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應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯Unit1TheRootsofChemistryI.Comprehension.1。C2.B3.D4.C5.BII。Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose。2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated。3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet。4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex。5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeat(yī)hbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeat(yī)h.6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.III。Translation.1.(a)chemicalprocess(b)naturalscience(c)thetechniqueofdistillation2.Itistheat(yī)omsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.3.Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.4.Accordingto/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment。5.Youmustknowthepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.IV.Translation化學(xué)是三種基礎(chǔ)自然科學(xué)之一,另外兩種是物理和生物.自從宇宙大爆炸以來,化學(xué)過程持續(xù)進(jìn)行,甚至地球上生命的出現(xiàn)可能也是化學(xué)過程的結(jié)果。人們也許認(rèn)為生命是三步進(jìn)化的最終結(jié)果,第一步非常快,其余兩步相當(dāng)慢.這三步
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯是:(I)物理進(jìn)化(化學(xué)元素的產(chǎn)生),(II)化學(xué)進(jìn)化(分子和生物分子的形成);和(III)生物進(jìn)化(有機(jī)物的形成和發(fā)展)。V.Solution:(1)Therelativemassof1Hand12Catomscanbecalculatedfromtheirabsolutemassesingrams.1H1.6735102412C1.992610230.083986Ifthemassofa12Catomisexactly12amu,thenthemassofa1Hatomtofivesignificantfiguresmustbe1.0078amu.12amux0.083986=1.0078amu(2)Firstwecalculatekandthenusethefirst-orderrat(yī)eequation.k0.6931.21104/yr5730yrAktlog0A2.3031.0001.21104/yrlogt0.4772.3032.303log2.09t6.11036100yr1.21104/yrThebonewastossedaway(moreprecisely,theanimalwhosebonewasdied)about6100yearsago,orabout4100B。C.Wecanthusbesurethatavillagewasinexistenceatthatplaceatthattime。Unit7TheNomenclatureofInorganicSubstancesI.Comprehension1.A2.B3。C4.C5.BII。Givethesystematicnameforthefollowingammoniumion;copper(II)ion;strontiumion;zincion;aluminum;Ccopper(I)ion;hydrogenion;silverion;iron(II)ion;lead((II)ion;magnesiumion;chromium(III)ion;應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯Barium;calciumion;chromium(II)ion;tin(II)ion。Manganese(II)ion;iron(III)ion;mercury(II)ion;carbonmonoxide;ditrogentrioxide;carbondioxide;sulfurtrioxide;diphosphoruspentoxide;dichlorineheptoxidearsenat(yī)eion;sulfiteion;arseniteion;bromideion;hydroxideion;phosphat(yī)eiochlorateion;hypochloriteion;phosphateion;chlorideioniodateion;carbonateion;chloriteion;nitrateion;chromateion;cyanideion;iodideion;nitrateion;hydrideion;n;;dichromateion;fluorideion;oxideion;sulfideion;hydrogencarbonateion;nitriteion;hydrogensulfateion;perchlorateion;sulfateion;hydrogensulfiteion;permanganateion.III。Completethetable.FormulaOldnameSystematicnameiron(II)oxideFeOFe2O3iron(III)oxideSn(OH)2Sn(OH)4Hg2SO4tin(II)hytin(IV)hydroxidemercury(I)sulfatedroxideHgSOmercury(II)sulfat4eNaCLOsodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7Cu3(AsO4)2potassiumdichromatecopper(II)arsenatechromium(IV)acetateCr(CH3O)223IV。Acidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromitsacidionbychangingthenameoftheacidion(negativeion).Usetheruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid。FormulaofaciOldnameNameofaciddH2CO3HClO2carbonicacidchlorousacid應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯HClOHCNHBrperchloricacidhydrocyanicacidhydrobromicacidsilicicacidarsenicacid4H4SiO4HAsO34V。Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordgivenattheendofthesentence。1.isaltered;2。Toillustrate3。indicates4.shouldexpect5.wouldcancel6。arepulled7。dependon8。are;referred9.formed10。havediscussedVI.Translation1.Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed/eliminated.2。Itisnecessarythatascientistmustknowhowtousefingurestogetanaccutateanswertoquestion.3。Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritissolid,liquidorgas.4.Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameaswhatwehadexpected.5。Itwillnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.VII.Writeequationsforthefollowingacid—basereactions.Usetheinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts。(PartiallySolved)Solutinto(a):CyanideistheconjugatebaseofHCN。Itcanacceptaprotonfromformicacid:OO++CNHCOformateweakerbaseHCNHCOHformicacidstrongeracidcyanidestrongerbaseweakeracidReadingfrominorganictextbook,formicacid(p(pK=9。22),andcyanKa=3。76)isastrongeracidthanHCNaideisastrongerbasethanformat(yī)e.Theproducts(weakeracidandbase)arefavored.…………..VIII。Writeequationsforthenetreactionswhichoccurwhenthefollowingmaterialsareaddedtoasodium-ammoniasolution.Answer:(1)2CHGeH+2eam-→H2+2CH3GeH-332(2)I2+2eam—→2I-應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯)(CH)S+2e+NH3→C2H5S—+CH+(3-ma25262NH—2Unit10NomenclatureofHydrocarbonsI。Comprehension1。C2.D3。B4.A5。B6.BII.NamethefollowingcompoundsbytheIUPACsystemCH3(CH2)nCH3(n=2,3,4,6,butane,pentane,hexane,octane1respectively)(CH3)2—CH2-CH2-CH2—CH2—methylpentane233(CH)3C-CH-CH(CH5)-CH2-CH4-ethyl-2,2—dimethylhexa3322ne(CH)2CH—CHCH2-CH(CH2CH2C5—isopropyl-2—methyloct4532H3)—CH(CH3)2aneCH3—CH2—CH2-C(CHCHCH4-isopropyl-4—propylh223)2—CH(CH3)2eptane
-CH2—CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobuta2-ethyl—3—methyl-1—butene2-chloro-3—hexene2-ne67CH=C(CH)(CH(CH3)2)252CH3—CH2-CH=CH—CHCl—CH389CH3—CH(CH)-CH(C2H)—C≡4—ethyl—5-methyl-35C-CH3CH2=CH-C≡Chexyne1—buten-3—yneH10111213(CH)2CH—CH2CH(OH)CH4—methyl—2-pentanol33CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3-hexen-2—ol3(CH3)3C-OH2-methyl-2-propanol(CH3)C-OCHH2-ethoxy-2—methylpropane12534(CH3)2CH-CH2—O—C2H51-ethoxy—2—methylpropane15(CH2OH)1,2—ethanediol1617182CH-CH(OH)—CH(2OH)31,2—proanediolCH2(OH)-CH(OH)—CH2(OH)1,2,3—propaminoethaneN—methyl-1—amin-2-methylpentaneanetriolCHCHNH232192CH3CH2CHCH(CH3)CH-NH-CH32o0應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯III.Drawstructuresforthefollowingcompounds。13-octene3—methy-2—heptC-C—C=C-C-C—C-C2ene3cyclohexene452—pentyneC-CC-C—C3,3—dimethylhexyne63—bromotolueneCH3Br789vinylchlorideacetyleneC=C—ClCCpara-dichlorobenzeneClCl10m-chlorobromobenzeneBrCl11tolueneCH312chlorobenzeneCl應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯131,2—dibromobenzeneBrBr14naphthalene15anthracene16phenanthrene172-methyl—1—propanCCCOHolC18CyclohexanolOH1920MethoxyetheneCCOCtrans—2—ethoxycyclohexanolOHOC2H5IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseachunfinishedsentence。1.A2.A3。B4.CV。Eachofthefollowingnamererepresentedbytheincorrectname(oraconsistentstructureifthenameisambiguous),andgiveyourdrawingthesisincorrect.Drawthestructucorrectname。(…………)應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivativesI。Comprehension1。B2。B3.C4。D5.A6。CII。Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow。1.broughtout2.dozenorso;puttogether3。aremadeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5。onthecontrary;consistof6.summedup7。standfor8。suchas9。are;dependenton10.breakdownintoIII。Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.1.with;as2.to3。about4。from5。intoIV.Translation1.Similarly,solventalsomaynotbeliquidmatterbuttheothers2。Agraphplottingsolubilityagainsttemperatureiscalledasolubilitycurve.(Thecurveplotdrawn(made/produced)bysolubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubilitycurve。)3。Airismixtureofgases,themostabundantofwhichisnitrogenintheformofN2(molecules)。4。Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityforoxygenandeasilycombineswithittoformwater。V.Translation玻意爾(Bohr)模型提出不久后,人們就發(fā)現(xiàn)原子中的電子比Bohr提出的模型要復(fù)雜得多。實驗證實電子既有粒子的性質(zhì)(質(zhì)量)也有光的特性(波的特性)。因為它的兩重性,電子不能被看作是在確定范圍內(nèi)繞核旋轉(zhuǎn)的一種簡單粒子,而且如Bohr所說的,如果電子高速運動,我們就不能確切地知道它的位置。Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopyI.Comprehension
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯1。C2。D3.D4.D5。BII.Fillintheblanksof;as;in;out;In;for;for;of;in;then;to;for;since(for);into.III.Filltheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephraseinitsproperform.1.a(chǎn)ccountfor2。takepartin3。thinkof….asomparedwith4.Asc5。isattachedto6。onthecontrary7。Asinthecaseof8.incontrastwithasagainst9.owingto10。Exceptfor.Unit17CrystallisationI.Comprehension1。D2.A3。A4.D5.AII.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow。Stage;interna;symmetrical;basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable;overall.III。Choosetheitemfrom(1)~(6)thatbestmat(yī)chestheitemin(a)~(f)tomakeacorrectsentence.1~a;2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~fVI.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese共沸物;類質(zhì)同晶;過飽和;砷酸鹽;晶核;異丙基;醇;鈉;硫酸鹽;間甲酚;糖膏;十水合物;結(jié)晶質(zhì)的;同系物;衍生物;結(jié)晶;四硼酸鹽;鹽析;乙基乙酰苯胺;礦物油.Uint18DistillationI(lǐng).Comprehension1。B2.D3。A4.AII。Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow。1。Inorderto2.inrelationto3.inthecaseof4.intheend5.inanumberof6.leadto7。amessyway掌握以下詞匯:flashdistillation閃蒸;exitstream出流;equilibriumcurveweir堰;平衡曲線;redistillat(yī)ion重蒸;apparatus設(shè)備;overheadproduct塔頂產(chǎn)物;enthalpyintersection交點;auxiliary輔助裝置;rectifying焓;
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯sectionreflux回流;精餾段;rebollerstrippingsectionbottomproduct塔再沸器;汽提(提餾)段;底產(chǎn)物Unit21catalysisI。Comprehension1.A2。D3。D4.B5。CIV.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(1)Wedefineactivityassize(measure)ofcatalyssofcatalyst?(2)catalyticreactionmaybecarriedoutinfferentphases,ofwhichmechanismsaregenerallyconsistent?(3)Enzymesarethemostefficientidiproteinsinthehumanbodywhichacceleratethemetabolismofthehumanbody。?V.Translat(yī)ethefollowingintoEnglishreactionequilibrium;repep;stability;cat(yī)alyticcycle;activity;qalysis;selectivity;metabolicreaction;chemicreactionmechanism;polymernylon(ornylon);qualitatieanalysis;molecular—sieve;tubularreactor;inhibitor;stoichiometry.titiveness;elementaryruantitativeanalenergy;eactionstevUnit22CosmeticsintroductionI.Comprehension1。D2.A3。D4。D5.(1)True;(2)True;(II。Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow。3)False.Focusedon;considerations;particular;boosting;price;affect;commitment;different;proposed.III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks。1。for,of;2。to;3.for4.for(to)5。of,about.V、TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.對亞苯基二胺,降解,丙烯,頭皮屑,洗劑,N-亞硝基二乙醇胺,致癌的,未成熟(or早熟),香波(or洗發(fā)劑),激素(荷爾蒙),防汗劑,誘變性,脫臭劑(芳香劑),推論(必然結(jié)果),甘油VI、Translatethefollowingsentencsurfactant;environmentalpollution;emulsifier;side—effect;dirt;detergent;perspiration;preservative。esintoEnglish
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯PARTTWOTHEFUNDATIONSOFCHEMISTRYUnit7ChemicalBonds化學(xué)鍵Thereareapproximately100chemicalelements。世界上大概有100種元素。Therearemillionsofchemicalcompound,andabout600000newcompoundsarepreparedeveryyear.現(xiàn)有數(shù)百萬種化合物,而且每年有60萬種新化合物被合成出來。Toformthesecompounds,atomsofdifferentelementsmustbeheldtogetherinspecificcombinations.beheldtogetherinspecificcombinations以特定的方式為了合成這些化合物,不同種類的原子必須以特定方式結(jié)合在一起.Chemicalbondsaretheforcesthat(yī)maintainthesearrangements.
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯That引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾forces化學(xué)鍵是保持這種結(jié)合狀態(tài)的力。Chemicalbondingalsoplaysaroleindeterminingthestateofmatter.playsarole起作用化學(xué)鍵同時在決定物質(zhì)狀態(tài)方面也起作用.Atroomtemperature,waterisaliquid,carbondioxideisagas,andtablesaltisasolidbecauseofdifferencesinchemicalbonding.在室溫下,水是液體,二氧化碳是氣體,晶體鹽是固體,是由于化學(xué)鍵的不同。Asscientistsdevelopedanunderstandingofthenatureofchemicalbonding,theygainedtheabilitytomanipulatethestructureofcompounds。As引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句tomanipulatethestructureofcompounds不定式短語做賓補(bǔ)隨著化學(xué)家對化學(xué)鍵認(rèn)識的發(fā)展,他們獲得了控制化合物結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。Dynamite,birthcontrolpills,syntheticfibers,andat(yī)housandotherproductswere
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯fashionedinchemicallaboratoriesand()havedramaticallychangedthewaywelive.炸藥、避孕藥、合成纖維,和數(shù)以千計的其他產(chǎn)品在實驗室中被合成出來,并且魔術(shù)般的改變了我們的生活。Wearenowenteringanerathatpromises(somewouldsayforebodes)evengreaterchange.我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入了一個可望(或者說預(yù)言)更大變化的時代。TheDNAmolecular——thechemicalbasisofheredity—-carriesitsgeneticmessageinitsbondsinDNA。分子DNA—-遺傳物質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)-—以它的鍵傳遞遺傳信息。Whetheranorganismisfish,fowl,hippopotamus,orhumanisdeterminedbythearrangementofbondsinDNA.Whetheranorganismisfish,fowl,hippopotamus,orhuman做主語無論一個生物體是魚、家禽、河馬還是人,都是由于DNA的鍵的組合方式?jīng)Q定的。Scientistsalreadyhavetheabilitytorearrangethesebonds,andthisabilityhasgiventhemli
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯mitedcontroloverthestructureoflivingmatter.Them,limitedcontroloverthestructureoflivingmatter雙賓語科學(xué)家已經(jīng)獲得了重組這些鍵的能力,而這種能力給了他們有限的對生物體結(jié)構(gòu)的控制。Astechniquesofgeneticengineeringimprove,scientistsmayliterallybeabletocustom-tailorgenes。隨著基因工程的發(fā)展,科學(xué)家們將最終設(shè)計出符合條件的基因。Letusbeginourconsiderationofchemicalbondingsothatwe,too,canunderstandtheforcesthat(yī)controlthestructureofmatter,livingandnonliving.That引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾forces,livingandnonliving,動名詞,matter得同位語,修飾mat(yī)ter讓我們開始對化學(xué)鍵的論述,并由此理解控制物質(zhì),包括有生命體和無生命體,的結(jié)構(gòu)的力。IonicBond離子鍵Letuslookatanatomoftheelementsodium(Na).
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯我們看一下鈉原子。Ithas11electrons,ofwhichtwoareinthefirstenergylevel,eightinthesecond,andoneinthethird。thefirstenergylevel第一能級thesecondenergylevel第二能級thethirdenergylevel第三能級Ithas11electrons,ofwhichtwoareinthefirstenergylevel,eightareinthesecondenergylevel,andoneisinthethirdenergylevel.它有11個電子,其中2個電子在第一能級,8個電子在第二能級,1個電子在第三能級。Ifthesodiumatomcouldgetridofanelectron,thentheproduct,calledasodiumion,wouldhavethesameelectronstructureasanatomofthenoblegasneon(Ne).calledasodiumion分詞短語做非限定,修飾productnoblegas如果鈉原子能夠失去1個電子,產(chǎn)物稱為鈉離子,就和惰性氣體氖(Ne)具有相同的電子結(jié)構(gòu)。Letusimmediat(yī)elyemphasizethatthesodiumion(Na+)andneonatom(Ne)arenotidenti
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯cal。讓我們首先強(qiáng)調(diào)一下,鈉離子(Na)和氖原子(Ne)并不相同。+Theelectronarrangementibutthenuclei——andresultingcharges—-arenot。sthesame,electronarrangement電子排布resultingcharges最終電荷電子排布是相同的,而核及最終電荷是不同的.Aslongassodiumkeepsits11protons,itisstillaformofsodium,butitisthesodiumion,notthesodiumatom.只要鈉帶有11個質(zhì)子,它就一直是鈉,但它是鈉離子而不是鈉原子。Ionsarechargedparticles,particlesinwhichthenumberofelectronsdoesnotequalthenumberofprotons.inwhich引導(dǎo)非限定定語從句。離子是一種帶電粒子,一種電子數(shù)不等于質(zhì)子數(shù)的粒子.Positivelychargedionsarecalledcations(pronounced“cat(yī)-ions”)。Thesodiumionisacation。帶正電荷的粒子稱為陽離子(音為陽-離子)。鈉離子是陽離
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯子.Ifachlorineatom(Cl)couldgainanelectron,itwouldhavethesameelectronstructureasthenoblegasargon(Ar)。如果氯原子(Cl)能夠得到一個電子,它將與惰性氣體氬(Ar)具有相同的電子結(jié)構(gòu).Thechlorineatom,havinggainedanelectron,becomesnegativelycharged.Ithas17protons(17+)and18electrons(18-)。ItiswrittenCl-anditcalledachlorideion.havinggainedanelectron動名詞形式做定語,修飾chlorineatom獲得一個電子的氯原子帶有負(fù)電荷。它具有17個質(zhì)子(17+)和18個電子(18-),寫作Cl-,稱為氯離子.Negativelychargedionsarecalledanions(pronounced“ann—ions”)。Thechlorideionisananion。帶負(fù)電荷的粒子稱為陰離子(音為陰-離子)。鈉離子是陰離子。Asodiumformsalessreactivespecies,asodiumion,bylosinganelectron.
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯alessreactivespecies,asodiumion同位語鈉原子通過失去一個電子形成不活潑的鈉離子。Achlorineat(yī)ombecomesalessreactivechlorideionbygaininganelectron.氯原子通過得到一個電子形成不活潑的氯原子.Achlorineatomcannotjustpluckanelectronfromemptyspace,norcanasodiumatomkickoutanelectronunlesssomethingelseiswillingtotaeitoemptyspace空白空間、真空空間,意為“憑空”、“無根kn.據(jù)”nor作連詞,與助動詞和情態(tài)動詞連用,句中主語與動詞倒置。Hecan’tsee,norcouldhehearuntilamonthago.他現(xiàn)在看不見,一個月之前他還聽不見.Sheisn’trich,nordoIimagethatsheeverwillbe。她現(xiàn)在不富,我看她將來也富不了。kickout逐出、解雇、開除;意為“失去”Theykickedhimout(oftheclub)forfigh為斗毆而被開除(出俱樂部)。somethingelse別的東西ting。他因take…on接納、承受
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯氯原子不能憑空獲得一個電子,而鈉原子也不能憑空失去一個電子,除非別的東西愿接受電子。Whathappenswhensodiumcomeintocontactwithchlorine?Theobvious.Achlorineatomremovesanelectronfromasodiumaeintocontact接觸、相遇Theobvious顯而易見的當(dāng)鈉與氯接觸時發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?很明顯,氯原子從鈉原子處拿走了一個電子。Thesodiumionandthechlorideionhaveelectronarrangements(electronconfigurations)likethoseoftwonoblegases(neonandargon,respectively).electronarrangement電子排布electronconfigurations電子結(jié)構(gòu)鈉離子和氯離子的電子排布(電子結(jié)構(gòu))就象兩個惰性氣體(氖和氬,相應(yīng)的)一樣。Notonlydotheionshavestableoctetsofelectrons,theyalsohaveoppositecharges.它們具有穩(wěn)定的電子八耦體結(jié)構(gòu),而且有相反的電荷。Everyoneknowsthatoppositesattract。每個人都知道異性相吸。
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯Whilethisruleofthumbmaynotalwayenappliedtopeople,itworksquitewellforcationsandanions。sworkwhruleofthumb單憑經(jīng)驗來做的方法,比較粗糙的方法,約略得衡量(或估計)雖然這種經(jīng)驗對人未必適用,但對陰陽離子是非常適用的.Theattractiveforcebetweenoppositelychargedionsiscalledanionicbond,andthecombinationofsodiumionsandchlorideionsisthecompoundsodiumchlorideortablesalt。相反電荷之間的吸引力稱為離子鍵,鈉離子和氯離子結(jié)合為化合物氯化鈉和食鹽。CovalentBonds共價鍵Onemightexpectahydrogenatom,withitsoneelectron,toacquireanotherelectronandassumetheheliumconfiguration.toacquireanotherelectronand(to)assumetheheliumconfiguration不定式做賓補(bǔ)人們也許希望帶有一個電子的氫原子,獲得另一個電子并呈現(xiàn)氦的結(jié)構(gòu)。Indeed,hydrogenatomdojustthatinthep
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯resenceofatomsofareactivemetalsuchaslithium,that(yī)is,ametalthat(yī)findsiteasytogiveupanelectron。do代替上句,justthat引導(dǎo)條件狀語reactivemetal活潑金屬thatis插入語,也就是說ametal,reactivemetal的同位語,that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾ametal實際上,氫原子只有在活潑金屬如鋰的存在下確實發(fā)生了這樣的反應(yīng),活潑金屬就是很容易失去電子的金屬。Butwhatiftherearenootherkindsofatomsaround?但是,如果周圍沒有其他種類的原子呢?Whatifthereareonlyhydrogenat(yī)oms(asinasampleofthepureelement)?如果只有氫原子(作為純元素樣品)呢?Onehydrogenat(yī)omscanscarcelygrabanelectronsfromanother,foramonghydrogenatomsallhaveequalattractionforelectrons(Evenmoreimportant,perhaps,hydrogenatomsdonothaveatendencytoloseelectronsat(yī)all,fortheresultwo
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯uldbeahighlyreactivebareproton——thehydrogennucleus。)Evenmoreimportant更重要的一個氫原子幾乎不能從另一個氫原子處獲取電子,因為氫原子具有相同的電子吸引力(更重要的,可能是,氫原子沒有失去電子的傾向,因為那樣的結(jié)果是生成高度活潑的裸露質(zhì)子-—氫原子核).Still—-hydrogenwantsaduetofelectronslikehelium’s.而且——氫原子希望象氦原子那樣擁有2個電子。Ifonehydrogencannotcaptureanother’selectron,thetwoatomscancompromisebysharingtheirelectrons。如果一個氫原子不能獲取另一個氫原子的電子,這兩個原子則通過共用電子的方式解決。Itisasifthetwohydrogenatoms,inapproachingoneanother,gettheirelectroncloudsororbitalssothoroughlyenmeshedthat(yī)theycannoteasilypullthemapartagain.inapproachingoneanother做插入語asif與asthough用法相同,意為:宛如、仿佛、好像。asif后面常用過去時表示現(xiàn)在,說明所作的比較“不是真的”。
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯Youlookasifyou’dseenaghost.在非正式文體中,常用like代替asif.Hesat(yī)theresmilinglikeitwashisbirthday。就好像兩個氫原子,當(dāng)它們互相接近時,其電子云充分重疊,以至于難于再分開。Moatofthetimetheelectronsarelocatedbetweenthetwonuclei。大部分時間電子位于兩個原子之間。Theelectron—dotformulausuallyused,H:H,isthereforeafairlygoodpicture(Ifweweretoattributehumanqualitiestohydrogenat(yī)oms,wewouldsuggestthattheyareabitnearsighted。Eachonelooksaround,seestwoelectrons,anddecidesthattheseelectronsareitsveryownandthatthereforeithasasarrangementlikethatofhelium,oneofthenoblegases。)electron-dotformula電子式noblegase惰性氣體經(jīng)常用電子式H:H表示,這是一個很好的畫面(如果我們以人的品性歸于氫原子,我們說它們有些目光短淺。每個氫原子看看周圍,看到兩個電子,就認(rèn)為這些電子是自己的,它們就有了象惰性氣體氦那樣的電子排布)。
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯Thiscombinationofhydrogenat(yī)omsiscalledahydrogenmolecule.這種氫原子化合物叫氫分子。Moleculesarediscretegroupsofatomsheldtogetherbysharedpairsofelectrons。Thebondformedbyasharedpairofelectronsiscalledacovenlentbond.分子是通過共用電子對將兩個分離的原子結(jié)合在一起。通過共用電子對形成的鍵稱為共價鍵.Achlorineat(yī)omwillpickupanextraelectroniveoneup.fromanythingwillingtog氯原子可以從任何愿意失去一個電子的原子處得到一個電子。But,again,what(yī)iftheonlythingaroundisanotherchlorineatom?但是,如果周圍只有另一個氯原子又會怎樣?Chlorineatoms,too,canattainamorestablearrangementbysharingapairofelectrons。氯原子同樣也是通過共用電子對達(dá)到穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu).Eachchlorineatominthechlorinemoleculecountseightelectronsarounditselfandconcludesthatithasanarrangementlikethatofthenoblegasargon.
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯thatithasanarrangementlikethatofthenoblegasargon。賓語從句氯分子中每個氯原子周圍都有8個電子,并且可以斷定它具有惰性氣體氬一樣的排布.Thesharedpairofelectronsinthechlorinemoleculealsocreatesacovalentbond.氯分子中共用的一對電子同樣形成共價鍵。Forsimplicity,thehydrogenmoleculeisoftenrepresentedasH2andthechlorinemoleculeasCl。2thechlorinemoleculeasCl:thechlorine2moleculeisoftenrepresentedasCl2為了簡化,氫分子常寫成H,氯分子常寫成Cl。22Thesubscriptsindicatetwoat(yī)omspermolecule.這個下標(biāo)表示每個分子中有2個原子。Ineachcase,thecovalentbondbetweentheatomsisunderstood.Sometimesthecovalentbondisindicat(yī)edbyadash,H-HandCl—Cl.在每種情況下,原子之間的共價鍵都可以理解,有時共價鍵也用一個短線表示H-H和Cl-Cl。:Letusbesureweunderstandthemeaningofnumbersinformulas.
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯讓我們確信我們理解公式中數(shù)字的意義。Takeamomenttoestablishinyourmindthedifferenceamongthefollowing:H,H2,2H,2H2,H2O,2H2O.花點時間來搞清楚下面數(shù)字的不同:H,H,2H,2H,HO,2222HO。2Isitcleartoyouthat(yī)althoughHrepresentsasingleatomofhydrogen,H2impliestwoat(yī)omsofHbondedtogether,whereas2Hrepresentstwoseparate,free,andindependentatomsofH?That引導(dǎo)實際主語你是否明白H代表分離的氫原子,H代表兩個H結(jié)合而成的氫2分子,而2H代表分離的、自由的、孤立的氫原子嗎?Ontheotherhand,themeaningofHinH2O2istotallydifferentfromthatofH2asamolecule。另一方面,H在HO中的意思與作為一種分子的H完全不222同。InH2OitmeansthattwoatomsofHareindividuallyat(yī)tachedtoO(nottothemselves!)toformamoleculeofwat(yī)er.在HO中表示兩個H分別吸引O(而不是它們自己!)來形成2一個水分子。Finally,2H2Osimplyreferstotwoindivid
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯ualmoleculesofwater.最后,2HO代表兩個獨立的水分子。2Covalentbondsarenotlimitedtothesharingofonepairofelectrons.Consider,forexample,thenitrogenatom。Itselectron-dot.....Nsymbolis:共價鍵不限于分享一對電子。例如,對于氮原子.它的電子式.....N是:Now,afterallwehavelearnedabouttheoctetruleweknowthatthiselectronarrangementisnotcomplete。octetrule八耦體規(guī)則現(xiàn)在,我們學(xué)習(xí)了八耦體規(guī)則。我們知道這個電子排布是不飽和的.Ithasonlyfiveelectronsinitsoutermostenergylevel。outermostenergylevel外層電子能級在它的外層電子能級上只有5個電子。Itcouldsharedapairofelectronswithanothernitrogenatomandwouldthenlooklikethi..NN..:::s:
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯它可以與另一個氮原子共用一對電子而變成如下形..NN..:::式:Thesituationhasnotimprovedagreat(yī)deal。情況并沒有發(fā)生太大變化.Eachnitrogenatominthisarrangementhasonlysixelectronssurroudingit(noteight).6個電子(不是8個)。Eachnitrogenatomhastwoelectronshangingouttherewithoutpartners,so,tosolvethedilemma,eachnitrogenatomsharestwoadditionalpairsofelectrons,foratotalofthreepairs.hangingout把…伸出、掛出,上身伸出(窗外),閑蕩,所以,為了解決這一矛盾,每,共3對電子每個氮原子周圍電子排布只有每個氮原子都有兩個未成對電子個氮原子共用另外兩對電子N..N::Indrawingthenitrogenmolecule(N2),wehaveplacedalltheelectronsbeingsharedbythetwoat(yī)omsinthespacebetweenthetwoatoms。beingsharedbythetwoatoms分詞短語做定語寫氮分子(N)時,我們把兩個原子的所有的共用電子都寫在2兩個原子中間。Eachnitrogenatomhasnowsat(yī)isfiedtheoctet
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯rule.每個氮原子都滿足了八耦體規(guī)則。Amoleculeinwhichthreepairsofelectrons(atotalofsixindividualelectron)arebeingsharedissaidtocontainatriplebond.inwhichthreepairsofelectrons(at(yī)otalofsixindividualelectron)arebeingshared定語從句triplebond三鍵一個分子共享三對電子(共6個單個電子)被稱為含有三鍵。Eachnitrogenat(yī)omalsohasanunsharedpairofelectrons。每個氮原子還含有一對孤對電子。Notethatwecouldhavedrawntheunsharedpairofelectronsaboveorbelowtheatomicsymbol。at(yī)omicsymbol元素符號注意我們可以把孤對電子寫在元素符號的上方或下方。Suchadrawingwouldrepresentthesamemolecule.這些寫法代表相同的分子。PolarCovalentBonds極性共價鍵Sofarwehaveseenthatatomscombineintw
應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯odifferentways。Sofar迄今為止,就此范圍(或程度)說來迄今為止,我們看到了兩種不同的原子結(jié)合方式.Somethatarequitedifferentinelectronstructure(fromtheoppositeendsoftheperiodictable)reactbythecompletetransferofoneormoreelectronsfromoneatomtoanother(ionicbondformat(yī)ion)。fromtheoppositeendsoftheperiodictable周期表相對的兩端句子結(jié)構(gòu):some…
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