2023

GlobalQuantumPrecisionMeasurementIndustryDevelopmentProspect

February2023

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Foreword

Sensortechnologyisattheforefrontofmoderntechnology.Manycountrieshaveregardedsensortechnology,alongwithcommunicationandcomputertechnology,asequallyimportantandreferredtothemasthethreepillarsofinformationtechnology.Quantumsensors,inparticular,representadisruptiveandrevolutionarytechnologyinthefieldofsensing.Theyhavebeenhailedasa"multiplier"forindustrialproductionanda"pathfinder"forscientificresearch.

Earlierthisyear,ourorganization,inconjunctionwithPhotonBox,releasedthe"GlobalQuantumMetrologyandSensingIndustryDevelopmentReportfor2022,"whichgainedwidespreadattentionduetothewide-rangingapplicationofquantumprecisionmeasurement.Thereportwascompiledbasedontheresearchframeworkofquantumcomputingandquantumcommunicationandiscurrentlytheindustrysfirstcomprehensiveindustrialresearchreportonquantumprecisionmeasurement.Ithasdrawnconsiderableattentionwithinthequantumsensorindustry,andasaresult,wehavedecidedtocontinueourannualupdatestothequantumprecisionmeasurementindustryreporttofurthercontributetothefield.

Thisyear,ourresearchteamhascontinuedtoconductin-depthresearchonthequantumprecisionmeasurementindustry,andwehaveachievedexcellentresults.Wewillchangeourfocusonquantumsensorsthathavealreadybeenrealized.Ourmainindustrychainanalysiswillfocusonmorematureareassuchastimemeasurement,gravitymeasurement,andmagneticfieldmeasurement.Theseareasmainlyincludeatomicclocks,coldatominterferometrygravitymeters,andopticalmagnetometers.Otherquantumsensorsthatarenotyetmatureorcurrentlyreceivelessattentionwillbecategorizedas"others,"suchasquantumopticaldevices,quantumradar,andatomicantennas.

ICVFrontierTechnologyConsultingDirector,SeniorVicePresident

JudeGreen

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Disclaimer

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Acknowledgments

ThisreportisjointlyproducedbyICVandGUANGZIHE.

Wearegratefultotheinstitutionswhoofferedussupport,includingbutnotlimitedto:

GlobalQuantumprecisionmeasurementWGFeb2023

2023GlobalQuantumPrecisionMeasurementIndustryDevelopmentProspect

TableofContents

IndustryResearchDefinition

P5

P11

IndustryDevelopmentStatusand

FutureTrends

IndustrialChainAnalysis

P38

InvestmentandFinancingAnalysis

P60

MarketSizeAnalysis

P71

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Chapter1

IndustryResearch

Definition

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1.1Theoriginofquantumprecision

measurement

“Canwediscoverapromisingreal-worldapplicationofquantum

mechanicsthatutilizesitsmostcounterintuitivefeatures?Sincethedevelopmentofquantumtheoryintheearly20thcentury,physicistshavebeencaptivatedbythisquestion.

Quantumcomputingandquantumcommunicationarewidelyregardedasthemostpromisingapplicationsofquantumtechnology.However,slowprogressintechnologydevelopmentisattributedinparttothecoreweaknessofquantumsystems-theirstrongsensitivitytoexternalinterference.Quantummetrologytakesadvantageofthiscoreweaknesstoachievethemeasurementofcertainphysicalquantitiesfromtheexternalenvironment,andhasbecomeanewemergingapplicationinquantuminformationtechnologyinrecentyears.

Inrecentyears,quantummetrologyhasbecomeauniqueandrapidlygrowingresearchbranchinthefieldofquantuminformationscienceandtechnology.Itutilizesquantummechanicalsystemstomeasurevariousphysicalquantities,frommagneticfieldsandelectricfieldstotimeandfrequency,fromrotationtotemperatureandpressure.

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Exhibit1-1Quantumtechnologyrevolutionandindustrialrevolutionareemerging

Early20thcentury

Thefirstquantum

revolution

Thefirstquantumrevolutionoverturnedclassicalmechanicsmeasurementsatthemicroscopiclevel.Classicalmechanicsbelievedthatanobjectsstatecouldbemeasured,andthatthemeasurementbehaviorcouldbeignoredwhenconsideringtheobjectsproperties.Theclassicalmeasurementsystemheldaperceptionthatallmatterhadadefinitevalue,perhapsevenpredeterminedbeforemeasurement,thatisunaffectedbythemeasuringtoolsandthemeasurer,regardlessofwhetherthesystemwasmaterialornon-material(velocity,position,volume,direction,etc.).However,thisunderstandingofmeasurementchangeddrasticallyduetotheadventofquantummechanicsandrelativityintheearly20thcentury.Therevolutionarynewtheoryofquantummechanicsupendedeverythingthathadbeenconsideredcertainandunchanginginphysics.

1970s

Thesecond

quantum

revolution

Quantumcontrol,representedbyquantuminformationtechnology,generatesa"secondrevolution"bymanipulatingthemicro-quantumbehaviorofquantumsystems(suchaselectronsandphotons)throughactivecontrolandmanipulation.Asthemaindevelopmentdirectionofquantuminformationtechnology,quantumprecisionmeasurementtechnologyleadsthetransformationofmeasurementbyutilizingthelawsofquantummechanics.Measurement,observation,andattentioncanhaveanimpactonthemeasuredquantumsystem,suchaschangingthestateofthemeasuredquantumsystem.aftermeasurement,quantumsystemsinthesamestatemayyieldcompletelydifferentresults.Inthepursuitofhigherprecisionmeasurement,inrecentyears,withtheadvancementofquantumtechnologyandthearrivalofthesecondquantumrevolution,quantumprecisionmeasurementisexpectedtoleadthetransformationofanewgenerationofsensors,measuringmatterwithunprecedentedprecision.

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Old

Althoughquantumprecisionmeasurementisarelativelynewanduniqueresearchareainthefieldofquantumscienceandengineering,manyofitsdefinitionsandconceptsincludetheoreticaltechnologiesthathavelongexistedinthephysicscommunity.Thesecanbedividedintotwocategoriesbasedontheirhistoricaldevelopment.

Asresearchonquantumsystemsatthesingle-atomlevelhasmatured,newtechnologieshaveemerged.Forexample,quantumentanglementisusedtoenhancesensitivityandisdesignedspecificallyforsensingpurposes.Forinstance,therearemagnetometersbasedonNVcentertechnologyandatomicclocksbasedoniontraptechnology.

Althoughquantumprecisionmeasurementisarelativelynewanduniqueresearchareain

thefieldofquantumscienceandengineering,manyofitsdefinitionsandconceptsincludetheoreticaltechnologiesthathavelongexistedinthephysicscommunity.Thesecanbedividedintotwocategoriesbasedontheirhistoricaldevelopment.

New

Withbreakthroughsinfundamentalresearchinquantummechanicsandthedevelopmentofexperimentaltechniques,peopleareconstantlyimprovingtheirabilitytomanipulateandmeasurequantumstates,allowingfortheuseofquantumstatesforinformationprocessing,communication,andsensing,aswellasforhigh-precisionandhigh-sensitivitymeasurementsofsomekeyphysicalquantities.Forexample,unprecedentedmeasurementaccuracycanbeachievedinphysicalquantitiessuchastime,frequency,acceleration,andelectromagneticfields.Theentiremodernnaturalscienceandmaterialcivilizationhavedevelopedintandemwiththecontinuousimprovementofmeasurementprecision,andquantumprecisionmeasurementcanbeunderstoodasanupgradediterationofclassicalprecisionmeasurementundertheconditionofprogressinfundamentalresearch.Takingtimemeasurementasanexample,fromancientsundialsandwaterclocks,tomodernmechanicalclocks,andthentoquartzandatomicclocks,withthecontinuousimprovementoftimemeasurementaccuracy,communication,navigation,andothertechnologieshavebeenabletodevelop.

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1.2Introductionof

QuantumPrecisionMeasurement

Exhibit1-2PrincipleandDefinition

Quantumprecisionmeasurementaimstousequantumresourcesandeffectstoachievemeasurementaccuracybeyondclassicalmethods.Itisacomprehensivetechnologythatintegratesatomicphysics,physicaloptics,electronictechnology,controltechnologyandotherdisciplines.Basicprinciple:Theexternalelectromagneticfield,temperature,pressureandotherphysicalquantityfactorswillchangethequantumstatesofmicroscopicparticlessuchaselectrons,photonsandphonons.Thequantumstatesafterthesechangesaremeasuredtorealizethemeasurementofexternalphysicalquantities.

Quantum

Precision

Measurement

etc.

ElectronicTechnologyAtomicPhysics

PhysicalOptics

ControlTechnique

ClassicMeasurement

Tool

Atoms,molecules,ions,photons(singlephotons,

entangledphotonpairs),electrons,phonons.

Indicator

sensitivity(signalwithunitsignal-to-noiseratiogivenafter1secondofintegrationtime).

Dynamicrange(minimumandmaximumdetectablesignal).

samplingrate(signalsamplingfrequency).

workingtemperature,etc.

Purpose

Magneticfieldandelectricfield,rotation,time,force,

temperatureandphotoncounting,etc.

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Exhibit1-3ReportAnalysisFramework

TheoreticalPrinciple

QuantumProperties

TechnicalDirection

ProductClassification

ApplicationDirection

Atpresent,variousnationalpolicies,reportsandother

documentshavedifferentnamesduetodifferentfieldsoftechnicalexpertiseanddifferentlanguages.Thispaperwillrefertothistechnologyandapplicationfieldwithquantumprecisionmeasurement.Inparticular,itreferstothefiveapplicationfieldsofquantumtimemeasurement,quantummagneticfieldmeasurement,quantumgravitymeasurement,quantuminertialmeasurementandquantumtargetrecognitioninproductclassificationinthefollowinganalysisframework.Itisdividedaccordingtothedifferentphysicalquantitiesmeasured.Themainapplicationscenarioscovermanyfieldssuchasaerospace,defenseequipment,geologicalresourcesurvey,basicscientificresearchandbiomedicine,andtheapplicationandindustrydevelopmentprospectsarebroad.

QuantumPrecisionMeasurement

TheoreticalPrincipleMeasurementProcedure

EnergyLevelTransitionCoherentSuperpositionQuantumEntanglement

SuperconductingCircuit

Solid-stateSpin

RydbergAtom

NeutralAtoms

IonTrap

Etc.

MicrowaveAtomicClock

QuantumMagnetometer

QuantumGravimeter

QuantumAccelerometer

FieldIntensity

Meter

InterferometricQuantumRadar

QuantumEnhancedRadar

QuantumLightingRadar

OpticalAtomicClock

Quantum

Gravity

Gradiometer

Quantum

Gyroscope

Molecular

Clock

InertiaMeasurement

Magnetic

Field

Measurement

TimeMeasurement

ObjectIdentification

Gravity

Sources:GuoqingWang,MITwebsite

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Chapter2

IndustryDevelopmentStatusandFutureTrends

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2.1MainDevelopments

Bycombingtheindustryprogressandtechnologicalprogress(seeAppendix-1&2fordetails),theprogressthatisofgreatsignificancetothefuturedevelopmentofquantumprecisionmeasurementislisted.In2022,thepathofquantumprecisionmeasurementtechnologywillblossom.Withthecontinuousiterationofquantumprecisionmeasurementengineeringprototypes,moreandmoreprototypesareoutofthelaboratoryandmovingtowardsproductization.

2.1.1TheUnitedStatesreleasedthefirstindependentstrategicplanreport

forthequantumprecisionmeasurementindustry

TheUnitedStatesofficiallyissuedthefirstquantumprecisionmeasurementindustryreport.Theattentionofpoliticiansinvariouscountriestothequantumprecisionmeasurementindustrycontinuestoincrease,whichisdifferentfromthepreviousanalysisthatthequantumprecisionmeasurementindustrywaspackagedbythequantuminformationtechnologyindustry.

InadditiontotheUnitedStates,majorquantumprecisionmeasurementtechnologycountries(suchasGermany,China,theUnitedKingdom,Japan,etc.)havenotyetreleasedindependentquantumprecisionmeasurementreports.However,theUnitedStatesissuedaquantumsensorstrategypolicy-BringingQuantumSensorsFruitioninApril2022.Thisisthefirsttimethatacountryhasissuedanindependentstrategicplanreportinthefieldofquantumprecisionmeasurement.Atpresent,China,theUnitedKingdom,Germany,Franceandothercountrieshaveincreasedtheirattentiontothefieldofquantumprecisionmeasurementindifferentdegreesanddifferenttechnicalfields.Inthefuture,itispossiblethatcountrieswillhaveacleardevelopmentpathwithtechnologicalprogress.Aftercarefulevaluation,aseparateplanwillbeissuedtopointoutthefuturestrategicdevelopmentdirectioninmoredetail.Themaindevelopmentdirectionsareasfollows:

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2.1.2Breakthroughsandprogressinquantumtimemeasurement

YeJunsteamproducedtheworldsmostaccurateatomicclock,whichcanverifygeneralrelativity.Thefirsthigh-performanceopticalclocksentintospacebyChinaDreamLaboratory

Theteamhasdevelopedtheworldsmostaccurateatomicclock.Ataheightdifferenceof1mm,thetimedifferenceisaboutonehundredbillionthofabillion,thatis,300billionyearsisonesecond,whichisinlinewiththegeneralrelativityprediction.Thistime,thefirsthigh-performanceopticalatomicclockenteredthespacewiththeMengtianexperimentalchamberandreceivedextensiveattention.Theopticalclockcanmeasuretimemoreaccurately,andChinaisalsoexpectedtobuildtheworldshighest-precisionorbitaltime-frequencysystem.

2.1.3Theindustrializationofquantumgravimeterandquantumgradiometerhasmaderemarkableprogress,andthequantumgravitymeasurementmarketwillusherinthreemajorgrowthfactors.

Importantbreakthroughshavebeenmadeinquantumgravitymeasurementinstruments.Quantumgravitymeasurementinstrumentsarecompletingthetransformationfromlaboratorytocommercialization.Thecompetitionpatternoftraditionalmeasurementindustryisbeingchangedbythecommercializationofquantumprecisioninstruments.

Accordingtothetechnicalmaturity,R&Dprogressandcommercializationprogressofvariouscountries,thequantumgravitymeasurementmarketwillusherinthreemajorgrowthfactors:

Atpresent,thetechnicaladvantagesofquantumgravimeterhavebeendemonstrated,andthegradualmaturityofcommercializationwillbringrapidgrowthofmarketshare.Forexample,Chinasgravitymeasurementinstrumenttechnologyhasbrokenthemonopoly,willcontinuetoreplacethecurrenttraditionalinstrumentsandequipment,andwillexpandthemarketwiththeconstructionofthegravitynetwork.

theglobalquantumgravitygradiometerhasbeguntotransformfromlaboratorytocommercialandmilitary,anditisexpectedtocompletethetransitioninthreeyears,withrich

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applicationscenarios.Theprogressofbasicresearchonquantum

applicationtechnologywillpromotethecorrespondingproductdataofquantumprecisioninstruments,andtheresultingincreasedapplicationscenariosandmarketsharewilldrivetheexponentialgrowthofmarketsize.

Themeasuringinstrumentsinthefieldofgravimetryaremainlyclassifiedasgravimetersandgravitygradiometers.Accordingtodifferentfunctions,theyaredividedintorelativeandabsolutemeasuringinstruments.Intermsofquantumgravitymeasuringinstruments,becausethequantumgravitymeasuringinstrumentbasedoncoldatominterferometerbelongstoabsolutemeasuringinstrument,theinstrumentismainlydividedintoquantumabsolutegravimeterandquantumabsolutegradientinstrument.

Withtherapiddevelopmentofabsolutegravitytechnologyofcoldatommeasurementandthebreakthroughofquantumgravitygradientsensor,quantumgeophysicaldetectiontechnologybasedonhigh-precisionquantumearthgravityandmagneticfieldsensor

hasbecomeoneofthesubversivetechnologiesforfinedetectionof

Exhibit2-2:Thedevelopmentofquantumgravimeterandquantumgravitygradiometer

QuantumGravimeter

|VersionFeb2023

QuantumGravityGradiometer

ICVpredictsthattherapidgrowthpointofthequantumgravimetermarketmaybe2023.therapidgrowthpointofquantumgravitygradiometermaybe2026.

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deepstrategicmineralresources,volcanicactivitymonitoringand

earthstructure,andhasbecomethekeydevelopmentdirectionofinternationalgeophysicaldetectionequipment.

TheresearchanddevelopmentofquantumprecisionmeasurementtechnologyintheUnitedStates,Germany,China,Japan,theUnitedKingdomandothercountriesstartedearlier,andtheirresearchlevelhasalwaysbeenatthecommandingheightofcutting-edgetechnology,especiallyingravityfieldandgeophysicalexploration.Afteralongperiodoftechnicalaccumulationandequipmentiteration,thetechnicallevelisrelativelyleadingandtheequipmentismature.

Chinasgravitymeasurementmarketiscurrentlymonopolizedbyothercountries.ThemainimportedcommercialabsolutegravimeterisFG5-XproducedbyMi-crogLacostecompanyintheUnitedStates.Atpresent,Chineselocalenterprisesarecompletingthetransformationofquantumgravimeterfromlaboratorytocommercialization.Itisexpectedtobreakthemonopolysituationinthefieldofgravityprecisionmeasurementthroughquantuminformationtechnology,andthusentertheprecisionmeasurementinstrumentindustry.Inthelongrun,thecompetitivelandscapeoftheglobalprecisionmeasurementindustrymayusherinaturningpoint.

Atpresent,quantumgravitymeasurementinstrumentsarecompletingthetransformationfromlaboratorytocommercialization.Amongthem,themainresearchinstitutionsofquantumgravimeterhavecompletedthetransformationfromlaboratorytocommercialization.CompaniesintheUnitedStates,France,ChinaandSingaporehavelaunchedvarioustypesofcommercialquantumgravimeters.Intermsofquantumgravitygradiometer,ithasbeenrelativelymatureunderlaboratoryconditionsbefore.In2022,theteamofUniversityofBirminghambroughtthiskindofinstrumenttothefirstdemonstrationinanon-laboratoryenvironmentforthefirsttime,whichbroughtimportantbreakthroughstothecommercializationprogressandlaidafoundationforsensingapplicationsinfieldssuchasarchaeology,navigationandurbanplanning.Ingeneral,thecommercialization

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ofquantumgravitygradiometersstartedrelativelylate,buttherearealsocommercialbreakthroughsin2022.

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NewQuantumSensingPolicyfor2022

I.TheUnitedStatesreleasedthelatestquantumsensingpolicy

TheNationalScienceandTechnologyCouncil(NSTC)SubcommitteeonQuantumInformationScience(SCQIS)releasedareportentitled"BringingQuantumSensorstoFruitioncanbefound."

InMarch2022,theUnitedStatesreleasedtheBringingQuantum

SensorsFruition,aquantumsensorstrategypolicy.Thisisthefirst

timethatacountryhasreleasedanindependentstrategicplan

reportinthefieldofquantumprecisionmeasurement.Atpresent,

China,Britain,Germany,Franceandothercountrieshaveincreased

theirattentiontothefieldofquantumprecisionmeasurementin

differentdegreesanddifferenttechnicalfields.Inthefuture,there

willbeaseparateplantopointoutthefuturestrategicdevelopment

directioninmoredetail.

Basedonthe"NationalStrategicOverviewofQuantumInformation

Science"andthe"NationalQuantumInitiative(NQI)"bill,the

reportdescribesthatthefivemaintypesofquantumsensors

currentlyusedareatomicclocks,atomicinterferometers,optical

magnetometers,devicesusingquantumopticaleffects,andatomic

electricfieldsensors.Fromresearchanddevelopmentto

industrialization,quantummeasurementmainlyfacesfourmajor

challenges:talentdiversification,technicalfeasibility,keyauxiliary

technologiesandcomponents,andintellectualpropertyrightsand

technologytransfer.Thereportproposesshort-termandmedium-

termrecommendationsforthedevelopmentandapplicationof

quantummeasurementfor1-8years.Itslong-termgoalisto

promoteeconomicdevelopment,securityapplicationsandscientific

progressthroughthedevelopmentofquantumtechnology.The

reportenhancestheQISnationalstrategyandreflectsthe

importanceanddeterminationoftheUnitedStatesinthefieldof

quantummeasurement.

II.theUnitedStatesandChinahavemadeprogressinspacequantumresearch

QuantumstudyofultracoldbubblesinNASAspacestation

IntheColdAtomLaboratory(CAL)oftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),scientistsformultracoldatomicgasesintoultracoldatomicbubbles,whichhelpstoopenupnewavenuesforquantumresearch.

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TheUnitedStatesandChinapromotespacequantumresearch

Thisultracoldatomicbubblecanbeusedtostudyanewtypeof

experimentforapeculiarstateofmatter,thatis,thefifthstateofmatter(differentfromgas,liquid,solid,andplasma).ThisstateofmatteriscalledBose-EinsteinCondensedState(BEC),whichisabosonatominthe

Agaseous,superfluidstateofmatterproducedbycoolingtonearabsolutezero.InBEC,scientistscanobservethequantumpropertiesofatomsonavisualscale.Forexample,atomsandparticlessometimesactlikesolids,andsometimesactlikewaves,thatis,theyexhibitthequantumpropertiesofwave-particleduality.

ChinaSpaceStationDecodingDreamLaboratoryScienceExperimentCabinet

Theultra-coldatomicphysicsexperimentalsystem(CAPR)of

thespacestationisoneofthemainscientificloadsofthe

MengtianexperimentalcabinoftheChinesespacestation.Itis

expectedtoprovidealong-termstableoperation

experimentalsystemforultra-coldatomicphysicsresearch.

Atthesametime,theMengtianexperimentwarehouseisalso

equippedwithhigh-precisiontime-frequencyexperiment

cabinetIandhigh-precisiontime-frequencyexperiment

cabinetII.Thehigh-precisiontime-frequencyexperimental

systemwillbebuiltintotheworldsmostaccuratespace-time

frequencysystemthroughthecombinationofatomicclocks

withdifferentcharacteristicsinthecabin.Thehigh-precision

time-frequencysignalgeneratedbythesystemusesthe

microwaveandlasertime-frequencytransmissionloadplaced

outsidethecabintotransmithigh-precisiontime-frequency

signalstoacertainrangeofgroundandspace.

Thespacequantumresearchincludesthesuccessfullaunchof

CPTatomicmagnetometerwiththeChineseAcademyof

SciencesLijian-1rocketandspacenewtechnologytest

satelliteSATech.Chinahassentthreeatomicclockstoits

spacestationtocreateanunusuallyprecisespace-based

timingsystem,includingthefirststrontiumatomicclockto

enterspace.

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Quantumgravitygradiometerbreakthrough

III.UKandFrancehavemadeachievementsintheresearchand

developmentofquantumgravitymeasurement.

BirminghamUniversityquantumgravitygradiometeroutofthelaboratory

ResearchersfromtheUniversityofBirminghamintheUK

publishedastudyintheNaturemagazineonthe23rd,

sayingthattheworldsfirstquantumgravitygradiometer

undernon-laboratoryconditionscameout.Thiskindofsensor

usingquantumtechnologycanfindobjectshidden

underground,whichisalong-awaitedmilestoneforscientists

andwillhaveaprofoundimpactonacademia,industryand

nationalsecurity.

FrancesiXblueannouncedatechnologicalbreakthroughand

developedthefirstcompactandportabledifferential

quantumgravimeter(DQG)intheindustrialworld.TheiXblue

compactgravitygradiometerhashighsensitivityand

unprecedentedstability,providinganewperspectivefor

near-sur