美國聯邦刑事訴訟規則（中英文對照）TableofContents目錄TitleI.Applicability第一章適用范圍TitleII.PreliminaryProceedings第二章預備訴訟TitleIII.TheGrandJury,theIndictment,andtheInformation第三章大陪審團,起訴書和相關信息TitleIV.ArraignmentandPreparationforTrial第四章傳訊和準備審判TitleV.Venue第五章審判地點TitleVI.Trial第六章審判TitleVII.Post-ConvictionProcedures第七章定罪后程序TitleVIII.SupplementaryandSpecialProceedings第8章補充訴訟和特別訴訟TitleIX.GeneralProvisions第九章一般規定部分章節示例如下：Rule5.InitialAppearance規則5.初次出庭(a)InGeneral.一般規定。(1)AppearanceUponanArrest.被捕時出庭。(A)ApersonmakinganarrestwithintheUnitedStatesmusttakethedefendantwithoutunnecessarydelaybeforeamagistratejudge,orbeforeastateorlocaljudicialofficerasRule5(c)provides,unlessastatuteprovidesotherwise.在美國境內實施逮捕的人應當按照規則5(c)條的規定，毫不拖延地將被告帶見聯邦治安法官，或州或地方司法官員，除非法規另有規定。(B)ApersonmakinganarrestoutsidetheUnitedStatesmusttakethedefendantwithoutunnecessarydelaybeforeamagistratejudge,unlessastatuteprovidesotherwise.在美國境外實施逮捕的人應當毫不拖延地將被告送交聯邦治安法官，除非法規另有規定。(2)Exceptions.例外情況。(A)Anofficermakinganarrestunderawarrantissueduponacomplaintchargingsolelyaviolationof18U.S.C.§1073neednotcomplywiththisruleif:如果系下列情況，實施逮捕的人對僅僅違反美國法典第18章1073條而被指控所簽發的逮捕證則不必依據本條規則：(i)thepersonarrestedistransferredwithoutunnecessarydelaytothecustodyofappropriatestateorlocalauthoritiesinthedistrictofarrest;and被逮捕的人立即被移送到有關州或地方當局的拘留所；和(ii)anattorneyforthegovernmentmovespromptly,inthedistrictwherethewarrantwasissued,todismissthecomplaint.聯邦檢察官在發出逮捕證的地區迅速采取行動，駁回控訴。(B)Ifadefendantisarrestedforviolatingprobationorsupervisedrelease,Rule32.1applies.如果被告因違反緩刑或監督釋放而被捕，則適用第32.1條。(C)Ifadefendantisarrestedforfailingtoappearinan-otherdistrict,Rule40applies.如果被告因未在其他地區出庭而被捕，則適用第40條。(3)AppearanceUponaSummons.WhenadefendantappearsinresponsetoasummonsunderRule4,amagistratejudgemustproceedunderRule5(d)or(e),asapplicable.收到傳票后出庭。當被告根據規則對傳票做出回應時，再審法官應當根據規則5(D)或(E)酌情行事。(b)ArrestWithoutaWarrant.Ifadefendantisarrestedwithoutawarrant,acomplaintmeetingRule4(a)’srequirementofprobablecausemustbepromptlyfiledinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted.在沒有逮捕證的情況下被捕。如果被告在沒有逮捕證的情況下被逮捕，應當在據稱犯罪的地區迅速提出符合第4條(a)款關于可能原因的控訴。(c)PlaceofInitialAppearance;TransfertoAnotherDistrict.首次出庭地點；轉移到另一個地區。(1)ArrestintheDistrictWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Ifthedefendantisarrestedinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted:在涉嫌犯罪的地區逮捕。如果被告人在據稱犯罪的地區被捕：(A)theinitialappearancemustbeinthatdistrict;and初次出庭應當在該地區；和(B)ifamagistratejudgeisnotreasonablyavailable,theinitialappearancemaybebeforeastateorlocaljudicialofficer.如果聯邦治安法官不能合理地到庭，最初的出庭可能是在州或地方司法官員面前。(2)ArrestinaDistrictOtherThanWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Ifthedefendantwasarrestedinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted,theinitialappearancemustbe:在非涉嫌違法的地區逮捕。如果被告人在涉嫌犯罪的地方以外的其他地區被捕，則初次出庭應當是：(A)inthedistrictofarrest;or在逮捕區；或者(B)inanadjacentdistrictif:在鄰近地區，如果：(i)theappearancecanoccurmorepromptlythere;or可以在該位置更迅速地出庭；或者(ii)theoffensewasallegedlycommittedthereandtheinitialappearancewilloccuronthedayofarrest.據稱罪行是在那里犯下的，最初的出庭將安排在逮捕之日。(3)ProceduresinaDistrictOtherThanWheretheOffenseWasAllegedlyCommitted.Iftheinitialappearanceoccursinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted,thefollowingproceduresapply:涉嫌犯罪以外的地區的程序。如果在罪行發生在涉嫌犯以外的地區的初次出庭，則下列程序適用：(A)themagistratejudgemustinformthedefendantabouttheprovisionsofRule20;聯邦治安法官應當將第20條的規定告知被告人;(B)ifthedefendantwasarrestedwithoutawarrant,thedistrictcourtwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedmustfirstissueawarrantbeforethemagistratejudgetransfersthedefendanttothatdistrict;如果被告是在沒有逮捕證的情況下被逮捕的，據稱犯罪的地區法院應當首先發出逮捕證，然后由聯邦治安法官將被告移交該地區；(C)themagistratejudgemustconductapreliminaryhearingifrequiredbyRule5.1;如果規則5.1要求，治安法官應當進行預審；(D)themagistratejudgemusttransferthedefendanttothedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedif:如果是以下情況，聯邦治安法官應當將被告人轉移到在據稱犯罪的地區：(i)thegovernmentproducesthewarrant,acertifiedcopyofthewarrant,orareliableelectronicformofeither;and聯邦出示逮捕證、經核證的逮捕證副本或其中任何一種的可靠電子形式；和(ii)thejudgefindsthatthedefendantisthesamepersonnamedintheindictment,information,orwarrant;and法官認定被告人是在起訴書、公訴書、或逮捕證為同一人姓名;和(E)whenadefendantistransferredanddischarged,theclerkmustpromptlytransmitthepapersandanybailtotheclerkinthedistrictwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommitted.當被告人被轉移和釋放時，書記官應當立即將文件和任何保釋金轉交據稱犯罪的地區的書記官。(4)ProcedureforPersonsExtraditedtotheUnitedStates.IfthedefendantissurrenderedtotheUnitedStatesinaccordancewitharequestforthedefendant’sextradition,theinitialappearancemustbeinthedistrict(oroneofthedistricts)wheretheoffenseischarged.引渡至美國的程序。如果根據被告人的引渡請求將被告人移交給美國，則初次出庭應當在指控該罪行的地區（或其中一個地區）。(d)ProcedureinaFelonyCase.重罪案件中的程序。(1)Advice.Ifthedefendantischargedwithafelony,thejudgemustinformthedefendantofthefollowing:(A)thecomplaintagainstthedefendant,andanyaffidavitfiledwithit;通知。如果被告被控犯有重罪，法官應當將以下情況通知被告：(A)對被告的控訴，以及向其提交的任何宣誓口供；(B)thedefendant’srighttoretaincounselortorequestthatcounselbeappointedifthedefendantcannotobtaincounsel;如果被告人無法聘請律師，被告人有保留聘請律師或要求任命律師的權利；(C)thecircumstances,ifany,underwhichthedefendantmaysecurepretrialrelease;這種情況下，如有，在其下被告人可以確保審前釋放;(D)anyrighttoapreliminaryhearing;and獲得初步聆訊的任何權利；和(E)thedefendant’srightnottomakeastatement,andthatanystatementmademaybeusedagainstthedefendant;and被告有權不作陳述，任何陳述均可對被告使用；以及(F)thatadefendantwhoisnotaUnitedStatescitizenmayrequestthatanattorneyforthegovernmentorafederallawenforcementofficialnotifyaconsularofficerfromthedefendant’scountryofnationalitythatthedefendanthasbeenarrested—butthatevenwithoutthedefendant’srequest,atreatyorotherinternationalagreementmayrequireconsularnotification.非美國公民的被告可要求檢察官或聯邦司法官員通知被告國籍國的領事官員被告已被逮捕是公訴書，但即使沒有被告的要求，條約或其他國際協定也可能要求通知領事。(2)ConsultingwithCounsel.Thejudgemustallowthedefendantreasonableopportunitytoconsultwithcounsel.咨詢律師。該法官應當允許被告人合理的機會向律師咨詢。(3)DetentionorRelease.Thejudgemustdetainorreleasethedefendantasprovidedbystatuteortheserules.拘留或釋放。該法官應當按照法律或本規則的規定拘留或釋放被告人。(4)Plea.AdefendantmaybeaskedtopleadonlyunderRule10.（4）認罪。被告只能根據第10條進行辯護。(e)ProcedureinaMisdemeanorCase.Ifthedefendantischargedwithamisdemeanoronly,thejudgemustinformthedefendantinaccordancewithRule58(b)(2).輕罪案件的程序。如果被告僅被控犯有輕罪，法官應當根據規則58(B)（2)通知被告）。(f)ReminderofProsecutorialObligation.對起訴義務的提示。(1)Ingeneral.Inallcriminalproceedings,onthefirstscheduledcourtdatewhenbothprosecutoranddefensecounselarepresent,thejudgeshallissueanoralandwrittenordertoprosecutionanddefensecounselthatconfirmsthedisclosureobligationoftheprosecutorunderBradyv.Maryland,373U.S.83(1963)anditsprogeny,andthepossibleconsequencesofviolatingsuchorderunderapplicablelaw.(1)一般而言。在所有刑事訴訟中，在檢察官和辯護律師出庭的第一個預定的法庭日期，法官應向檢察官和辯護律師發出口頭和書面法令，確認檢察官根據Brady訴Marlandy，373U.S.83（1963）及其后果的披露義務，以及根據適用法律違反這一法令可能產生的后果。(2)Formationoforder.Eachjudicialcouncilinwhichadistrictcourtislocatedshallpromulgateamodelorderforthepurposeofparagraph(1)thatthecourtmayuseasitdeterminesisappropriate.法令的做出。地區法院所在的每個司法委員會應頒布一項示范法令，以便法院確定適當時使用第（1）款。(g)VideoTeleconferencing.Videoteleconferencingmaybeusedtoconductanappearanceunderthisruleifthedefendantconsents.視頻電話會議。如果被告人同意，視頻電話會議可用于根據此規則進行出庭。Rule5.1.PreliminaryHearing規則5.1初次聆訊(a)InGeneral.Ifadefendantischargedwithanoffenseotherthanapettyoffense,amagistratejudgemustconductapreliminaryhearingunless:一般規定。如果被告人被指控不是輕罪而是其他的罪行，聯邦治安法官應當進行初步聆訊，除非：(1)thedefendantwaivesthehearing;被告人放棄聆訊；(2)thedefendantisindicted;被告人被起訴；(3)thegovernmentfilesaninformationunderRule7(b)chargingthedefendantwithafelony;在公訴人文件的公訴書根據第7（b）用重罪充電被告人;(4)thegovernmentfilesaninformationchargingthedefendantwithamisdemeanor;or公訴人根據第7條(b)項提交資料，指控被告犯有重罪；(5)thedefendantischargedwithamisdemeanorandconsentstotrialbeforeamagistratejudge.被告被控犯有輕罪，并同意由聯邦治安法官審判。(b)SelectingaDistrict.Adefendantarrestedinadistrictotherthanwheretheoffensewasallegedlycommittedmayelecttohavethepreliminaryhearingconductedinthedistrictwheretheprosecutionispending.選擇地區。在據稱犯罪地點以外的地區被捕的被告可選擇在有待起訴的地區舉行預審。(c)Scheduling.Themagistratejudgemustholdthepreliminaryhearingwithinareasonabletime,butnolaterthan14daysaftertheinitialappearanceifthedefendantisincustodyandnolaterthan21daysifnotincustody.日程安排。聯邦治安法官應當在合理的時間內舉行預審，但不遲于被告人被拘留的初次出庭后14天，不遲于未被拘留的21天。(d)ExtendingtheTime.Withthedefendant’sconsentanduponashowingofgoodcause—takingintoaccountthepublicinterestinthepromptdispositionofcriminalcases—amagistratejudgemayextendthetimelimitsinRule5.1(c)oneormoretimes.Ifthedefendantdoesnotconsent,themagistratejudgemayextendthetimelimitsonlyonashowingthatextraordinarycircumstancesexistandjusticerequiresthedelay.延長時間。在被告人同意下，并在證明有正當理由的情況下----考慮到對迅速處理刑事案件的公共利益----聯邦治安法官可將規則第5.1(c)條的時限延長一次或多次。如果被告人不同意，治安法官只能在證明存在特殊情況和司法需要延展的情況下延長時限。(e)HearingandFinding.Atthepreliminaryhearing,thedefendantmaycross-examineadversewitnessesandmayintroduceevidencebutmaynotobjecttoevidenceonthegroundthatitwasunlawfullyacquired.Ifthemagistratejudgefindsprobablecausetobelieveanoffensehasbeencommittedandthedefendantcommittedit,themagistratejudgemustpromptlyrequirethedefendanttoappearforfurtherproceedings.聆聽和認定。在初步聆訊中，被告可詢問對方證人，并可提出證據，但不得以證據是非法取得為由質疑證據。如果聯邦治安法官認為有可能的理由相信已經犯下了罪行，而被告犯下了罪行，法官應當立即要求被告出庭接受進一步的訴訟。(f)DischargingtheDefendant.Ifthemagistratejudgefindsnoprobablecausetobelieveanoffensehasbeencommittedorthedefendantcommittedit,themagistratejudgemustdismissthecomplaintanddischargethedefendant.Adischargedoesnotprecludethegovernmentfromlaterprosecutingthedefendantforthesameoffense.如果證據表明不存在合理根據相信犯罪已經發生或者由被告人所為，聯邦治安法官應駁回控告，撤消對被告人的指控。撤消指控并不排除公訴人對同一犯罪再次提出指控。(g)RecordingtheProceedings.Thepreliminaryhearingmustberecordedbyacourtreporterorbyasuitablerecordingdevice.Arecordingoftheproceedingmaybemadeavailabletoanypartyuponrequest.AcopyoftherecordingandatranscriptmaybeprovidedtoanypartyuponrequestanduponanypaymentrequiredbyapplicableJudicialConferenceregulations.審理程序記錄。預審應當由法院書記員或適當的記錄裝置記錄。程序記錄可應任何一方的要求提供。記錄副本和抄本可根據任何一方的要求和適用的司法會議條例要求的任何付款提供給任何一方。(h)ProducingaStatement.做出陳述。(1)InGeneral.Rule26.2(a)–(d)and(f)appliesatanyhearingunderthisrule,unlessthemagistratejudgeforgoodcauserulesotherwiseinaparticularcase.一般規定。規則26.2(a)-(d)和(f)條適用于根據本規則舉行的任何聽訊，除非法官有正當理由在特定案件中做出其他規定。(2)SanctionsforNotProducingaStatement.IfapartydisobeysaRule26.2ordertodeliverastatementtothemovingparty,themagistratejudgemustnotconsiderthetestimonyofawitnesswhosestatementiswithheld.對不提出陳述的制裁。如果一方違反規則26.2責令向提出申請方提交陳述，治安法官不得考慮其陳述被拒絕的證人的證詞。TitleIII–TheGrandJury,theIndictment,andtheInformation第三章大陪審團，起訴書和信息Rule6.TheGrandJury第六條大陪審團(a)SummoningaGrandJury.召集大陪審團。(1)InGeneral.Whenthepublicinterestsorequires,thecourtmustorderthatoneormoregrandjuriesbesummoned.Agrandjurymusthave16to23members,andthecourtmustorderthatenoughlegallyqualifiedpersonsbesummonedtomeetthisrequirement.一般規定當公共利益需要時，法院應召集一個或數個大陪審團。大陪審團由１６至２３人組成。法院應指示召集充分的合格候選人以供選任陪審團成員。(2)AlternateJurors.Whenagrandjuryisselected,thecourtmayalsoselectalternatejurors.Alternatejurorsmusthavethesamequalificationsandbeselectedinthesamemannerasanyotherjuror.Alternatejurorsreplacejurorsinthesamesequenceinwhichthea