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大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0818——0904)大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0818)Passage1Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea”.Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseat(yī)ofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhat(yī)laybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion”whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?”hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,MauryhadbeenresponsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceansThecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition,whichlastedfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeingpublishedin1895.
1、TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudiestakeon______(dá)___(dá)C_______(dá)____(dá).A)anacademicaspectB)amilitaryaspectC)abusinessaspectD)aninternationalaspect2、Itwas__________(dá)____D________(dá)_that(yī)askedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.A)theAmericanNavyB)someearlyintercontinentaltravelersC)thosewhoearnedalivingfromtheseaD)thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable3、TheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleforinthe1840was_________(dá)D______A)tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceansB)tocollectsampleofseaplantsandanimalsC)toestimat(yī)ethelengthofcablethatwasnee(cuò)dedD)tomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans4、”Defied”inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans“________(dá)C________(dá)_”A)doubtedB)gaveprooftoC)challengedD)agreedto5、Thispassageismainlyabout____A___(dá)____(dá)____(dá)__(dá)A)thebeginningsofoceanographyB)thelayingofthefirstunderseacableB)theinvestigationofoceandepthsD)thee(cuò)arlyintercontinentalcommunications
Passage1(Theoriginaltexttranslating)海洋學(xué)的定義是“慶用所有的科學(xué)來研究海洋”19世紀(jì)以前,很少有科學(xué)家對(duì)研究海洋感愛好,當(dāng)然,牛頓在他的作品中對(duì)海洋做了一些理論方面的探討,但他并不情愿自己去海邊作進(jìn)一步的研究。對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說,海洋是遙遠(yuǎn)的,除了初期穿越洲際的旅行家們以及依靠海洋維持生計(jì)的人,幾乎找不出理由要提出關(guān)于海洋的問題,更不會(huì)問海洋表面下尚有些什么東西。人們第一次必須回答“海洋底部是什么?”(1)這個(gè)問題是有商業(yè)上的后果的,當(dāng)時(shí)有人建議要鋪設(shè)一條從歐洲到美洲的電報(bào)纜線。工程師們必須了解路線的縱深起伏形狀,才可以估計(jì)需要制造多長(zhǎng)的電纜。(2)由于美國(guó)海軍的莫里(Maury),大西洋電報(bào)公司才在1853年得到了這方面的信息。19世紀(jì)40年代,(3)莫里負(fù)責(zé)推動(dòng)進(jìn)行測(cè)探工作的海上航行,以此來調(diào)查北大西洋與太平洋的深度。此后,他出了一本叫做《海洋的自然地貌》的書,在這本書里他提到的一些發(fā)現(xiàn)激起了人們很大的愛好。人們鋪設(shè)了電纜,但直到1866年,才有了固定并且可靠的連接。在初期的努力中,電纜壞了,而當(dāng)它被拉出來維修時(shí),人們發(fā)現(xiàn)其表面覆蓋著(4)活的生物。這一事實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)的一種科學(xué)觀點(diǎn),即海洋較深層是不存在生命的。海洋學(xué)在此后幾年內(nèi)發(fā)展起來。1872年,湯姆森(Thomson),帶頭進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)考察,歷時(shí)4年,從海洋帶回了數(shù)以千計(jì)的標(biāo)本。科學(xué)家們花了數(shù)年時(shí)間將它們分類并進(jìn)行分析,寫出了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)五卷的報(bào)告,其中最后一卷于1895年出版。
1、從歐洲到美洲鋪設(shè)電報(bào)纜線的建議使得海洋學(xué)研究是從__(dá)_____出發(fā)的A)學(xué)術(shù)角度B)軍事角度C)商業(yè)角度D)國(guó)際角度2、向莫里規(guī)定得到海洋學(xué)研究方面幫助的是_______(dá)__(dá)___A)美國(guó)海軍B)一些初期的穿越大洲的旅行家C)依靠海洋維持生計(jì)的人D)建議鋪設(shè)一條海底電纜的公司3、19世紀(jì)40年代,莫里負(fù)責(zé)的海上航行的目的是要_______(dá)___(dá)__A)在海上進(jìn)行測(cè)探實(shí)驗(yàn)B)收集海洋動(dòng)植物的標(biāo)本C)估測(cè)所需電纜的長(zhǎng)度D)測(cè)量?jī)蓚€(gè)海洋的深度4、第五段的“field”一詞也許的意思是______(dá)_____A)置疑B)證明C)挑戰(zhàn)D)批準(zhǔn)5、這一段文章重要是關(guān)于__(dá)_____(dá)_____A)海洋學(xué)的起步B)第一條海底電纜的鋪設(shè)C)對(duì)海洋深度的研究D)初期的洲際交流
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0819)Passage2Normallyastudentmustat(yī)tendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcoursewhichheattendsgiveshimacreditwhichhemaycounttowardsadegree,InmanyAmericanuniversitiesthetotalworkforadegree(cuò)consistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforonesemester.Atypicalcourseconsistsofthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks;whileat(yī)tendingauniversityastudentwillprobablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Normallyastudent.Wouldexpecttotakefouryearsattendingtwosemesterseachyear.Itispossibletospreadtheperiodofworkforthedegreeoveralongerperiod.Itisalsopossibleforastudenttomovebetweenoneuniversityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregularpractice.Forverycoursethatthefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers.Allthisimposesaconstantpressureandstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudentaffairs.Electionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffectiveworkofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademicauthorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohavebrokentherules,forexample,bycheatinghistoappearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperat(yī)ionofthesystemdoesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohasheldoneofthesepositionsofauthorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterinhiscareer.
6、Normallyastudentwouldatleastattend__(dá)__(dá)B______(dá)____classeseachweek.A)36B)12C)20D)157、AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowed__(dá)_____B___(dá)A)toliveinadifferentuniversityB)totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversityC)toliveahomeanddrivetoclassesD)togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities8、Americauniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause___A__(dá)___(dá)__A)theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareersB)theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairsC)theyhavetoobserveuniversitydisciplineD)theywanttorunforpositionsofauthority9、Somestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause____C__A)theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudyB)theywillthenbeabletostaylongerintheuniversityC)suchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobsD)suchpositionsareusuallywellpaid10、Thestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectivein____(dá)B___(dá)____A)dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversityB)ensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulationsC)evaluatingstudents’performancebybringingthembeforeacourtD)keepingupthestudents’enthusiasmforsocialactivities
Passage2
通常,一名學(xué)生必須參與一定數(shù)量的課程學(xué)習(xí)才可以畢業(yè),他上的每一門課都會(huì)得到學(xué)分,這些學(xué)分累加起來,才干拿到學(xué)位。在許多美國(guó)大學(xué)里,要拿到學(xué)位就得上36門課,每門課要上一個(gè)學(xué)期。(6)一門典型的課程是每個(gè)星期上3節(jié)課,共上15個(gè)星期;而一名大學(xué)生也許(6)每學(xué)期要學(xué)習(xí)4到5門課程。通常每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)當(dāng)上4年學(xué),每年兩個(gè)學(xué)期。有也許要花超過4年的時(shí)間才干拿到學(xué)位,(7)也有也許一個(gè)學(xué)生在攻讀學(xué)位時(shí)在兩所不同的大學(xué)上課,然而,這事實(shí)上并不常見。學(xué)生上的每一門課都會(huì)有一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù),分?jǐn)?shù)是有記錄的,(8)學(xué)生可以把他的分?jǐn)?shù)記錄給未來的雇主看。這些為學(xué)生施加了學(xué)習(xí)上長(zhǎng)期的壓力和承擔(dān)。但盡管如此,有些學(xué)生還是能擠出時(shí)間來積極參與學(xué)生活動(dòng)。競(jìng)選學(xué)生組織中的職位可以激發(fā)很大的熱情。(10)遵守紀(jì)律的有效承諾通常是由向校方建議的學(xué)生們來執(zhí)行的。任何被認(rèn)為違反了規(guī)定的學(xué)生,比如說,考試作弊的學(xué)生,必須在學(xué)生法庭上受審。學(xué)生數(shù)目眾多,則這一體系在動(dòng)作時(shí)就會(huì)涉及到為數(shù)不少的學(xué)生活動(dòng)。(9)在其中擔(dān)任過領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位的學(xué)生就會(huì)很受人尊敬,對(duì)他將來的事業(yè)也很有利。
6、通常一名學(xué)生每星期要上至少_______節(jié)課。A)36B)12C)20D)157、根據(jù)本文第一段,美國(guó)學(xué)生可以__(dá)________(dá)__A)住在不同的大學(xué)里B)在另一所大學(xué)上某一門特定的課程C)住在家里,開車去上課D)從兩所大學(xué)得到兩個(gè)學(xué)位8、美國(guó)大學(xué)生通常都會(huì)感到學(xué)習(xí)的壓力,由于__(dá)____(dá)_____A)他們?cè)趯W(xué)術(shù)上的表現(xiàn)會(huì)影響他們未來的工作B)他們過多地參與學(xué)生活動(dòng)B)他們必須遵守學(xué)校紀(jì)律D)他們想爭(zhēng)取領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位9、有些學(xué)生熱衷于學(xué)生組織中的職位也許是由于_____(dá)_____(dá)_A)他們痛恨學(xué)習(xí)上長(zhǎng)期的壓力和承擔(dān)B)這樣他們要吧在學(xué)校待得長(zhǎng)一些C)這種職位有助于他們找到較好的工作D)這種職位通常報(bào)酬優(yōu)厚10、學(xué)生組織似乎在___(dá)__方面卓有成效。A)解決學(xué)校的學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)B)保證學(xué)生遵守校紀(jì)C)通過學(xué)生法庭的審判衡量學(xué)生們的表現(xiàn)D)保持學(xué)生們對(duì)社會(huì)活動(dòng)的熱情
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀材料每日一練(0820)Passage3Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit’spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanat(yī)ion.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulabourthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou’re“hot”.That’strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologuesas:“Getup,John!You’llbelateforworkagain!”ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperat(yī)ure-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcyclee(cuò)achmemberofthefamilyhas.Youcan’tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyoulifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou’resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthemorning,butyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon’tchangeyourcycle,butyou’llgetupsteamandworkbetterat(yī)yourlowpoint.Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.
11.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably___D_____(dá)__A)heisalazypersonB)herefusestofollowhisownenergycycleC)heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislowD)heisathispeakintheafternoonoreveningC12.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?A)Unawarenessofenergycycles.B)FamiliarmonologuesC)Achangeinafamilymember’senergycycleD)Attemptstocontroltheenergycycleofotherfamilymembers13.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathishowpointinthemorning,heshould___(dá)___C___A)changehisenergycycleB)overcomehislazinessC)getupearlierthanusualD)gotobedearlier14.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill______A___(dá)__A)helptokee(cuò)pyourenergyfortheday’sworkB)helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyinthedayC)enableyoutoconcentrat(yī)eonyourroutineworkD)keepyourenergycycleundercontrolalldayB15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A)Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone’senergyB)Dr.Kletmanexplainswhypeoplereachtheirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.C)HabithelpsapersonadapttohisownenergycycleD)Childrenhavee(cuò)nergycycles,too.
Passage3你是否發(fā)現(xiàn)早上起床很困難以至于是一種痛苦?這也許可以被稱作懶惰,但克萊特曼博士有一種新的解釋。他已證明每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)日能量周期。在你工作的時(shí)候,你也許會(huì)說你很“熱”。沒錯(cuò)!一天當(dāng)中你覺得精力最為充沛的時(shí)候就是你的體溫周期達(dá)成頂峰的時(shí)候。對(duì)一些人來說,這一頂峰會(huì)在午前到來。而對(duì)另一些人來說,則到下午或是晚上才來到。(15)還沒有人可以提醒為什么會(huì)這樣,但這導(dǎo)致了大家都很熟悉的那種自言自語,例如(11)“該起床了,約翰!又要上班遲到了!”對(duì)這種煩惱也許性的解釋就是他的體溫與能量頂峰在晚上到來。(12)當(dāng)夫婦們了解到能量周期的意義,并得知每個(gè)家庭成員的能量周期是哪一種類型的時(shí)候,很多家庭爭(zhēng)端便結(jié)束了。你無法改變你的能量周期,但你了解到自己的周期之后可以使你的生活更加適合它。克萊特曼博士認(rèn)為習(xí)慣是有幫助的。也許你很想睡覺,但覺得你無論如何都得熬夜。習(xí)慣性地延遲睡覺時(shí)間可以在一定限度上對(duì)抗你的周期。(13)假如你早上能量低,但在一大清早有件很重要的工作要做,就比平時(shí)早些起床。這樣做不會(huì)改變你的周期,但你可以在能量低的時(shí)候鼓起干勁,更好地工作。(14)慢慢地開始一天的工作有助于節(jié)約能量。起床時(shí)放松地打個(gè)哈欠,伸伸懶腰,在床上坐一會(huì)兒再下地。前一天晚上把干凈衣服放好,這樣就不用手忙腳亂地到處亂翻。盡也許在下午做常規(guī)工作,把需要更多能量與注意力的任務(wù)留到最佳狀態(tài)的時(shí)候來解決。11、假如一個(gè)人覺得早起很難,很有也許_____(dá)___A)他是個(gè)懶惰的家伙B)他不愿遵循自己的能量周期C)他不清楚自己什么時(shí)候能量低D)他的高峰在下午或晚上12、根據(jù)本文,下面哪種情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致家庭爭(zhēng)端?A)沒故意識(shí)到存在能量周期B)熟悉的自言自語C)一名家庭成員改變了他的能量周期D)企圖控制其他家庭成員的能量周期13、假如一個(gè)人想在他的能量低點(diǎn)——上午工作得更有效率,他應(yīng)當(dāng)________A)改變他的能量周期B)克服他的懶惰C)比平時(shí)起得早些D)早些睡覺14、建議你起床時(shí)打個(gè)哈欠,伸伸懶腰,由于這樣會(huì)______(dá)_A)幫助你保持一天工作的能量B)幫助你在一天的開始就控制脾氣C)使你專注于常規(guī)工作D)使你全天的能量都得到控制15、下面哪個(gè)說法不對(duì)的?A)花最小的力氣開始工作有助于節(jié)約能量B)克萊特曼博士解釋了為什么人們?cè)谝惶飚?dāng)中不同的時(shí)間達(dá)成能量頂峰C)習(xí)慣幫助人適應(yīng)自己的能量周期D)孩子也有能量周期
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0821)Passage4Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackby重點(diǎn)mixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefee(cuò)lthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyseandevaluate,andtocommunicatee(cuò)ffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork:itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest,nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.16.Inthepassagetheauthor’sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching”is____(dá)___C_D___沒有理解mixed-abilityteaching的意思A)criticalB)questioningC)approvingD)objective17.By“heldback”(Line1)theauthormeans“____(dá)D___(dá)_______”A)madetoremaininthesameclassesB)forcedtostudyinthelowerclassesC)drawn吸引totheirstudiesD)preventedfromadvancing18.Theauthorarguesthatat(yī)eacher’schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthestudents__B_A)personalqualitiesandsocialskillsB)totalpersonalityC)learningabilityandcommunicat(yī)iveskillsD)intellectualabilityB19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthethirdparagraph?A)GroupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothersB)PupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilitiesC)Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.D)Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipat(yī)einteachingactivities.AB20.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageisto_____________A)argueforteachingbrightandnot–so0brightpupilsinthesameclassB)recommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivitiesC)offeradviceontheproperuseofthelibraryD)emphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching
Passage4
(16)(17)我們發(fā)現(xiàn),聰明的孩子假如接受不按能力分班的教學(xué),很少會(huì)因此被拖后了。相反,他們?cè)谥R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面都有長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。我們認(rèn)為把學(xué)生按照能力分班有很多弊端。這種做法沒有考慮到孩子們發(fā)展情形各不相同這一事實(shí)。對(duì)聰明的孩子和不太聰明的孩子都有不良影響。畢竟,在最佳的那一檔里做最差的學(xué)生也夠令人氣餒了!此外,只根據(jù)人的智力水平來對(duì)人進(jìn)行分類也是頗不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。這僅僅是所有人品特性的一個(gè)方面罷了。(18)我們關(guān)心的是讓所有的學(xué)生都能充足發(fā)展各方面的能力,而不僅僅是學(xué)術(shù)能力。我們也很看重個(gè)人品質(zhì)與社交技能,而我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不按能力分班的教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)所有這些方面都很有益。在教室里,我們以不同的方式工作。(19)(A)學(xué)生們通常會(huì)以小組為單位進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí);這樣他們便有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)互相合作、分享,以及(19)(C)培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能。他們還能學(xué)到如何解決個(gè)人問題,以及(19)(B)如何思考,如何作決定,如何分析和評(píng)價(jià),與如何進(jìn)行有效的交流。學(xué)生們不僅向老師學(xué)習(xí),也可以互相學(xué)習(xí)。有時(shí),學(xué)生們也會(huì)以結(jié)對(duì)的方式學(xué)習(xí);尚有時(shí),他們自己完畢個(gè)人的任務(wù),他們可以按照自己的速度來做。在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候,他們也要接受正規(guī)的課堂教學(xué)。我們鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生們使用圖書館,所以我們要教他們所需的技巧,才干有效地運(yùn)用好圖書館。一個(gè)先進(jìn)的學(xué)生可以做先進(jìn)的工作,而他的年齡多大并不重要。我們盼望學(xué)生們可以最大限度而不是最小限度地發(fā)揮他們的能力,我們也會(huì)盡量鼓勵(lì)他們達(dá)成定目的。16、在文中,作者對(duì)“不按能力分班的教學(xué)”持__(dá)______(dá)_態(tài)度。A)批判的B)懷疑的C)贊同的D)客觀的17、第一行的“heldback”的意思是__(dá)________(dá)__A)可以待在同樣的班級(jí)里B)被迫在較差的班里學(xué)習(xí)C)吸引學(xué)習(xí)D)阻礙發(fā)展18、作者的觀點(diǎn)是:教師重要應(yīng)關(guān)心學(xué)生__(dá)_____(dá)___(dá)_發(fā)展A)個(gè)人品質(zhì)與社交技能B)整個(gè)人品特性C)學(xué)習(xí)能力與交流能力D)智力水平19、下面哪個(gè)說法沒有在第三段提到?A)以小組為單位進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)給學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)互相合作的機(jī)會(huì)B)學(xué)生們也要學(xué)習(xí)培養(yǎng)他們的推理能力C)以小組為單位的學(xué)習(xí)讓孩子們有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)怎么做一個(gè)有能力的組織者D)學(xué)生們還學(xué)習(xí)如何參與到教學(xué)活動(dòng)中去。20、作者寫本文的用意是_______(dá)___A)提出要讓聰明的孩子與不太聰明的孩子在同樣的班里接受教育B)推薦在教室活動(dòng)中采用結(jié)對(duì)或分組學(xué)習(xí)的方式C)提出對(duì)的運(yùn)用圖書館的建議D)強(qiáng)調(diào)合理進(jìn)行正規(guī)的課堂教學(xué)的重要性
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0822)Passage5Nursingat(yī)BethAtBethIsraeleachpat(yī)ientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepat(yī)ientandconstructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohisemotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepat(yī)ient’sillnessbutwhichalsoincludeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization,keepingtrackwithhisprogressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.Ifapat(yī)ientat(yī)BethIsraelisnotrespondingtotreatment,itisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.Whatthedoctorat(yī)BethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague.NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralized(分散的)nursingadministration;everyfloor,everyunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearenurse-managersinsteadofheadnurses;inadditiontotheirmedicaldutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissing,employeeadvising,andtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit’snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowillworkwhatshiftsandwhen.BethIsrael’snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.ShealsoisamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee,whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.
21.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizedthemainfeatureofthenursingsystemat(yī)BethA)ThedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurseB)EachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnightC)TheprimarynursewritescareplansforeverypatientD)Theprimarynursekeepsrecordsofthepatient’shealthconditionseveryday.22.Itcaninferredfromthepassagethat(yī)____(dá)____A)comparedwithotherhospitalsnursesatBethIsraelHospitalaremorepatientB)inmosthospitalspat(yī)ientcareisinadequat(yī)efromtheprofessionalpointofviewC)inmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries.D)comparedwithotherhospitalsnurseshavetoworklongerhoursat(yī)BethIsraelHospital23.Aprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen_____(dá)__A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatientB)thepat(yī)ientcomplainsaboutthepresentoneC)thepresentoneprovestobeineffectiveD)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate24.Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer_______A)isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee(cuò)ofthehospitalB)hastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit’snursesC)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatientD)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrat(yī)ionoftheunit’snurses.25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthenursingsystemat(yī)BethA)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD)positivePassage5BethIsrael醫(yī)院為患者提供有也許得到的最佳的護(hù)理。假如我們打算改善護(hù)理中的局限性,(25)各地醫(yī)院的行政管理與醫(yī)生只要努力以BethIsrael醫(yī)院為楷模就可以了。在BethIsrael醫(yī)院,每個(gè)病人都會(huì)被分派一名重要護(hù)士,她與病人進(jìn)行詳盡的交談,并會(huì)擬出一份全面的健康報(bào)告,涵蓋所有病人的病史到其精神狀況。然后她會(huì)寫出一份護(hù)理計(jì)劃,以患者的病癥為中心,并涉及所有必需的內(nèi)容。(21)(22)病人的重要護(hù)士在其住院期間會(huì)與他在一起,對(duì)他的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行記錄,并從醫(yī)生那里得到進(jìn)一步的建議。(23)假如一位在BethIsrael醫(yī)院的病人對(duì)其治療手段沒有回應(yīng)的話,他的護(hù)士通常會(huì)寫出另一份提案交給醫(yī)生。在BethIsrael醫(yī)院的重要護(hù)士是醫(yī)生真正意義上的同事。在BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)理工作尚有一個(gè)分散的行政管理;每一層樓、每一個(gè)單元都是獨(dú)立的機(jī)構(gòu)。(24)有護(hù)士經(jīng)理而沒有護(hù)士長(zhǎng);他們除了有醫(yī)務(wù)工作之外還負(fù)責(zé)自己?jiǎn)卧墓陀门c開除,解決雇員建議,并提出建議薪水。每個(gè)單元的護(hù)士一起決定其中誰在何時(shí)輪哪一班。BethIsrael醫(yī)院的首席護(hù)士與醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)職位相稱。她還是執(zhí)行醫(yī)療委員會(huì)的成員之一,而在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院只有醫(yī)生才干加入這一委員會(huì)。21、下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最佳地描述了BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體制的重要特點(diǎn)?A)醫(yī)生從重要護(hù)士那里得到更加積極的專業(yè)支持B)每個(gè)病人都由一名重要護(hù)士日夜照顧C(jī))重要護(hù)士為每一名病人寫護(hù)理計(jì)劃D)重要護(hù)士天天都記錄病人的健康狀況22、由本文可以推出____(dá)_______A)與其它醫(yī)院相比,BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)士更有耐心B)在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院里,對(duì)患者的護(hù)理從專業(yè)角度來看還不夠C)在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院里,護(hù)士的薪水很低D)與其它醫(yī)院的護(hù)士相比,BethIsrael醫(yī)院的護(hù)士工作時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。23、在___(dá)___(dá)_時(shí)候,重要護(hù)士可以提出一份不同的治療方案。A)患者拒絕采用目前療法B)患者對(duì)目前療法有怨言C)目前的治療無效D)在發(fā)現(xiàn)患者不愿進(jìn)行合作24、在護(hù)士經(jīng)理與護(hù)士長(zhǎng)之間的重要的區(qū)別是前者_(dá)______(dá)_A)是醫(yī)院執(zhí)行醫(yī)療委員會(huì)的成員B)必須安排該單元護(hù)士的輪班C)可以就對(duì)病人的冶療做出決定D)全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)該單元護(hù)士的行政管理工作25、作者對(duì)BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體制的態(tài)度是______A)否認(rèn)的B)批判的C)中立的D)積極的
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0823)Passage6Forsometimepastithasbee(cuò)nwidelyacceptedthatbabies-andothercreatures-learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”;andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthat(yī)thisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthat(yī)ababy.Whohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights-andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasthree(cuò)turnstooneside.Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowat(yī)chthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatiswasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.26.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich___________A)aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB)willmeettheirphysicalneedsC)willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD)willsatisfytheircuriosity27.papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy___(dá)____(dá)___(dá)___(dá)__A)wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB)wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkC)wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkD)wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink28.Inpapousek’sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto___(dá)____(dá)__(dá)A)havethelightsturnedonB)pleasetheirparentsC)berewardedwithmilkD)bepraised29.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause___(dá)_____(dá)__-A)thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”B)thesightofthelightswasinterestingC)theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightsD)theysuccee(cuò)dedin“switchingon”thelights30.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof_____(dá)A)abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworldB)thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneedsC)theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblemsD)afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskillsPassage6在過去的一段時(shí)間里,這樣一種理論為人們廣泛接受,嬰兒——尚有其他生物——學(xué)習(xí)去做事情是由于某些特定的行為有“回報(bào)”;并且毫無疑問這是事實(shí)。但人們還曾普遍認(rèn)為,有效的回報(bào),至少在初期,必然是與基本生理“驅(qū)動(dòng)力”直接相關(guān),比如口渴或饑餓。換句話說,嬰兒會(huì)為食物、料或某種身體上的舒適而學(xué)習(xí),不會(huì)是為其它。現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)清楚,并非如此。(26)嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)以某種方式行事,除了為成功的結(jié)果以外,還會(huì)為沒有回報(bào)的后果而行事。Papousek是這樣開始進(jìn)行研究的:他用牛奶以及通常的方式“回報(bào)”嬰兒,想以此教會(huì)他們做一些簡(jiǎn)樸的動(dòng)作,比如把頭轉(zhuǎn)到一側(cè)或另一側(cè)。后來他發(fā)現(xiàn)有一個(gè)已經(jīng)吃飽了奶的嬰兒,不愿再要牛奶,卻顯然很樂意繼續(xù)做出學(xué)會(huì)的反映。(27)于是他開始研究在沒有牛奶的情況下嬰兒的瓜。他不久發(fā)現(xiàn)甚至只有4個(gè)月大的嬰兒也能學(xué)會(huì)將頭左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),(28)只要這動(dòng)作能“打開開關(guān)”。用燈光指示——事實(shí)上他們還可以學(xué)會(huì)相稱復(fù)雜的轉(zhuǎn)頭來得到這種效果,比如說,兩下左兩下右。或者甚至是向一側(cè)連轉(zhuǎn)三下。Papousek在嬰兒的正前方放置燈,他發(fā)現(xiàn)了有趣的事情,有時(shí)嬰兒并不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)回去近看這些燈,雖然當(dāng)燈打開的時(shí)候,他們會(huì)“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作響”。Papousek得出結(jié)論,(29)他們并不是重要由于看到燈光而快樂,而是為他們?cè)诮鉀Q問題時(shí)的成功,對(duì)技巧的純熟掌握,以及(30)一種人類基本的渴望,要弄清這世界的意義并使之在故意識(shí)的控制之下。26、根據(jù)本文作者所說,嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)做____(dá)____的事。A)與歡樂直接相關(guān)B)會(huì)滿足他們身體需要C)帶給他們成功感D)滿足他們好奇心27、Papousek在其研究中注意到,嬰兒____(dá)____-A)在看到牛奶時(shí)會(huì)做出學(xué)會(huì)的反映B)在有足夠飲料時(shí)會(huì)做出學(xué)會(huì)的動(dòng)作C)沒有牛奶也可以繼續(xù)簡(jiǎn)樸的動(dòng)作D)在有足夠飲料時(shí)會(huì)把頭左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)28、在Papousek的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,嬰兒做出學(xué)會(huì)的頭部動(dòng)作是為了__(dá)__(dá)_____A)讓燈打開B)得到牛奶回報(bào)C)讓其父母快樂D)被表揚(yáng)29、嬰兒會(huì)對(duì)燈光“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作響”是由于___(dá)____(dá)__-A)燈光與某些基本“驅(qū)動(dòng)力”直接相關(guān)B)看到燈光很有趣C)他們不需要轉(zhuǎn)回去開燈D)他們成功地“打開了”燈光的“開關(guān)”30、根據(jù)Papousek,嬰兒做成某件事的喜悅反映了___(dá)___(dá)___A)一種人類基本的渴望,要了解并控制世界B)對(duì)某種生理需求的滿足C)他們解決復(fù)雜問題的強(qiáng)烈愿望D)顯示所學(xué)到技巧的人類基本愿望
大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0824)Passage7Whenaconsumerfindsthat(yī)anitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomeotherwaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer’sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty(保單),oramyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.However,ifitdoesnot,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsatisfaction.Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestoremanager.Ingeneral,the“higherup”theconsumertakeshisorhercomplaint,thefastertheorshecanexpectittobesettled.Insuchacase,itisusuallysettledintheconsumer’sfavour,assumingheorshehasajustclaim.Consumersshouldcomplaininpersonwheneverpossible,butittheyconnotgettotheplaceofpurchase,itisacceptabletophoneorwritethecomplaintinaletter.Complainingisusuallymosteffectivewhenitisdonepolitelybutfirmly,andespeciallywhentheconsumercandemonstratewhatiswrongwiththeiteminquestion.Ifthiscannotbedone,theconsumerwillsuccee(cuò)dbestbypresentingspecificinformationastowhatiswrong,ratherthanbymakinggeneralstatements.Forexample,“Theleftspeakerdoesnotworkatallandthesoundcomingoutoftherightoneisunclear”isbetterthan“Thisstereo(立體聲音響)doesnotwork”Thestoremanagermayadvisetheconsumertowritetothemanufacturer.Ifso,theconsumershoulddothis,statingthecomplaintasfirmlyaspossible.Butifapolitecomplaintdoesnotachievethedesiredresult,theconsumercangoastepfurther.Sheorhecanthreatentotakethesellertocourtorreportthesellertoaprivateanizationresponsibleforprotectingconsumers’rights.31.Whenaconsummerfindsthathispurchasehasafaultinit,thefirstthingheshoulddoisto_A)complainpersonallytothemanagerB)threatentotakethemattertocourtC)writeafirmletterofcomplainttothestoreofpurchaseD)showsomewrittenproofofthepurchasetothestore32.Ifaconsumerwantsaquicksettlementofhisproblem,it’sbettertocomplainto___(dá)__A)ashopassistantB)astoremanagerC)themanufacturerD)apublicorganization33.Themosteffectivecomplaintcanbemadeby____(dá)______A)showingthefaultyitemtothemanufacturerB)explainingexactlywhatiswrongwiththeitemC)sayingfirmlythattheitemisofpoorqualityD)askingpolitelytochangetheitem34.Thephrase“l(fā)iveupto”(Line2Para.1)inthecontextmeans__(dá)______A)meetthestandardofB)realizethepurposeofC)fulfilthedemandsofD)keepthepromiseof35.Thepassagetellsus___(dá)________(dá)__(dá)_A)howtosettleaconsumer’scomplaintaboutafaultyitemB)howtomakeaneffectivecomplaintaboutafaultyitemC)howtoavoidbuyingafaultyitemD)howtodealwithcomplaintsfromcustomers
Passage7當(dāng)一名顧客發(fā)現(xiàn)(34)他/她買的物品有毛病,或是在某方面沒有達(dá)成制造商所宣稱的那樣時(shí),(31)他/她要做的第一件事就是去本來的商店,把質(zhì)量保單或任何也許有用的記錄給他們看。在大多數(shù)情況下,這種行動(dòng)很有效。但縱使它無效,(35)顧客還
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