2023年考研考博-考博英語-西北工業大學歷年高頻考題黑鉆摘選版附帶答案（圖片大小可自由調整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Rachelwasthe（

）choiceforthejobthankstohercommunicationskills問題1選項A.unanimousB.genuineC.harmoniousD.agreeable2.單選題Althoughthecolonists（

）tosomeextentwiththenativeAmericans,theIndiansinfluenceonAmericancultureandlanguagewasnotextensive.問題1選項A.migratedB.matchedC.mingledD.melted3.單選題Wouldn'titbeeasiertomoveaboutonthe（

）ofthecrowdthantosqueezeinthemiddle?問題1選項A.consentB.headsC.fringeD.recreation4.單選題Turningcultivatedlandbackintoforestsorpastureisafundamentalwaytostemsoil（

）anddesertificationinthelongrun.問題1選項A.erosionB.depletionC.violationD.delusion5.單選題Thegovernmentisseekingto（

）itselffromthelatestfinancialcrisis.問題1選項A.detachB.extractC.deriveD.ease6.單選題Canwereacha（

）onthisissue?Let’stakeavote.問題1選項A.conscienceB.consciousnessC.consequenceD.consensus7.單選題Researchshouldcontinueoncontrollednuclearfusion,butnoenergyprogramshouldbepremisedonitsexistenceuntilithasprovedpractical.問題1選項A.focusedB.concentratedC.agreedD.based8.單選題“Doyouwanttoseemydriver’slicenseormypassport?”“Oh,（

）."問題1選項A.eitherdoeswellB.eitheronewilldoC.eachoneisgoodD.eachwillbefine9.單選題ThefirstnavigationallightsintheNewWorldwereprobablylanternshungatharborentrances.ThefirstlighthousewasputupbyMassachusettsBayColonyin1716onLittleBrewsterIslandattheentrancetoBostonHarbor.Paidforandmaintainedby“lightdues”leviedonships,theoriginalbeaconwasblownupin1776.Bythentherewereonlyadozenorsotruelighthousesinthecolony.Littleoveracenturylater,therewere700lighthouses.ThefirstlighterectedontheWestCoastinthe1850sfeaturedthesamebasicNewEnglanddesign:aCapeCoddwellingwiththetowerrisingfromthecenterorstandingcloseby.InNewEnglandandelsewhere,though,lighthousesreflectedavarietyofarchitecturalstyles.SincemoststationsintheNortheastwerebuiltonrockyeminences,enormoustowerswerenottherule.Someweremadeofstoneandbrick,othersofwoodormetal.Somestoodonpilingsorstilts;somewerefastenedtorockwithironrods.Farthersouth,fromMarylandthroughtheFloridaKeys,thecoastwaslowandsandy.Itwasoftennecessarytobuildtalltowersthere—massivestructureslikethemajesticCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,lighthouse,whichwaslitin1870.At190feet,itisthetallestbricklighthouseinthecountry.Notwithstandingdifferencesinappearanceandconstruction,mostAmericanlighthousessharedseveralfeatures:alight,livingquartersandsometimesabell(or,later;afoghorn).Theyalsohadsomethingelseincommon:akeeperand,usuallythekeeper’sfamily.Thekeeper’sessentialtaskwastrimmingthelanternwickinordertomaintainasteady,brightflame.Theearliestkeeperscamefromeverywalkoflife--theywereseamen,farmers,mechanics,roughmillhands—andappointmentswereoftenhandedoutbylocalcustomscommissionersaspoliticalplums.Aftertheadministrationoflighthouseswastakenoverin1852bytheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoard,anagencyoftheTreasuryDepartment,thekeepercorpsgraduallybecamehighlyprofessional.1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?2.WhydoestheauthormentiontheMassachusettsBayColony?3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatlighthousesintheNortheastdidnotneedhightowersbecause（

）.4.Accordingtothepassage,wherecanthetallestbricklighthouseintheUnitedStatesbefound?5.Inthesecondsentenceofparagraph3,whichofthefollowingdoestheword“They”referto?問題1選項A.TheLighthouseonLittleBrewsterIslandB.TheLifeofaLighthouseKeeperC.EarlyLighthousesintheUnitedStatesD.TheModernProfessionofLighthouse-Keeping問題2選項A.ItwastheheadquartersoftheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoard.B.Manyofthetallestlighthouseswerebuiltthere.C.Thefirstlanternwicksweredevelopedthere.D.ThefirstlighthouseinNorthAmericawasbuiltthere.問題3選項A.shiptherehadhighmastsB.coastalwatersweresafeC.thecoastwasstraightandunobstructedD.thelighthousewerebuiltonhighplaces問題4選項A.LittleBrewsterIslandB.TheFloridaKeysC.CapeHatterasD.CapeCod問題5選項A.LighthousesB.DifferencesC.QuartersD.Feature10.單選題Intheaccidentthreemenweretrappedinasubmergedvehicle,andtheironlyhopewasanothermanwhoselegswerebroken.問題1選項A.wreckedB.burntC.overturnedD.sunk11.單選題

Itishardtothinkofafieldinwhichitisnotimportantto（

）whatislikelytohappenandactaccordingly.問題1選項A.lookoutB.figureoutC.turnoutD.pointout12.單選題Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticatedtheystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,maybeperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive—itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers—butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools—nominalistandessentialistorreductionist-havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthewayschizophreniahasbeenclassifiedbydoctorsafter1960stobeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?3.Accordingtothepassage,anadherentofthe“nominalistschool'wouldclassifyararenewfeverinwhichofthefollowingways?4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphinrelationtothepassageasawhole?5.Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingsituationsislikelytobemostproblematictoanadherentofthe“essentialist”methodofpathologicaltaxonomy?問題1選項A.proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystemB.describingawaytoresolveataxonomicaldilemmaC.assessingthesuccessofanewtaxonomicalmethodD.predictingachangeinfuturetaxonomy問題2選項A.Adiseasewhichresistedtraditionalmethodsofclassification,buthasbeenservedwellbymodernmethodsofclassification.B.Adiseasewhichhasresistedmodernmethodsofclassification,andcontinuestorequireatraditionalmethodofclassification.C.Adiseasewhichsatisfiesmodernmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughatraditionalmethod.D.Adiseasewhichsatisfiestraditionalmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughamodernmethod.問題3選項A.Shewouldwaituntilthediseaseappearsinotherpatients,thenclassifyitbyestablishingvariationsintheirsymptoms.B.Shewoulddeterminewhetherthediseaseisacquiredorgenetic,thenclassifyitaccordingly.C.Shewouldisolatethebacteriaorvirusorgeneticanomalywhichcausesthedisease,thenclassifyitaccordingly.D.Shewoulddescribethepatient’ssymptoms,comparethemtopatientswhohavehadsimilarsymptoms,thentreatthepatternasadisease.問題4選項A.Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatmayaccruefromaperfectedsystemofpathologicaltaxonomy.B.Itprovidesadditionalreasonswhypathologicaltaxonomyisadifficultendeavor.C.Itarguesforasynthesisoftwomethodsofpathologicaltaxonomyalreadyinuse.D.Itcontinuestohighlightthedifferencesbetweentwomethodsoftaxonomicalpathologicaltaxonomy.問題5選項A.Apatientsufferingfromfever,inwhichthevirusthatisapparentlyresponsibleforthesymptomshasnotbeenisolated.B.Apatientsufferingfromlunginflammationwhich,thoughresemblingotherinflammations,doesnotrespondtoanyknowntreatments.C.Apatientsufferingfromageneticanomalywhosecausemaybeknownbutwhoseconsequencesremainunidentified.D.Acaseofapatientwithsymptomsthatmayhavearisenfromtwoknowndiseasesofdifferentsources.13.單選題Inthepackedhall,thepeoplesittingclosetome（

）meintothecomerlittlebylittle.問題1選項A.draggedB.drewC.frightenedD.wedged14.單選題Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetimeevenwhentherearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimalswhentoeat,sleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperature,thereleaseofsomehormonesandevendreams.Thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadianrhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.ButthefirstscientificobservationofCircadianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729.InthatyearFrenchastronomer,Jean-Jacquesd'OrtousdeMairan,notedthatoneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorning,andclosedthematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedaboutcircadianrhythmsinhumans.Theylearnedthatman’sbiologicalclockactuallykeepstimewithadayofalittlelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hoursonaman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,EliotWeitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.Theyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness.ThelaboratoryisintheMontefioreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwolivingareaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecovered,sonosunlightormoonlightcomesin.Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisacontrolroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputers,one-waycamerasandotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea.Theinstrumentsmeasureheartbeat,bodytemperature,hormonesintheblood,othersubstancesintheurineandbrainwavesduringsleep.Adoctorormedicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursadayduringanexperiment.Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis.Inthefirstfouryearsofresearch,Dr.Weitzmanandhisassistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremainedinthelaboratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonth,asciencereporterforTheNewYorkTimesnewspaper,DavaSobol,becamethefirstwomantotakepartintheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25days.MissSobolwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattime,whichwerepublishedintheNewspaper.1.Thebiologicalclockisbelievedtoplayanessentialrolein（

）.2.Inhisobservation,theFrenchscientistnoticedthattheleavesofacertainplantmaintainedtheiropening-and-closingcycles（

）.

3.Thesentence“Theyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.”(InParagraph4)probablymeans（

）.

4.IntheexperimentconductedbyMr.Weitzman,thedoctorwhoisondutydoesnotworkthesametimeeachday（

）.

5.WhatisMr.Weitzman’sultimatepurposeofestablishingalaboratory?問題1選項A.theregulationofbodytemperatureB.thesecretionofhormonesC.animalreproductionD.manyaspectsofplantandanimalphysiology問題2選項A.evenwhenitwaskeptinamurkyplacealldayB.evenifitwasplacedinthemoonlightC.evenwhenhewasobservingitfromadarkplaceD.evenduringthenighttime問題3選項A.Theycanleadtheirdailylivesaccordingtotheirbiologicalclocks,withoutreferringtoaman-madeclockB.TheycanlistentothewonderfulrhythmsofthebiologicalclockandliveclosetothemC.TheycanlivebyregulatingtheirowncircadianrhythmsD.Theyarefreefromtheannoyingrhythmsofeverydaylife問題4選項A.inordertoobservetheabnormalbehaviorofthepeopleatdifferenttimesB.soasnottoberecognizedbythepeopleC.soastoavoidindicatingtothepeoplewhattimeitiswhenhestartsworkD.soastoleavethepeople’scircadianrhythmsindisorder問題5選項A.Hewantedtohavehisexperimentreportpublishedinthenewspapers.B.Peoplearefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.C.Hewantedtofindawaytotreatpeople’sdiseases.D.Hecouldgainsomereputationforthefirstscientificobservationofcircadianrhythms.15.單選題Duringtheoilcrisisofthe1970s,manystates（

）speedlimitstoreducegasolineuse.問題1選項A.implantedB.imposedC.impairedD.impressed16.單選題Mostnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina（

）.問題1選項A.scarcityB.minorityC.minimumD.shortage17.單選題Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetomoff，thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,washedout,andrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.1.“Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries”(line4)means（

）.2.The“localauthorities”are（

）.

3.Ifpaperistoberecycled（

）.

4.Britishdairiesare（

）.

5.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat（

）.問題1選項A.notenoughwrappingisusedforluxuriesB.morewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproductsC.itisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisusedD.thewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary問題2選項A.theTownCouncilB.thepoliceC.thepapermanufacturersD.themostinfluentialcitizens問題3選項A.moreforestswillhavetobeplantedB.theuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestrictedC.peoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbishD.thelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper問題4選項A.producingenoughplastictubinginlessthanaweekB.givinguptheuseofglassbottlesC.increasingtheproductionofplasticbottlesD.re-usingtheiroldglassbottles問題5選項A.moreplasticpackagingshouldbeusedB.plasticisthemostconvenientformofpackagingC.toomuchplasticiswastedD.shopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers18.單選題Withherlastchildhavinglefthome,shefelta（

）needtofillhertime.問題1選項A.tenseB.thoroughC.pressingD.small19.單選題Theyoungmanhas（

）someingeniousschemestomakegoodprofitsforthecompany.問題1選項A.comeoutB.comeupwithC.comeuptoD.comeup20.單選題WhentheopposingplayerfouledJohn,Johnlethisanger（

）hisgoodsenseandhittheboyback.問題1選項A.gotthefeelofB.gotthehangofC.gotthebetterofD.gottheworstof第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。unanimous“意見一致的；無異議的”；genuine“真實的；誠懇的”；harmonious“和諧的；協調的”；agreeable“令人愉快的；合適的”。句意：蕾切爾因為出色的交流技能成為這份工作無異議的人選。選項A符合題意。2.【答案】C【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。migrate“移居，使移植”；match“匹配”；mingle“混合，交往”；melt“融化”。句意：盡管殖民地居民在很大程度上與當地美國人混雜而居，但是印第安人對美國文化和語言的影響比較少。選項C符合題意。3.【答案】C【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。consent“同意；準許”；head“頭；最前的部分”；fringe“邊緣；劉海；外圍”；recreation“娛樂；消遣；休養”。句意：難道在人群的外圍移動不比在人群中擠來擠去容易嗎？選項C符合題意。4.【答案】A【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。erosion“侵蝕，腐蝕”；depletion“消耗，損耗”；violation“違反”；delusion“欺騙，迷惑”。句意：將耕地退耕為森林或者草原是阻止土壤侵蝕和荒漠化的根本方法。選項A符合題意。5.【答案】A【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。detach“使擺脫；派遣；使超然”；extract"提取；提煉；摘錄”；derive“源于；得自；獲得”；ease“減輕；使安心”。句意：政府正在尋求方法擺脫最近的金融危機。選項A符合題意。6.【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。Reachaconsensus“達成共識”。句意：我們能在這個問題上達成共識嗎？我們來投票吧。選項D符合題意。7.【答案】D【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我們應該繼續核聚變研究，但是不能把能量項目建立在它存在的......，除非證明它的可行性。focus“集中，聚焦”；concentrate“集中（注意力）”；agree“同意”；base“以……為基礎”。根據后文的“onitsexistence”可推測出劃線單詞premise的意思是“以……為前提”，選項D符合題意。8.【答案】B【解析】考查時態。Either表示“兩者中的任何一個”，each表示“兩者中的每一個”。因此根據題干可知應該用either,時態應是將來時，所以選項B符合題意。9.【答案】第1題:C第2題:D第3題:D第4題:C第5題:A【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。題目問的是“以下哪個最適合做文章的標題？”。文章主要介紹了新世界早期的燈塔建設、特點還有發展，所以選項C“美國早期的燈塔”符合題意。第2題:細節事實題。題目問的是“為什么作者要提到馬薩諸塞灣殖民地？”文章第一段提到“第一個燈塔是馬薩諸塞灣殖民地1716年在波士頓港灣的入口小布魯斯特島建造的”（ThefirstlighthousewasputupbyMassachusettsBayColonyin1716onLittleBrewsterIslandattheentrancetoBostonHarbor），由此可知，選項D“北美第一個燈塔是在那里建立的”符合題意。第3題:細節事實題。題目問的是“從文章中可知東北部的燈塔不需要高塔的原因是什么？”文章第二段提到“由于東北部的大多數燈塔都是修建在巖石高地上，所以那里一般沒有很大的高塔”（SincemoststationsintheNortheastwerebuiltonrockyeminences,enormoustowerswerenottherule），因此選項D符合題意。第4題:細節事實題。題目問的是“根據文章可知美國最高的用磚頭修建的燈塔在哪里？”文章第二段提到“在那里需要修建高的燈塔，比如1870年修建的位于北卡羅萊納州哈特拉斯角處的宏偉燈塔那樣的大型建筑。高190英尺，是這個國家最高的用磚頭修建的燈塔”（Itwasoftennecessarytobuildtalltowersthere—massivestructureslikethemajesticCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,lighthouse,whichwaslitin1870.At190feet,itisthetallestbricklighthouseinthecountry），因此選項C符合題意。第5題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“第三段第二句話中的‘they’指什么？”文章第三段第一句話提到“盡管在外表和結構上大部分美國燈塔有幾個共同特征：有燈、生活住所和一個鐘表（之后用的是喇叭）”（Notwithstandingdifferencesinappearanceandconstruction,mostAmericanlighthousessharedseveralfeatures:alight,livingquartersandsometimesabell(or,later;afoghorn)）；第三段第二句話提到“它們還有別的共同點”（theyalsohadsomethingelseincommon），從這里可知they指的是前面的lighthouse。選項A符合題意。10.【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：在這次事故中，三個人被困在一輛被水淹沒的汽車中，而另外一位腿受傷的男性是他們唯一的希望。wrecked“失事的，遇難的”；burnt“燒焦的”；overturned“傾覆的”；sunk“下沉的”。劃線單詞submerge的意思是“水下的”，因此選項D符合題意。11.【答案】B【解析】考查詞組辨析。lookout“注意；當心”；figureout“解決；算出”；turnout“（以某種方式）發生；結果是”；pointout“指出；指明”。句意：很難想象在某一個領域知道接下來可能發生什么并且采取了相應的行動這種做法不重要。選項B符合題意。12.【答案】第1題:B第2題:D第3題:D第4題:C第5題:A【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章第一二段提到在確診疾病的依據時，有兩個不同的派別：唯名論者（nominalist）和本質主義者（essentialist），前者用疾病名稱來標記癥狀（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename），后者認為每一種疾病都有病理病因（Whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology）；文章在最后一段提出在確診時，臨床癥狀和基因都應該考慮（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），選項B“提出一種解決疾病分類進退兩難處境的方法”符合題意。第2題:推理判斷題。文章第一段倒數第二句話提到“對精神分裂癥的定義從20世紀60年代的精神疾病演變成一種疑似遺傳病因的疾病，盡管這種病因還不確定”（Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain），由此可知選項D“一種滿足傳統分類方法的疾病，但是科學家更愿意通過現代方法來分類”符合題意。第3題:推理判斷題。文章第二段提到“唯名論者用疾病名稱來標記各類癥狀，例如精神分裂癥，并且沒有對潛在的病因作任何解釋”（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology），選項D“她會描述患者的癥狀，跟那些有同樣癥狀的病人比較，然后將他們定義為患同一種疾病”符合題意。第4題:推理判斷題。文章最后一段提到“但是在確診一種疾病時，臨床癥狀和基因異常都應該被考慮在內”（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），由此可知選項C“提出綜合兩種正在使用的病理分類方法”符合題意。第5題:推理判斷題。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本質主義者認為每種疾病都有一個病理學上的病因，而且現在認為決定病情最本質的病變是基因異常”（whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality），選項A“一名明顯是由病毒感染而引起發燒的病人”符合題意。13.【答案】D【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。drag“拖拉；拖曳”；draw“畫；拉；吸引”；frighten“使驚嚇；嚇唬”；wedge“楔入；擠進”。句意：在擁擠的大廳，緊挨著我坐的人逐漸將我擠進了角落。選項D符合題意。14.【答案】第1題:D第2題:A第3題:A第4題:C第5題:C【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“生物鐘在什么方面扮演著非常重要的角色？”文章第一段第一句話提到“所有生物鐘都有一個控制其行為的內在生物鐘”（Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior），接著提到生物鐘告訴植物什么時候開花。告訴動物什么時候進食，什么時候睡覺和清醒，這些都說明生物鐘能夠引導動植物的生理機能，因此選項D符合題意。第2題:細節事實題。題目問的是“法國科學家觀察到植物在何種情況下依然會遵循開與收的循環？”文章第二段提到“即使把這株植物放在一個全黑的環境，它依然會遵循這個規律”（Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime），因此，選項A符合題意。第3題:推理判斷題。題目問的是“第四段‘他們可以自由按照自己的生物規律生活’意味著什么？”文章第四段第一句提到“一位美國醫生建立了一個實驗室來研究我們的生物鐘如何運作”（AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,EliotWeitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks），由此可知選項A“他們可以按照自己的生物鐘而不用參考人為制造的時鐘來生活”符合題意。第4題:細節事實題。題目問的是“在威茨曼先生的試驗里，負責的醫生同樣也不按照時鐘的時間工作的原因是什么？”文章第六段提到“他們（醫生）每天工作時間一樣不允許戴手表，所以實驗室的人都沒有時間概念”（Theydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis），選項C“為了防止他向其他人暗示時間”符合題意。第5題:細節事實題。題目問的是“威茨曼先生建立實驗室的最終目的是什么？”文章第四段最后一句提到“威茨曼先生希望他的研究能夠對常見的睡眠問題、變老引起的失眠和精神疾病有治療效果”（Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness），選項C“他想找到一種治療疾病的方法”符合題意。15.【答案】B【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。implant“種植；灌輸”；impose“強加，征稅”；impair“損害；削弱”；impress“蓋印；給人留下印象”。句意：在1970石油危機期間，很多州強制限速來減少對石油的消耗。選項B符合題意。16.【答案】B【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。scarcity“不足，缺乏”；minority“少數，少數派”；minimum“最小值”；shortage“不足，缺少”。句意：大部分護士是女性，但是在更高級別的醫療職業中，女性卻只有少數。選項B符合題意。17.【答案】第1題:C第2題:A第3題:C第4題:A第5題:D【解析】第1題:細節事實題。文章第一段最后兩句話提到“但是這種瘋狂的大量包裝并不僅僅限于奢侈品。現在很難買到沒有被玻璃紙、聚乙烯或者紙包裝的東西了”（Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries.Itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper），因此選項C“不僅奢侈品被包裝，普通商品也一樣”符合題意。第2題:推理判斷題。文章第二段第三句話提到“這種機器很容易為localauthority所用。它意味著人們需要將垃圾分為紙質或非紙質垃圾”（Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach），這個authority管理居民分垃圾的事情，說明是相關政府機構，選項A符合題意。第3題:細節事實題。文章第二段第一句話提到“有一個機器能夠把紙熔化成紙漿再加工成外包裝紙，比如裝雞蛋的箱子，和紙板盒”（Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons）；第三句話提到“它意味著人們需要將垃圾分為紙質或非紙質垃圾”（Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach），選項C“人們將用不同的垃圾桶來裝垃圾”符合題意。第4題:推理判斷題。文章第三段提到“越來越多的乳制品正在嘗試塑料瓶，如果所有牛奶瓶相關材料都使用塑料制品，可以預計英國乳制品五六天生產的塑料管就可以圍繞地球轉一圈”（Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays），選項A“在不到一周的時間里生產足夠的塑料管”符合題意。第5題:細節事實題。文章最后一段提到“一些環保人士認為解決這個問題的唯一辦法是制止商店使用塑料”（Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops），因此選項D符合題意。18.【答案】C【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。tense“緊張的”；thorough“徹底的；十分的”；pressing“緊迫的；迫切的"；small“小的；少的；微弱的”。句意：隨著最后一個小孩離家，她迫切需要填滿她的時間。選項C符合題意。19.【答案】B【解析】考查詞組辨析。comeout“出現，出版”；comeupwith“提出，想出”；comeupto“達到，等于”；comeup“走進，發生”。句意：這個年輕人想出了一些有創意的計劃來使公司獲利。選項B符合題意。20.【答案】C【解析】考查詞組辨析。getthefeelof“開始熟諳；習慣于”；getthehangof“得知……的竅門”；getthebetterof“打敗；戰勝”；gettheworstof“失利；遭到失敗”。句意：當對方球員對約翰犯規時，約翰讓自己的憤怒戰勝了自己的理智，他回擊了那個男孩。選項C符合題意。第2卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Onthestagemanypiecesofbluesilkwerefluctuatedto（

）theseawaves.問題1選項A.simplifyB.simulateC.helpD.like2.單選題

Afterthefiercequarrel,theybegantohavea（

）loathingforeachother.問題1選項A.boringB.reciprocalC.friendlyD.standing3.單選題Asordinarypeople,scientistsarebynomeansmorehonestor（

）thanotherpeople,butasscientist,theyattachspecialvaluetohonestwhiletheyareintheirworkingsphere.問題1選項A.ethicalB.ethnicC.aestheticD.esthetic4.單選題Duringtheterroristattacks,theauthoritiesorderedto（

）theworkersandresidentsofhigh-profilebuildingsfromtheconstructions.問題1選項A.evictB.evokeC.evacuateD.evade5.單選題Itisgenerallythoughtthatasteachersworkwithstudents,psychologycourseworkis（

）toteacher-training.問題1選項A.indispensableB.inviolateC.indisposedD.invariable6.單選題Allspecialistsagreethatthemostimportantconsiderationwithdietdrugsiscarefully（

）therisksandbenefits.問題1選項A.val