西方文化GreekCultureAwarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandTroy:1200BCMarkedthehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekcultureinthe5thB.C:ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcenturyB.C.TheestablishmentofdemocracyandTheflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthensRomanculture1.與Greek相同之處：1.TheRomanshadalotincommonwithGreeks(P13)2.Boththe….

3.4.52.Architecture:Thepantheon,PontduGard,TheColosseum1.PatheonisthebestpreservedRomantemple.

2.PontduGardisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueduct(P16-17)3.Colosseumisanenormousamphitheatre.ThebibleandChristianityChristianityisthemostinfluentialintheWest.JudaismandChristianity的關(guān)系(P17)ItwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianityBothJudaismandChristianityoriginatedinPalestineTheoldTestament:

(1)TheoldTestament+theNewTestament=TheBible(P18)(2)TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod(3)TheNewTestamentisthedoctrineofJesusChristThemiddleAges

generalintroductionThemiddleAges年份,A.D476-1453(P28)InA.D.476GermanicgeneralkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolEasternRomanEmpirecontinued,thepowerofancientRomewasgoneAgreatmanyGermanickingdomsgrowintoEngland,France,Spain,ItalyandGermany.In5thand11thcenturies,westernEuropewasfrequentwarsandinvasions.WhyistheMAcalled“AgeofFaith”(p29)DuringtheMedievalTimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeporder.TheonlyorganizationwastheChristianchurchIntheLateMiddleAges,almosteveryoneinWesternEuropeisChristianandamember…Christian掌權(quán)政治法律。。。Itshapedpeople’slivesThecrusadesImportanteffectofThecrusades:(P31)AlthoughtheCrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffect…AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope…Helpedtobreakdownfeudalismwhich,inturnledtoriseofthemonarchies.…Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals…Resultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention….AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropepavedthewayforthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernment.ArtandArchitectureRomanesque(羅馬式建筑)(P36)1.“Romanesque”=“IntheRomanmanner”…Gothicart與Romanesqueart的區(qū)別Romanesqueartisreligious.Romanesquesculptureandpaintingareoftenimbuedwithsymbolismandallegory.…churchesarestone..butthefeelingofuncertaintyandinsecuritywasstillthere.GothicTheGothicstylestartedinFrance…Itwasgivendirectionbyadifferentaestheticandphilosophicalspiritandreflectedamuchmoreorderedfeudalsocietywithfullconfidence.RenaissanceandReformationRenaissance:14thandmid17thcentury(P37)RenaissancemeansrevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomancultureRenaissanceinItaly:TheRiseofHumanism

Themainelementofhumanism?HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringItalianRenaissance?AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophyistheassertionofthegreatnessofman.Relatedtothisisthebeliefinthepromotionofwealthandpleasureandafrankadmirationforthebeautyofhumanbody.InartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance…interestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodandtheHouseofGodtothebeautyofhumanbodyinallits…RenaissanceArtHowdidItalianRenaissanceartbreakawayfrommedievaltradition?(P39)Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch….Artistsarecommissionedbythechurchtopaintthedesignbecameaseparatestratumlikewritersandpoetsdoingnoble…Themesofpaintingchangedinto…..allaspectofnatureandmanthecharacteristicoforiginalityanddifference(新穎別致的).Themusicalromanticsallowedmorefreedominform,stressedtheroleoffhumansentiments,imaginationandloveofnatureanddrewextensivelyonfolkmusicintheircompositions.ThemusicalromanticsalsobecameconsciousoftheirnationalfeelingsandtriedhardtogivethemafullexpressionArtandArchitectureP102-104RealismWhyisitthatBalzachasbeencalled“theFrenchDickens”andDickenshasbeencalled“theEnglishBalzac”?p119ImpressionisminArtp127Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.Impressionisminpaintingbeganinthemid-19thcenturyParis.Theterm“impressionism”firstappeared…itwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet’sImpression:Sunrise(1872)Generallyspeaking,theimpressionistsaimedatcapturingthefleetingimageofascenetakeninbytheeyeinreallifeandrecreatingthetransitoryexperiencewithbrushstrokes.Impressionistartists（知道一些）0p127-128ModernismandOtherTrendsWhatwasmeantbymodernismandwhendidtheModernistmovementbegin?P130acomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcenturymadeupofmanyfacets,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurismWhyhasModernismbeencalled“thetraditionofthenew”?…itswascharacterizedbyaconsciousrejectionofestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.Itprovidedfreshwaysoflooki