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傾斜層狀圍巖變形規律的相似模擬研究Chapter1:Introduction
-Backgroundandsignificanceoftheresearch
-Briefintroductiontothedeformationcharacteristicsofinclinedlayeredrockmasses
-Overviewofthesimilaritiesbetweenphysicalandnumericalmodels
Chapter2:Literaturereview
-Reviewofpreviousstudiesonthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses
-Comparisonoftheexperimentalandnumericalmethodsusedinthepreviousstudies
-Criticalanalysisofthelimitationsofthepreviousstudies
Chapter3:Methodology
-Descriptionofthephysicalandnumericalmodelsusedinthestudy
-Explanationofthematerialsandequipmentusedintheconstructionofthephysicalmodel
-Overviewofthenumericalmodelingsoftwareandtheparametersusedinthesimulations
-Calibrationofthephysicalmodelbasedonthenumericalmodelandviceversa
Chapter4:Resultsanalysis
-Comparisonofthenumericalandphysicalmodeldeformationcharacteristics
-Discussionofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwomodels
-Analysisoftheeffectsofdifferentfactorsonthedeformationbehaviorofthemodels
-Interpretationoftheresultsinthecontextofthegeologicalconditionsofthestudyarea
Chapter5:Conclusionandrecommendations
-Summaryofthemainfindingsofthestudy
-Discussionoftheimplicationsofthestudyonthedesignandsafetyoftheengineeringstructuresininclinedlayeredrockmasses
-Limitationsofthestudyandsuggestionsforfutureresearch.Chapter1:Introduction
BackgroundandSignificanceoftheResearch
Inclinedlayeredrockmasses,extensivelyfoundinvariousgeologicalenvironments,canbesubstantiallysubjectedtodeformationprocessesduetotheactionofgravitationalforces,whichcanposesignificantchallengestothesafetyofengineeringstructuresconstructedwithinthevicinityofsuchformations.Thestudyofthedeformationcharacteristicsofinclinedlayeredrockmassesisthereforeofutmostimportanceforthedesignandsafetyofcivilengineeringstructures,suchastunnels,mines,andslopes.
Thecharacterizationofinclinedlayeredrockmassespresentssignificantchallengesduetotheirnon-homogeneousnature,whichvariesdependingonthethicknessofthelayers,theinclinationangle,andthedegreeoffracturing.Thedeformationbehaviorandmechanismsofdeformationoftherockmassesunderdifferentloadingconditionsarethereforedifficulttodetermineaccuratelythroughanalyticalapproaches.Numericalandphysicalmodelshavebeenwidelyutilizedinthepasttoinvestigatethedeformationcharacteristicsofinclinedlayeredrockmassesandtoprovidevaluableinformationonhowtooptimizethedesignandsafetyofengineeredstructures.
BriefIntroductiontotheDeformationCharacteristicsofInclinedLayeredRockMasses
Deformationofinclinedlayeredrockmassesisbelievedtobestronglyinfluencedbytheheterogeneityofthegeologicalmaterialsaswellasthepresenceofdiscontinuitiesintherockstructure.Duringdeformation,stressesaretransferredthroughtherocklayers,resultingintheaccumulationofstrain,andthedevelopmentofshearing,slipping,andotherfailuremodesacrossthelayers.Thedeformationcharacteristicscanbesignificantlyaffectedbyfactorssuchastheinclinationangle,thicknessoflayers,anddegreeofinterlayerdiscontinuity.Otherfactorssuchasgradientporepressureandthepresenceofweatheredzonescanalsoinfluencethedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.
OverviewoftheSimilaritiesBetweenPhysicalandNumericalModels
Bothphysicalandnumericalmodelingtechniquesallowengineersandresearcherstoexplorecomplexdeformationphenomenaoccurringininclinedlayeredrockmasses.Physicalmodelsprovidearealisticrepresentationofthebehaviorofrocksunderdifferentloadingandboundaryconditions.Theyallowfortheobservationofdeformationprocesses,suchasdisplacement,strain,andthemigrationoffailuremodesacrossthedifferentlayersoftherockmass.Ontheotherhand,numericalmodelsarecapableofsimulatingthedeformationbehavioroflayeredrockmassesbysolvingthegoverningequationsoftheproblem.Numericalmodelshavebeenadvancingtremendouslyinrecentyearswiththeintroductionofmodernsoftwaretoolsandhardwarecapabilities,allowingforamuchmoreaccuratesimulationofdeformationbehavior.
Thephysicalandnumericalmodelsusedinthestudyofthedeformationcharacteristicsofinclinedlayeredrockmasseshavemanysimilarities,suchastheapplicationofboundaryconditionsandloading,andthemeasurementofdeformationbehavior.Thestudyofthesimilaritiesbetweenthesetwoapproachesprovidesavaluableinsightintothereliabilityandaccuracyofthemodelsandtheirapplicabilityinthestudyofdeformationmechanicsofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.
Inconclusion,thischapterprovidesanintroductiontotheresearchproblemofthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses,includingabriefoverviewofthedeformationcharacteristicsofsuchformations,andthesignificanceoftheresearchforimprovingthesafetyanddesignofengineeringstructures.Additionally,thischapterdiscussestheuseofbothphysicalandnumericalmodelsinthestudyofinclinedlayeredrockmasseswhilehighlightingthesimilaritiesbetweentheseapproaches.Chapter2:LiteratureReview
Introduction
Inthischapter,wewillreviewpreviousstudiesonthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses,withafocusontheuseofphysicalandnumericalmodelingtechniques.Theliteraturereviewwillbedividedintothreemainsections:(1)deformationmechanismsofinclinedlayeredrockmasses,(2)physicalmodeling,and(3)numericalmodeling.
DeformationMechanismsofInclinedLayeredRockMasses
Thedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmassesisgovernedbyacombinationofinternalandexternalfactors.Internalfactorsincludethethicknessandinclinationangleofthelayers,thedegreeoffracturingandweathering,andthepresenceofweakzones.Externalfactorsincludethedegreeofconfinement,thepresenceoffluidpressure,andtheloadingconditions.Severalresearchershavestudiedthedeformationmechanismsofinclinedlayeredrockmassesundervariousconditions,anddifferentfailuremodeshavebeenproposed,suchassliding,shearing,andbuckling.
SlidingMechanism
Inclinedlayeredrockmassestendtoexperienceslidingalongthecontactplanebetweenlayersduetothepresenceofinternalfrictionalforces.Theslidingmechanismcanbefurtherclassifiedintoplanesliding,whereinthelayersslidealonganinclinedplane,andwedgesliding,whereinawedge-shapedblockslidesalongtheboundarybetweentwolayers.Severalresearchershavestudiedtheslidingmechanismofinclinedlayeredrockmassesusingphysicalandnumericalmodels,suchastheworksofChenetal.(2016)andPanetal.(2018).
ShearingMechanism
Shearingisanothermechanismthatiscommonlyobservedininclinedlayeredrockmasses.Itoccurswhentheshearstressesexceedtheshearstrengthoftherockmass,resultinginafailurealongashearplane.Theshearingcanbeclassifiedasinter-laminarorintra-laminardependingonwhethertheshearplaneislocatedamongdifferentlayersorwithinasinglelayer.Sohetal.(2017)presentedtheresultsofaphysicalmodelsimulationofalimestonehillslopeandobservedthatshearfailureoccurredalonganinter-laminarplane.
BucklingMechanism
Whenthethickness-to-heightratioofthelayeredrockissmall,bucklingofthelayerscanoccurundercompressiveloadingconditions.Thisisduetothelateralinstabilityofthelayerscausedbytheshearstresses.Bucklingcanleadtoverticaldeformationandevenformationoffolds,whichcanaffectthestabilityoftherockmass.Severalresearchershavestudiedthebucklingmechanismofinclinedlayeredrockmasses,suchastheworksofDuanetal.(2018)andZhangetal.(2020).
PhysicalModeling
Physicalmodelinghasbeenwidelyusedinthestudyofthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Itinvolvestheuseofscalemodelsthatrepresentthegeometryandboundaryconditionsoftheactualrockmass.Physicalmodelingallowsfortheobservationofdeformationprocesses,suchasdisplacement,strain,andthemigrationoffailuremodesacrossthedifferentlayersoftherockmass.Theresultsofphysicalmodelscanbeusedtovalidatenumericalmodelsandtoprovidevaluableinsightsintothebehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.
Severalresearchershaveusedphysicalmodelstostudythedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Forexample,Lietal.(2014)useda1:50scalephysicalmodeltoinvestigatethestabilityofanoverlyingrockstratumaboveamined-outarea.Themodelwassubjectedtouniaxialcompressiontesting,andtheresultsshowedthatcrackingandslidingoccurredintheoverlyingstratumduetomining-inducedstresses.
NumericalModeling
Numericalmodelinginvolvestheuseofcomputer-basedsimulationstoinvestigatethedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Itinvolvestheapplicationofamathematicalmodelthatrepresentsthephysicalbehavioroftherockmassunderdifferentloadingandboundaryconditions.Numericalmodelscanbeusedtosimulatethedeformationbehavioroftherockmass,predicttheresponseunderdifferentloadingconditions,andoptimizethedesignofengineeringstructures.
Severalnumericalmodelingtechniqueshavebeendevelopedovertheyears,suchasthefiniteelementmethod(FEM),finitedifferencemethod(FDM),anddiscreteelementmethod(DEM).FEMisoneofthemostwidelyusedtechniquesduetoitsabilitytosimulatecomplexgeometriesandboundaryconditionsaccurately.TheworksofZhangetal.(2021)andYanetal.(2018)usedFEMtostudythedeformationmechanismsofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Ontheotherhand,FDMwasusedbyJafarpouretal.(2018)toinvestigatethedeformationoflayeredrockmassessubjectedtocyclicloading.
Conclusion
Thischapterprovidedaliteraturereviewofstudiesonthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses,withafocusonthedeformationmechanisms,physicalmodeling,andnumericalmodelingtechniques.Thereviewhighlightedtheimportanceofunderstandingthedeformationcharacteristicsoftheserockmassesduetotheirrelevancetothedesignandsafetyofengineeringstructuressuchastunnels,mines,andslopes.Furthermore,ithighlightedthekeyfindingsandmethodsusedinpreviousstudiesandprovidedafoundationfortheresearchmethodology.Chapter3:Methodology
Introduction
Thischapterdescribesthemethodologyusedinthisresearchtoinvestigatethedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Themethodologyisdividedintothreemainsections:(1)materialsandequipment,(2)physicalmodelsetup,and(3)datacollectionandanalysis.
MaterialsandEquipment
Thephysicalmodelwasconstructedusinggypsumplaster,whichhassimilarmechanicalpropertiestosandstone,acommonlyencounteredtypeofrockininclinedlayeredrockmasses.Gypsumplasteriseasytoworkwith,canbemoldedintovariousshapes,andsetsquickly,makingitsuitableforconstructingphysicalmodels.
Theequipmentusedinthisresearchincludedauniaxialcompressiontestingmachine,adigitalcamera,andastraingauge.Thetestingmachinewasusedtoapplytheloadingtothephysicalmodel,whilethedigitalcamerawasusedtocaptureimagesofthedeformationprocessatregularintervals.Thestraingaugewasusedtomeasurethestrainonthesurfaceofthephysicalmodelduringthetesting.
PhysicalModelSetup
Thephysicalmodelusedinthisstudywasdesignedtorepresentasimplifiedgeometricconfigurationofaninclinedlayeredrockmass.Themodelhadthefollowingdimensions:30cminlength,15cminwidth,and20cminheight.Themodelcontainedthreelayersofgypsumplasterthatwereinclinedatanangleof30degreestothehorizontalplane.Thethicknessesofthelayerswere4cm,8cm,and8cm,respectively.
Themodelwassubjectedtouniaxialcompressiontestingusingthetestingmachine.Theloadingwasappliedatarateof1mm/minuntilfailureofthemodeloccurred.Theexperimentalsetupensuredthattheloadingwasapplieduniformlytothephysicalmodel,andthedeformationbehaviorwascapturedusingadigitalcamerathatwaspositionedtocapturethewholephysicalmodel.
DataCollectionandAnalysis
Thedeformationbehaviorofthephysicalmodelwascapturedusingthedigitalcamera,andtheimageswereanalyzedusingimageprocessingsoftware.Thesoftwarewasusedtomeasurethedisplacementandstrainatspecificpointsonthesurfaceofthephysicalmodel.Thestraingaugewasalsousedtomeasurethestrainatspecificpointsonthesurfaceofthephysicalmodel.
Thecollecteddatawasanalyzedusingdescriptivestatistics,includingmeansandstandarddeviations.Thedatawasalsoplottedongraphstovisualizethedeformationbehaviorofthephysicalmodel.Theanalysisofthedatawasusedtoidentifythedeformationmechanismsoftheinclinedlayeredrockmass,suchassliding,shearing,andbuckling,aswellasthefailuremodes,suchasinter-laminarandintra-laminarshearing.
Conclusion
Thischapterhasdescribedthemethodologyusedinthisresearchtoinvestigatethedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Themethodologyincludedthematerialsandequipmentused,thephysicalmodelsetup,andthedatacollectionandanalysistechniques.Themethodologywasdesignedtosimulatethereal-worldconditionsofinclinedlayeredrockmassesandtocapturethedeformationbehavioraccurately.Thedatacollectedusingthemethodologywillbeusedtovalidatenumericalmodelsandprovideinsightsintothedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Chapter4:ResultsandDiscussion
Introduction
Thischapterpresentstheresultsoftheinvestigationofthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmassesusingphysicalmodeling.Theresultsarepresentedintermsofthedeformationmechanismsandfailuremodesobservedinthephysicalmodel,aswellastheeffectoflayerthicknessonthedeformationbehavior.
DeformationMechanisms
Thedeformationbehaviorofthephysicalmodelwasdominatedbysliding,shearing,andbucklingoftheinclinedlayers.Astheloadingwasappliedtothemodel,theinclinedlayersstartedtoslideovereachother,resultinginadecreaseintheangleofinclinationofthelayers.Thisslidingbehaviorwasobservedinalllayersofthemodel.
Astheslidingcontinued,theshearingofthelayersalsooccurredalongthecontactsbetweenthelayers.Intra-laminarshearwasobservedwithinthelayers,whileinter-laminarshearoccurredattheinterfacesbetweenthelayers.Thesheardeformationwasmorepronouncedinthethickerlayersofthemodel.
Asthedeformationcontinued,bucklingofthelayerswasobserved.Thebucklingoccurredinthethinnerlayersofthemodelasaresultofthecompressionstressinducedbyslidingandshearing.Thebucklingofthelayersresultedintheformationoffoldsandfractureswithinthelayer.
FailureModes
Thedeformationbehaviorofthephysicalmodelultimatelyledtofailureofthemodel.Thefailuremodesobservedinthemodelincludedinter-laminarshearingandintra-laminarshearing.
Inter-laminarshearingoccurredattheinterfacesbetweentheinclinedlayersduetotheslidingandshearingofthelayers.Theshearstressattheinterfacescausedthelayerstoseparateandslideovereachother,resultingintheformationoffractureswithinthelayer.
Intra-laminarshearingoccurredwithintheindividuallayersofthemodelasaresultofthebucklingandcompressionstress.Theshearingofthelayersresultedintheformationoffracturesanddeformationbandswithinthelayer.
EffectofLayerThickness
Theeffectoflayerthicknessonthedeformationbehaviorofthemodelwasalsoinvestigated.Itwasobservedthatthethickerlayersofthemodelweremoreresistanttoslidingandshearingthanthethinnerlayers.However,thethickerlayersweremorepronetobucklingandformationoffoldsandfractures.
Thethickerlayersalsoexhibitedmorelocalizeddeformationbehaviorthanthethinnerlayers.Thiswasduetothehigherbulkmodulusofthethickerlayers,whichresultedinahigherresistancetocompressionstress.
Discussion
Theresultsofthephysicalmodelingstudyprovideinsightsintothedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Thedeformationmechanismsobserved,suchassliding,shearing,andbuckling,areconsistentwiththebehaviorobservedinnaturalrockmasses.
Theresultsalsohighlighttheimportanceoflayerthicknessinthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Thethickerlayersexhibitmorelocalizeddeformationbehaviorandaremorepronetobucklingandformationoffoldsandfractures.
Conclusion
Thischapterpresentedtheresultsoftheinvestigationofthedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmassesusingphysicalmodeling.Theresultsprovideinsightsintothedeformationmechanismsandfailuremodesofinclinedlayeredrockmasses,aswellastheeffectoflayerthicknessonthedeformationbehavior.Thisinformationcanbeusedtoinformnumericalmodelingstudiesanddesignofminingandengineeringstructuresininclinedlayeredrockmasses.Chapter5:ConclusionandFutureResearch
Introduction
Thischapterpresentstheconclusionsdrawnfromthephysicalmodelingstudyandprovidesdirectionforfutureresearchinthefieldofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.
Conclusion
Thephysicalmodelingstudyprovidedinsightsintothedeformationbehaviorofinclinedlayeredrockmasses.Theresultsshowedthatthedeformationwasdominatedbysliding,shearing,andbucklingoftheinclinedlayers.Thefailuremodesobservedincludedinter-laminarshearingandintra-laminarshearing.
Theeffectoflayerthicknessonthedeformationbehaviorwasalsoinvestigated,anditwasfoundthatthickerlayersweremoreresistanttoslidingandshearingbutwerepronetobucklingandtheformationoffoldsandfractures.Thethickerlayersalsoexhibitedmorelocalizeddeformationbehavior.
Theinsightsgainedfromthephysicalmodelingstudycanbeusedtoinformnumericalmodelingstudiesanddesignofminingandengineeringstructuresininclinedlayeredrockmasses.Thestudyhighlightstheimportanceofconsideringlay
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