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艾薩克牛頓人物生平

Teenager

OnJanuary4,1643,IsaacNewtonwasbornintheWoolsthorpemanorinasmallvillageofWoolthorpevillageinLincolnshire,England.AtthetimeofNewtonsbirth,EnglanddidnotusethePopeslatestcalendar,sohisbirthdaywasrecordedasChristmasin1642.Newtonwasbornthreemonthsbefore,healsonamedIsaacsfatherhadjustdied.Itwasrumoredthathismother,HannahAyscough,hadsaidthatNewtonwasbornwhenhewassmallenoughtoputhiminaquartofmugs.WhenNewtonwasthreeyearsold,hismotherremarriedandhousedthehomeofthenewhusbandBarnabusSmith,andentrustedNewtontohisgrandmotherMargeryAyscough,TheYoungNewtondidnotlikehisstepfatherandhadsomehostilitytohismotherbecauseofhismothersremarriage,andNewtonhadevenwritten:threatenmystepfatherandmother,andburnthemtogetherwiththehouse.

In1648,Newtonwassenttostudy.JuniorNewtonisnotachildprodigy,hisperformanceingeneral,buthelikestoread,liketoseesomeofthesimplemechanicalmodelproductionmethodsofreading,andinspiredbytheirownhandstocreatesomestrangegadgets,suchaswindmills,Woodenbell,foldinglanternsandsoon.

ThelegendofNewtontouchedthemechanicalprincipleofthewindmill,madeamodelofthemill,hetiedthemousetoawheeledtreadmill,andthenputacorninfrontofthewheel,justthatplaceisThemouseisinaccessibleposition.Themousewouldliketoeatcorn,andconstantlyrunning,sothewheelskeptturning;onceagainwhenhewasflyingakite,hangingontheropewithasmalllight,thenightthevillagelookedsurprisedtoseetheetappeared;healsomadeasmallbellTheEverymorning,asmallwaterclockwillautomaticallydripintohisface,urginghimtogetup.Healsolikespainting,sculpture,especiallylikecarvedsundials,homewalls,windowsilleverywhereplacedwithhisportrayedsundial,toseetheshadowofthemove.

schooldays

In1654,NewtonwentoutofschoolwithmorethanadozenkilometersofKowloonsKingsRoyalHighSchool.Newtonsmotherhadhopedthathewouldbeeafarmer,butNewtonhimselfdidnotintendto,andlovereading.Withtheincreaseinage,Newtonmorelovetostudy,likemeditation,dolittlescienceexperiment.WhenhewasstudyingattheRoyalHighSchoolinKingdez,hehadbeeninapharmacistshomeandhadbeeninfluencedbychemicaltests.

Newtonhasagreatacademicrecordinthemiddleschool,lovestostudy,curiousaboutnaturalphenomena,suchascolor,shadows,especiallygeometric,Copernicus,andsoon.Healsocategorizednotes,andlikedtoingeniouslydosmalltools,tips,smallinventions,smalltests.

AtthattimetheBritishsocietyinfiltratedthenewideasofChristianity,Newtonhomewithtwopriestsasaprofessionalrelatives,whichmaybeNewtonsreligiouslifesuffered.Onlyfromtheseordinaryenvironmentandactivities,butalsodonotseetheyoungNewtonisadifferentfromordinarypeoplecanbedifferentchildren.

Laterforcedtolivedifficulties,themothertoNewtonsuspendedinthehousefarming,supportthefamily.ButNewtonhadtheopportunitytoburythebook,andevenforgettowork.Everytimethemothertoldhimtojointheservantwiththeservant,familiarwiththebusinessofdoingbusiness,hepleadedwiththeservantapersontooktothestreets,hehidinthegroveafterreading.Onceagain,Newtonsunclewassuspicious,andhefollowedNewtononthetownandfoundhisnephewNewtonstretchedouthislegs,lyingonthegrass,andconcentratingonamathproblem.Newtonseagermindtouchedtheuncle,souncletopersuadehismothertoNewtonschool,andencouragedNewtontocollege.Newtonreturnedtoschoolagain,eagertolearnthenutritionofthebook.

AccordingtotheMenofMathematics,ETBellandAnintroductiontothehistoryofmathematics,H.EvesNewtonstartedschooleducationinruralschoolsandwaslatersenttotheKingMiddleSchoolofGranthamandbecamethebeststudentoftheschool.AtKingsHighSchool,heboardedthelocalpharmacistWilliam(WilliamClarke),andattheageof19wenttoCambridgeUniversitybeforetheschool,withthepharmacistsstepfatherAnneStowler(AnneStorer)engagement.Later,becauseNewtonfocusedonhisresearchandmakelovecooling,StoleItissaidthatNewtonhadagoodmemoryoftheaffair,butthentherewasnootherromance,andNewtondidnotmarryforlife.

However,accordingtothedescriptionofthebookMemoirsofSirIsaacNewtonsLifebyWilliamStukeley,afriendofNewtonscontemporaryera,StrickleydiedafterNewtonsdeathHadvisitedVincent(MadameVincent),thatis,NewtonsloversMissStole.ThenameofMrs.VincentiscalledCatherine,notAnne,Anneishersister(seeArthurStorer),andtheladyonlysaidthatNewtonwasthesametimeshewaspregnantwiththedegreeofonly.

Fromtheageof12to17yearsold,NewtonintheRoyalHighSchoolinthestudyofgold,intheschoollibrarywindowsillcanalsoseehissignatureoftheyear.HedroppedoutofschoolandreturnedtoElsopauinOctober1659becausehiswidowedmotherwantedNewtonasafarmer.Newton,thoughobeyingthemother,butaccordingtoNewtonspeerslater,thefarmingworkmadeNewtonquiteunhappy.HenryStokes,theprincipaloftheRoyalHighSchoolofKingKong,persuadedNewtonsmother,whowassentbacktoschooltofinishhisstudies.Hepletedhisstudiesattheageof18andgotaperfectgraduationreport.

June3,1661,heenteredtheCambridgeUniversityTrinityCollege.Atthattime,thecollegesteachingwasbasedonAristotlesdoctrine,butNewtonpreferredtoreadsomeofthemodernphilosopherssuchasDescartesandastronomerssuchasGalileo,CopernicusandKepler.In1665,hediscoveredthegeneralizedbinomialtheoremandbegantodevelopanewmathematicaltheory,thatis,laterknowntotheworldofcalculus.In1665,Newtongotadegree,andtheuniversitywasshutdowntopreventtheGreatPlagueinLondon.Overthenexttwoyears,Newtoncontinuestostudycalculus,optics,andgravitationallawathome.

Politicalcareer

In1669,wasgrantedtoLucasProfessorofMathematics.

In1689hewaselectedamemberofCongress.NewtonwasamemberoftheRoyalAcademyofSciencesfrom1689to1690and1701andbecamepresidentoftheRoyalSocietyin1703andworkedfor24years,afterJosephBecks,whowasalsopresidentoftheFrenchAcademyofSciencesOfthemembers.

In1696,NewtonpassedtheadministrationofthethenChancelloroftheExchequerCharlesMontaguetomovetoLondonforthesupervisionoftheRoyalMint,untildeath.HepresidedovertheUKslargestmoneyrecast,thejobisgenerallyidle,butNewtonisveryserioustreatment.AsthechiefexecutiveoftheRoyalMint,Newtonestimatesthatabout20%ofthecoinsareforged.Itisverydifficulttoconvictthoseinfamouscriminals;butitisprovedthatNewtonisdoingwell.Newtonbecameagentleman.

In1705,NewtonwascalledtheQueenbyAnneQueen.

NewtonwrotealotofreligiouspamphletsthatdealtwiththetextoftheBibleinthe1670s.HenryMoorescosmicbeliefandrefusalofCartesiandualisminfluencedNewtonsreligiousbeliefs.Inhisnever-publishedmanuscripttoJohnLocke,hedisputedtheexistenceoftheTrinity.

Resignation

March31,1727(Granville),thegreatIsaacNewtondied,andmanyoutstandingBritishpeoplewereburiedintheWestminsterAbbey.Histombstoneengraved:Letpeoplecheersuchagreathumangloryhasexistedintheworld.

WhentheNewYearin1727,85yearsolddied,theBritishburiedhiminWestminster.Westminsterspredecessorisamonastery,in1579,theBritishQueenElizabethIwillWestminstertocollege,theprincipalappointedbytheBritishmonarch.WestminstersofficialnamewaschangedtoWestminsterSt.PetersCollegeChurch,afterthreecenturies,WestminsterbecameOxfordandCambridgeafterthethirdBritishinstitutionsofhigherlearning.ThepoetAlexanderPopewrotethefollowingepitaphforNewton:NatureandNaturelawlayhidinnight;Godsaid,LetNewtonbe,andallwaslight.Thelawsofnatureandnaturearehiddeninthedarkness;Godsays,LetNewtone!Soeverythingturnedbright.

Formorethanninehundredyears,WestminsterAbbeywasanimportantplacefortheBritishcelebration,exceptforworship,prayerandworship.Britishcelebritiescanbeburiedafterdeathtothisglory.Accordingtostatistics,theareacoversanareaof2972squaremetersofWestminsterTemple(WestminsterSt.PetersCollegeChurch),buriedatotalofmorethan3,300people,includingmanycontemporarycelebrities,suchas:Darwin,Dickens,Newton,Churchill......countlesspeopleintheUKhavefar-reachingimpactonthehistoricalfiguresarerestingintheWestminsterTemple,therearemanycelebrities,itselfisnotburiedhere,therearewrittenonthenameofthestoneplateembeddedinthegroundasamemorial.AndthemostfamousinsideisNewton,heisthefirstinthehistoryofmankindtogetthenaturalsciencesofnaturalscientists.

HiscemeteryislocatedinthecenterofthefronthallofWestminsterAbbey,thatis,thenave,wherethestatueofaNewtonstatuestandsabovethecemetery,andthestoneissittingonapileofbooks.Therearetwoangelsaround,thereisahugeearthshapetomemoratehisachievementsinscience.

NomatterhowmanyNewtonsmysteriesandcontroversies,butthisisnotenoughtoreduceNewtonsinfluence.In1726,VoltaireoncesaidthatNewtonwasthegreatestmanbecauseheruledourmindswiththepoweroftruth,ratherthanenslaveuswithforce.

Infact,ifyoulookattheindexofascienceencyclopedia,youwillfindthatNewtonandhislawsandfoundmorethantwotothreetimesmorethananyscientist.LeibnizisnotNewtonsfriend,andtherehavebeenveryintensedebatesbetweenthem.Buthewrote:FromthebeginningoftheworldtothetimeofNewtonslife,thecontributiontothedevelopmentofmathematicsislargelymadebyNewton.ThegreatFrenchscientistLaplacewrote:TheprincipleishumanwisdomThemostoutstandingmasterpieceoftheproduct.LagrangeoftensaidNewtonwasthegreatestgeniusever.

IntheAmericanscholarMikeHarts100