或所構成合成詞的意思，熟練運用構詞法來判斷生詞的含義是一種十分快速且有效的閱讀技巧[典例]（2020·新高考卷Ⅱ）Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years，dealingwiththevariouskindsof“forbiddenfruit”thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol（手槍）.Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.…專題一閱讀理解MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring，andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway—sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday，andIwouldreturnthebelonging.25.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender”referto？A.Thestudent'sparent.

B.ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C.Theauthor'sgrandchild.D.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.專題一閱讀理解[解析]根據構詞法，“er”為后綴，當其與動詞綴合時，表示做某事的人或物；offend為動詞，意為“違反、冒犯”。故

offender有“犯規者、違反者”的含義。結合上文中出現的forbiddenfruit以及下文提到的returnthebelonging可推斷，犯規者指擁有forbiddenfruit的人。[答案]

D課堂新體驗A（2022·濟南高中三年級十一校聯考）JohnDominiswasoneofthestaffphotographersofLIFE.HejoinedLIFEin1950andshotoneofthemostclassicpicturesofthe20thcentury：TommieSmithandJohnCarlosgivingtheBlackPowersaluteatthe1968OlympicsinMexicoCity.Here，LIFElooksbackatoneofhislesser-knownshoots—theAfricanAntelope，whichwasacoverstorythatearnedhimMagazinePhotographeroftheYearin1966andlaterbecameabook.IntheEditor'sNotethataccompaniesthestory，Dominisdescribedhowhewasabletogetthedramaticphotowithoutatelephotolens.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗“Iwantedtogetlow-angleshotsthatgaveadramaticsenseoftheirspeed.Ibuiltboxesandmountedcamerasinthem，”Dominisexplained.“JohnMbuthiandIworkedforthreeweekswiththem.We'dgoamileaheadofaherdandputdowntheboxesandhidethem.Thenwe'dhideaquarterofamileawayandwaitmaybeforseveralhours.MeanwhilethelightmightchangeandtherewasnowayIcouldchangetheexposuresinthecameras.Iftheanimalreachedtheboxes，Ipushedthebuttonthatsetoffthecamerasbyaradiosignalandranoffawholerolloffilm.Imusthaveexposed40rolls，butendedupwithonlyonereallygoodphoto.”專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗TheBriscoeCentrerecentlyacquiredJohnDominis'works.“ThesepicturesandcollectionshavesomethingtosayabouthowAmericansperceivetheoutsideworld，”saidBenWrightoftheBriscoeCenter.“Theyarenotonlybeautifulandinteresting，butalsohistoricalevidencesthathelphistorianstounderstandthepastwithaccuracyandintegrity.”專題一閱讀理解【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹了攝影師JohnDominis拍攝非洲羚羊照片的過程，以及人們對他作品的看法。課堂新體驗1.WhatcontributedtoDominis'winningMagazinePhotographeroftheYearin1966？A.HisclosecooperationwithJohnMbuthi.B.Hisqualifiedskillsinphotography.C.HisphotooftheAfricanAntelope.D.Hisfamousshotaboutthe1968Olympics.專題一閱讀理解解析：細節理解題。根據第二段中的“Here，LIFElooksback...laterbecameabook”可知，《生活》雜志回顧了Dominis不太為人所知的拍攝非洲羚羊的過程，這張照片為他贏得了年度雜志攝影師的稱號。故非洲羚羊照片讓Dominis成為1966年的年度雜志攝影師。故選C。答案：C課堂新體驗2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mounted”inParagraph3probablymean？A.Fixed.

B.Added.C.Adjusted. D.Focused.專題一閱讀理解解析：詞句猜測題。根據畫線詞上文“Iwantedtoget...Ibuiltboxes”以及后文“camerasinthem”可知，Dominis想要拍攝低角度的照片，向人們展示羚羊速度的夸張，所以做了一些盒子。由此可推知，Dominis應是在盒子里面安裝了攝像機。故畫線詞應與A項“安裝”的意思更為接近，故選A。B項“增加”；C項“調整”；D項“集中”。答案：A課堂新體驗3.WhatwouldDominisdoiftheantelopesreachedtheboxes？A.Sendasignaltotheradio.B.Operatethecamerasremotely.C.Pressthebuttononthecamera.D.Hideaquarterofamileaway.專題一閱讀理解解析：細節理解題。根據第三段中的“Iftheanimalreached...awholerolloffilm”可知，如果羚羊到了盒子邊，Dominis就按下按鈕，通過無線電信號啟動攝像機，然后拍下一整卷膠卷，即Dominis會遠程操作攝像機。故選B。答案：B課堂新體驗4.WhichcanbestdescribeDominisatwork？A.Strictandpositive.B.Flexibleandmodest.C.Curiousandindependent.D.Creativeanddetermined.專題一閱讀理解解析：推理判斷題。根據第三段中的“Iwantedto...inthem”可知，Dominis為了拍攝低角度的照片制作了盒子并在里面裝上攝像機，說明他具有創造性；結合“waitmaybeforseveralhours”可知，他為了一張照片可能會等待好幾個小時，說明他意志力堅定。由此可知，Dominis有創造力并且意志力堅定。故選D。答案：D課堂新體驗BThefreeapp，calledLookout，iscurrentlyavailabletousersintheUnitedStateswhoownaGooglePixeldevice.ThecompanysaysithopestobringLookouttomoredevicesandadditionalcountriessoon.TheappwasfirstannouncedatGoogle'sI/OdeveloperconferenceinMay2018.Sincethen，thecompanysaysithasbeentestingandworkingtoimprovethequalityofitsresults.TheappusestechnologysimilartoGoogleLens.Thatproductusesmachinelearningtorecognizetextandobjectsthroughadevice'scamera.Userscanthenreceiveinformationaboutortakeactionrelatedtothetextandrecognizedobjects.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗Lookoutbuildsonthissametechnology，butaimstoprovideassistancetopeoplewhoareblindorhavelowvision.Theappusesadevice'scameratorecognizetextandobjectsandthenprovidevoicedescriptionsaboutwhatitsees.Lookoutisnotdesignedtodepicteverything，butinsteadseekstosearchoutthingsthatpeoplewouldmostlikelycareabout.Theappcanlearntojudgewhatthingsaremostimportanttoapersonovertime.Googlesaystheappoperatesbestwhentheuserwearsadevicearoundtheneckorinsideapocket，withthecameralenspointedoutward.Lookouthasthreemainsettingsforpeopletouse.TheExploresettingisdesignedtoprovideassistanceforpeoplecarryingoutdailyactivitiesorfor專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗identifyingthingsinnewplaces.TheShoppingsettingcancaptureproductsandhelpu