專業英語八級·歷年考試真題與答案解析（II）SECTIONAMini-lectureInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.Youwillhearthelectureonceonly.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Younoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskforafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonAnswersheetone.Usetheblanksheetfornote-tanking.WhatCanWeLearnfromArt?I.IntroductionA.Differencesbetweengeneralhistoryandarthistory—Focus:—generalhistory:(1)_____—arthistory:politicalvalues,emotions,everydaylife,etc.B.SignificanceofstudyMoreinformationandbetterunderstandingofhumansocietyandcivilizationII.TypesofinformationA.Informationinhistorybooksis(2)_____—facts,butnoopinionsB.Informationinarthistoryissubjective—(3)_____andopinionse.g.—Spanishpainter'sworks:misuseofgovernmentalpower—Mexicanartists'works:attitudestowardssocialproblemsIII.ArtasareflectionofreligiousbeliefsA.Europe:(4)_____inpicturesinchurchesB.MiddleEast:picturesofflowersandpatternsinmosques,palacesReason:humanand(5)_____arenotseenasholyC.AfricaandthePacificIslands:masks,headdressesandcostumesinspecialceremoniesPurpose:toseekthehelpof(6)_____toprotectcrops,animalsandpeople.IV.PerceptionsofArtHowpeopleseeartisrelatedtotheirculturalbackground.A.EuropeansandAmericans—(7)_____—expressionofideasB.Peopleinotherplaces—partofeverydaylife—(8)_____useV.ArtasareflectionofsocialchangesA.Causeofchanges:(9)_____ofdifferentcultures.B.Changes—tribalpeople:effectsof(10)_____onartforms—Europeanartists:influenceofAfricantraditionalartintheirworks—AmericanandCanadianartists:studyofJapanesepaintingNowlistentotheMini-lecture.Goodmorning,today’slectureistheveryfirstofaseriesoflecturesonarthistory,soI’dliketospendsometimediscussingwithyouthefollowingtopic:Whydoweneedtostudyarthistory?Andwhatcanwelearnfromit?Firstofall,I’dsay,ifyoustudyarthistory,thismightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanit’spossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Youknow,mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpolitics,economicsandwar,butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthis.Becauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeople,butalsotheirreligiousbeliefs,emotionsetc.Inaddition,informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestorscanbeprovidedbyart,likewhatpeopledidforaliving,whatkindofdresstheywore,whatceremoniestheyheldetc.Inshort,artcanexpresstheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplace,andthestudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooksandenablesustolearnmorethingsabouthumansocietyandcivilization.ThesecondpointI’dliketomakeisaboutthetypeofinformation.Inhistorybooks,informationisobjective,thatisfactsaboutpoliticaleconomiclifeofacountryaregiven,butopinionsarenotexpressed.Art,ontheotherhand,issubjective.Itreflectspersonalemotionsandopinions.Forexample,FranciscoGoyawasagreatSpanishpainterandalsoperhapsthefirsttrulypoliticalartist.Inhisfamouspainting,TheThirdofMay1808,heshowedsoldiersshootingagroupofsimplepeople.Hisdescriptionofsoldiersandtheirvictimshasbecomeasymboloftheenormouspowerorthemisuseofthispowerthatthegovernmentcanhaveoveritspeople.Over100yearslater,onanothercontinent,thepowerfulpaintingsofMexicanartistsdepictedtheirdeepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems.Insummary,throughartyoucanfindapersonalandemotionalviewofhistory.Thirdly,artcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEurope,religiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatshowedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Bycontrast,oneofthemaincharacteristicsofartintheMiddleEastwas(andstillis),itsabsenceofhumanandanimalimages.ThisreflectstheIslamicbeliefthattheseimagesareunholy.Thus,onpalaces,mosquesandotherbuildings,Islamicartistshavecreateduniquedecorationofgreatbeautywithimagesofflowersofgeometricforms,forexample,circles,squaresandtriangles.Thesameistrueofotherplaces,likeAfricaandPacificIslands.Artalsoreflectsthereligiousbeliefsoftraditionalculturesintheseplaces.Asamatteroffact,religionisthepurposeforthisartandit’s,therefore,absolutelyessentialtoit.TraditionalartinAfricaandPacificIslandsisdifferentfromChristianart.Christianartinfluencespeople’sreligiousfeelingstowardsGod.ButthegoaloftraditionalartinAfricaandPacificIslandsistheinfluenceofspiritualpowers,Thatisgodstoenterpeople’slives.Eachtribeorvillagetherehadspecialceremonieswithsongsanddancestomakesurethatcrops,animalsandpeoplearehealthyandincreasinginnumber.Thedancersintheceremonieswearmasks，Headdressesandcostumesthattheybelievearenecessarytoinfluencegods.Sothesemasks,headdressesthemselves,arerevelrypartoftheart.Aswesaid,artdependsonculture,differentformsofartresultfromdifferentcultures.Similarly,thewaythatpeopleviewartalsodependsontheirculturalbackground.Thisismyfourthpoint.FormostEuropeansandAmericans,artismainlyfordecoration.Itissomethingonamuseumwallorinaglasscase.Itmakestheirhomesmoreattractive.Peoplelookatitandadmireit:"Oh,whatabeautifulpainting!"Besides,ideasareexpressedinthisart.Thisisawonderfulstatue,andadmiringit,Imightsay:"Itmakessuchastronganti-warstatement."Butinotherplaces,artisnotconsideredtobeseparatedfromeverydayexistence.Ithasafunction,ithasapracticalroletoplayinpeople’slives.Apersoninatribalsocietymightlookatamaskandsay:"Oh,thisisagoodmask.Itwouldkeepmyhousesafe."Inbrief,thewayinwhichpeopleenjoyorappreciateartdependsontheirculture.Toconcludemylecture,wecansaythatartisareflectionofvariouscultures.Butatthesametime,wehavetorememberthatartalsoreflectsthechangesinsocietythattakeplacewhendifferentculturesinfluenceoneanother.Aspeoplefromtribalsocietiesmovetourbanareas,theirvaluesandbeliefschangeaccordinglyandtheirtraditionalartformsbegintolosetheirfunction.Atthesametime,urbanartistsbegintolearnalotfromtraditionalart.Forexample,AfricanmasksandfigureshadagreatinfluenceonPicasso’sworks.AndmanyAmericanandCanadianartistsstudythesimplicityofJapanesepainting.Theresultisthatastheworldgetssmaller,theartofeachculturebecomesmoreinternational.OK,thisbringsustotheendofourlecture.Ihopethataftertoday’slecture,you’llunderstandbetterthesignificanceofthestudyofarthistory.Artenablesustoknowmoreabouthumanhistory,forexample,people’sviewsandopinionsaboutcertainhistoricalevents,andwhat’smoreimportant,aboutdifferentcultures,theirreligiousbeliefs,perceptionofartetc.Nowyouhave2minutestocheckyournotes.Andthenpleasecompletethegap-fillingtaskonAnswerSheet1in10minutes.SectionBinterviewInthissectionyouwillheareverythingonceonly.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyourcoloredanswersheet.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentothefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview1.AccordingtoNigel,mostproblemsofairtravelarecausedbyA.Unfavorableweatherconditions.B.Airportshandlingcapacity.C.Inadequateticketingservice.D.Overbooking.2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedascompensationforvolunteersforthenextfightout?A.Freeticket.BFreephonecallC.CashrewardD.Seatreservation3.WhydoesNigetsuggestthatbusinesstravelersavoidbigairports?ABecauseallflightsinandoutoftherearefull.B.Becausethevolumeoftrafficisheavy.C.Becausetherearemorepopularflights.D.Becausetherearemoredelaysandcancellations.4.AccordingtoNigel,inexperiencetravelersarelikelytomakethefollowingmistakesexcept.ABookingonlesspopularflights.B.buyingticketsatfullprice.C.carryingexcessiveluggage.D.planninglongbusinesstrips.5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?A.Thepossibilityofdiscountsdependsonatravelagent’svolumeofbusiness.B.Longerflightstothesamedestinationmaybecheaper.C.Itisadvisabletoplaneverydetailofatripinadvance.D.arrangingforstopoverscanavoidovernighttravel.SECTIONCNEWSBROACASTInthissectionyouwillheareverythingonceonly.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyourcolouredanswersheet.Question6isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.6whathappenedonMonday?A.Atraincrashoccurredcausingminorinjuries.B.Investigatorfoundoutthecauseoftheaccident.CCrewsrescuedmorepassengersfromthesite.DAcommutertraincrashedintoabuilding.Question7and8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.7.WhichofthefollowingwasnotontheagendaoftheG20meeting?A.IraqdebtsB.WTOtalksC.FinancialdisastersD.Possiblesanctions8.TheG20isa(n)________organization.A.InternationalBEuropeanCRegionalDAsianQuestion9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions9.TheUNCharterwentintoeffectafterAItwassignedbythe50originalmembercountries.BItwasapprovedbythefoundersandothermembercountries.CItwasapprovedbythefoundingmembersDItwassignedbythefoundingmembers.10.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribetheroleofthecharter?A.theCharteronlydescribespowersoftheUNbodies.BtheChartermainlyaimstopromoteworldeconomy.CThecharterisatreatyaboveallothertreaties.DThecharterauthorizesreformsinUNbodies.Part2ReadingComprehension(30min)Inthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotalof20multiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourcolouredanswersheet.TextATheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagenerationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx.OncewidelyspokenontheIsleofManbutnowextinct.Governmentsfinancingandcentralplanning,however,havehelpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.RoadsignsandofficialpublicdocumentsarewritteninbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequiredtolearnbothlanguages.WelshisnowoneofthemostsuccessfulofEurope’sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethanahalf-millionofthecountry’sthreemillionpeople.Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgenceofnationalidentitysweepingthroughthissmall,proudnation.LastmonthWalesmarkedthesecondanniversaryoftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobeconvenedheresince1404.TheideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithintheunionofnationsmakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.ThepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclub-Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales-abiggersayandtocountercentrifugalforcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.TheWelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedoverwhelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthanonepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowerswereproportionatelylimited.TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.Itcannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsharegrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohavemorepowers.Itsimportanceasfigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretransformingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBaltimore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarsfromtheEuropeanUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope-onlySpain,Portugal,andGreecehavealowerstandardofliving.NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhavebeenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,theoperasinger.Indigenousfoodslikesaltmarshlambareinvogue.AndWalesnowboastsanationalairline.AwyrCymru.Cymru,whichmeans“landofcompatriots,”istheWelshnameforWales.Thereddragon,thenation’ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere-onT-shirts,rugbyjerseysandevencellphonecovers.“UntilveryrecenttimesmostWelshpeoplehadthisfeelingofbeingsecond-classcitizens,”saidDyfanJones,an18-year-oldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andIwassittingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,outsidetherockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales’sannualculturalfestival.ThedisusedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelshbands.“Therewasalmostagenetictendencyforlackofconfidence,”Dyfancontinued.EquallycomfortableinhisWelshnessasinhismembershipintheEnglish-speaking,globalyouthcultureandthenewfederalEurope,Dyfan,liketherestofhisgeneration,isgrowingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginabletenyearsago.“Weusedtothink.Wecan’tdoanything,we’reonlyWelsh.NowIthinkthat’schanging.”11.Accordingtothepassage,devolutionwasmainlymeanttoA.maintainthepresentstatusamongthenations.B.reducelegislativepowersofEngland.C.createabetterstateofequalityamongthenations.D.grantmoresaytoallthenationsintheunion.12.Theword“centrifugal”inthesecondparagraphmeansA.separatist.B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political13.WalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectsEXCEPTA.people’sdesirefordevolution.B.locals’turnoutforthevoting.C.powersofthelegislativebody.D.statusofthenationallanguage.14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofWelshnationalidentityA.Welshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationallanguage.B.Poverty-relieffundshavecomefromtheEuropeanUnion.C.AWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinoperation.D.Thenationalsymbolhasbecomeafamiliarsight.15.AccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedisA.people’smentality.B.popculture.C.town’sappearance.D.possibilitiesforthepeople.TextBGettingtotheheartofKuwaitidemocracyseemshilariouslyeasy.Armedonlywithadog-earedNEWSWEEKID,IambledthroughthegatesoftheNationalAssemblylastweek.Unscanned,unsearched,mysatchelcouldeasilyhaveheldtheoddgrenadeorananthrax-stuffedlunchbox.Theonlypersonwhostoppedmewasaguardwhogrinnedandinvitedmetotakeaswigoforangejuicefromhisplasticbottle.WereIaKuwaitiwomanwieldingaballot,Iwouldhavebeenaclearerandmorepresentdanger.ThatverydayParliamentblockedabillgivingwomenthevote;29M.P.Svotedinfavorand29against,withtwoabstentions.Unabletodecidewhetherthebillhadpassedornot,thegovernmentscheduledanothervoteintwoweeks-toolateforwomentoregisterforJune’smunicipalelections.Thenextsuchelectionsaren’tuntil2009.Insidetheelegant,marbledParliamentitself,aseaofmustachioedmeninwhiterobessatingreenseats,debatingfuriously.Therulingemirhaspushedforwomen’spoliticalrightsforyears.Ironically,thedemocraticallyelectedlegislaturehasthwartedhim.Traditionalistsandtriballeadersareopposed.Liberalsfret,too,thatIslamistswilllettheirmultiplewivesvote,swellingconservativeranks.“WhenIcametoParliamenttoday,peoplewhovotedyesdidn’tevenshakehandswithme,”saidoneShiaclerc.“Whycan’twerespecteachotherandworktogether?”Whynotindeed?ByGulfstandards,Kuwaitisademocraticsuperstar.Itscitizensenjoyfreespeech(aslongastheydon’tinsulttheiremir,naturally)andboastaParliamentthatcanactuallypasslaws.UnliketheirSaudisisters,Kuwaitiwomendrive,workandtravelfreely.Theyrunmultibillion-dollarbusinessesandserveasambassadors.Theiracademicsuccessissuchthatcollegeshaveactuallyloweredthegradesrequiredformakestudentstogetintomedicalandengineeringcourses.Eventhen,70percentofuniversitystudentsarefemales.InKuwait,theWesternobsessionwiththehigabfindsitsequivalent.AtafancypartyforNEWSWEEK’sArabicedition,someKuwaitiwomenworethem.Othersoptedfortight,spangled,sheerlittlenumbersinpeacockblueorparrotorange.Fortheparty’sentertainment,NancyAjram,theArabworld’sanswertoBritneySpears,sangpassionatesongsofloveinawhitemini-dress.Shecouldn’tdanceforus,alas,sinceshakingone’sbodyonstageisillegalinKuwait.Thatdidn’tstopwholetablesofmenfromraisingtheircamera-enabledmobilephonesandclickingherpicture.You’dthinknotbeingabletovoteordanceinpublicwouldangerKuwait’syoungergenerationofwomen.Tofindout,Iheadedtothemalls-Kuwait’sarchipelagoofcivicfreedom.Eagertoduckstrictparentsandthesocialtaboosofdatinginpublic.YoungKuwaitishavetakentocafes,beamingflirtatiousinfrarede-mailstooneanotherontheircellphotos.AtStarbucksintheglitteringAlSharqMall,Ifoundonlytablesofmen,puffingcigarettesandgrumblingabouttheservice.AtPizzaHut,IthoughtI’dgotananswerafterencounteringayoungwomanwholookedeveryinchthemodernsuffragette—drainpipejeans,strappysliverhigh-heeledsandalsandahigabstuddedwithpurplerhinestones.But,no,MiriamAl-Enizi,20,studyingbusinessadministrationatKuwaitUniversity,doesn’tthinkwomenneedthevote.”Menarebetteratpoliticsthanwomen,”sheexplained,addingthatwomeninKuwaitalreadyhaveeverythingtheyneed.Welcometodemocracy,Kuwaitstyle.16.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowinggroupsofpeoplemightbeviewedasbeingdangerousbytheguards?A.Foreigntourists.B.Womenprotestors.C.Foreignjournalists.D.MembersoftheNationalAssembly.17.ThebillgivingwomenthevotedidnotmanagetopassbecauseA.Differentinterestgroupshelddifferentconcerns.B.Liberalsdidnotreachconsensusamongthemselves.C.Parliamentwascontrolledbytraditionalists.D.Parliamentmemberswereallconservatives.18.Whatistheroleofthe4thand5thparagraphsinthedevelopmentofthetopic?A.ToshowhowKuwaitiwomenenjoythemselves.B.TodescribehowwomenworkandstudyinKuwait.C.Toprovideacontrasttotheprecedingparagraphs.D.Toprovideacontrasttotheprecedingparagraphs.19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutyoungKuwaitiwomen?A.Theyseemtobequitecontented.B.TheygoinforWesternfashions.C.Theydesiremorethanmodernnecessities.D.Theyfavourtheuseofhi-techproducts.TextCRichard,KingofEnglandfrom1189to1199,withallhischaracteristicvirtuesandfaultscastinaheroicmouldisoneofthemostfascinatingmedievalfigures.Hehasbeendescribedasthecreatureandembodimentoftheageofchivalry,Inthosedaysthelionwasmuchadmiredinheraldry,andmorethanonekingsoughttolinkhimselfwithitsrepute.WhenRichard'scontemporariescalledhim"CoeurdeLion"(TheLionheart),theypaidalastingcomplimenttothekingofbeasts.LittledidtheEnglishpeopleowehimforhisservices,andheavilydidtheypayforhisadventures.HewasinEnglandonlytwiceforafewshortmonthsinhistenyears'reign;yethismemoryhasalwaysEnglishhearts,andseemstopresentthroughoutthecenturiesthepatternofthefightingman.InalldeedsofprowessaswellasinlargeschemesofwarRichardshone.Hewastallanddelicatelyshapedstronginnerveandsinew,andmostdexterousinarms.Hereioicedinpersonalcombat,andregardedhisopponentswithoutmaliceasnecessaryagentsinhisfameHelovedwar,notsomuchforthesakeofgloryorpoliticalends,butasothermenlovescienceorpoetry,fortheexcitementofthestruggleandtheglowofvictory.Bythishiswholetemperamentwastoned;andunitedwiththehighestqualitiesofthemilitarycommander,loveofwarcalledforthallthepowersofhismindandbody.Althoughamanofbloodandviolence,Richardwastooimpetuoustobeeithertreacherousonhabituallycruel.Hewasasreadytoforgiveashewashastytooffend;hewasopen-handedandmunificenttoprofusion;inwarcircumspectindesignandskilfulinexecution;inpoliticalachild,lackinginsubtletyandexperience.Hispoliticalallianceswereformeduponhislikesanddislikes;hispoliticalschemeshadneitherunitynorclearnessofpurpose.Theadvantagesgainedforhimbymilitarygeoidswereflungawaythroughdiplomaticineptitude.When,onthejourneytotheEast,MessinainSicilywaswonbyhisarmshewaseasilypersuadedtosharewithhispolished,faithlessally,PhilipAugustus,fruitsofavictorywhichmorewiselyusedmighthavefoiledtheFrenchKing'sartfulschemes.TherichandtenableacquisitionofCypruswascastawayevenmoreeasilythanitwaswon.Hislifewasonemagnificentparade,which,whenended,leftonlyanemptyplain.In1199,whenthedifficultiesofraisingrevenuefortheendlesswarwereattheirheight,goodnewswasbroughttoKingRichard.ItwassaidtherehadbeendugupnearthecastleofChaluz,onthelandsofoneofhisFrenchvassals,atreasureofwonderfulquality;agroupofgoldenimagesofanemperor,hiswife,sonsanddaughters,seatedroundatable,alsoofgold,hadbeenunearthed.TheKingclaimedthistreasureaslordparamount.ThelordofChaluzresistedthedemand,andtheKinglaidsiegetohissmall,weakcastle.Onthethirdday,asherodedaringly,nearthewall.Confidentinhishard-triedluck,aboltfromacrossbowstruckhimintheleftshoulderbytheneck.Thewound,alreadydeep,wasaggravatedbythenecessarycuttingoutofthearrow-head.Gangrenesetin,andCoeurdeLionknewthathemustpayasoldier’sdebt.Hepreparedfordeathwithfortitudeandcalm,andinaccordancewiththeprincipleshehadfollowed.Hearrangedhisaffairs,hedividedhispersonalbelongingsamonghisfriendsorbequeathedthemtocharity.HedeclaredJohntobehisheir,andmadeallpresentswearfealtytohim.Heorderedthearcherwhohadshotthefatalbolt,andwhowasnowaprisoner,tobebroughtbeforehim.Hepardonedhim,andmadehimagiftofmoney.ForsevenyearshehadnotconfessedforfearofbeingcompelledtobereconciledtoPhilip,butnowhereceivedtheofficesoftheChurchwithsincereandexemplarypiety,anddiedintheforty-secondyearofhisageonApril6,1199,worthy,bytheconsentofallmen,tositwithKingArthurandRolandanotherheroesofmartialromanceatsomeEternalroundTable,whichwetrusttheCreatoroftheUniverseinHiscomprehensionwillnothaveforgottentoprovide.Thearcherwasflayedalive.20“littledidtheEnglishpeopleownhimforhisservice”(paragraphone)meansthattheEnglishA.paidfewtaxestohim.Bgavehimlittlerespect.Creceivedlittleprotectionfromhim.Dhadnorealcausetofeelgratefultohim.21.Tosaythathiswifewasa“magnificentparade’(paragraphTwo)impliesthatitwastosomeextent.A.spentchieflyatwar.Bimpressiveandadmirable.ClivedtoopompouslyD.anemptyshow.22.Richard’sbehaviourasdeathapproachedshowed.\A.braveryandself-control.B.WisdomandcorrectnessC.DevotionandromanceD.Chivalryandcharity23.ThepointofthelastshortparagraphisthatRichardwasA.cheatedbyhisownsuccessorsB.determinedtotakerevengeonhisenemies.C.moregeneroustohisenemiesthanhisseccesors.Dunabletoinfluencethebehaviorofhissuccessors.24.WhichofthefollowingphrasebestdescribesRichardasseenbytheauthor?A.Anaggressiveking,toofondofwar.B.Abravekingwithminorfaults.CAcompetentbutcunningsoldier.DAkindwithgreatpoliticalskills.25.TherelationshipbetweenthefirstandsecondparagraphsisthatA.eachpresentsonesideofthepicture.B.thefirstgeneralizesthesecondgivesexamples.C.thesecondisthelogicalresultofthefirst.D.bothpresentRichard’svirtuesandfaults.TEXTDThemiserablefateofEnron’semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreesmustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshavelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsavingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It’sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromiseofthe20thcentury.?Thepromisewasassuredeconomicsecurity-evencomfort-foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecavemandays-lackoffoodwarmth,shelter-wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemsforanyoneinneedandseparateprogrammesfortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S.).Labourunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionsforretirees.Giantcorporationscameintobeingandofferedthepossibility-insomecasesthepromise-oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensions.Thecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory