電力英語任惠華北電力大學電力工程系（保定）2/4/20231HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(1)根據專業選擇詞義在英漢兩種語言中，同一個詞在不同的學科領域或不同的專業往往具有不同的詞義。因此，在選擇詞義時，應考慮到闡述內容所涉及的概念是屬于何種學科、何種專業。例如，power可解釋為“權利；電流；電力；能力；倍數；冥；化合價”等意思。

①Knowledgeispower.知識就是力量。（譯成“力量”）

②Assumethattheinputvoltagefromthepowersupplyremainsconstant.假定由電源輸入的電壓保持不變。（譯成“電源”）

③Thethirdpower

of2is8.2的三次方是8。（譯成“方”）潮流：trend(wrong!),powerflow2/4/20232HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(2)根據詞類選擇詞義Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthe

like.正是原子構成了鐵、水、氧等類物質。（名詞，做“相同之物”解）Wavesinwatermovelikethewaveformmovesalongarope.波在水中移動就像波形沿著繩子移動一樣。（連詞，作“像、如”解）2/4/20233HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(3)據上下文選擇詞義在確定某一詞所屬詞類的基礎上，根據上下邏輯關系和語氣連貫性來選擇詞義。科技文章具有較強的科學性、邏輯性，詞與詞之間、段與段之間總是互相依存，相互制約的。不能孤立、片面、靜止地去理解一個詞的詞義。選擇詞義時應該詞不離句，結合上下文進行推敲。例如：Thetransformerworksproperly.這臺變壓器運轉正常。Themotorisnotworking.電動機故障了。Thethreadsofthescrewworkhard.這螺絲的螺紋太澀了。2/4/20234HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(4)Inordertomeetthecriticalservicerequirements,scientistsarestilllookingforbettermaterials.為滿足使用的緊迫要求，科學家們仍在尋找更好的材料。Wecanheatthesteelagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,thencoolisslowly.我們可以把鋼材再次加熱到臨界溫度以下的某一溫度，然后再讓它慢慢冷卻。2/4/20235HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(5)根據搭配習慣選擇詞義同一詞在不同的搭配情況下詞義不同，在翻譯時應注意根據搭配習慣來正確選擇譯文詞義。例如heavy一詞：heavycurrent強大電流；heavyline粗線；heavytraffic交通擁擠。2/4/20236HUIREN@NCEPU句子英譯漢以意譯為主。使用正確的專業術語，表達符合專業習慣。漢譯英模仿。2/4/20237HUIREN@NCEPU中國電力工業概況簡介2/4/20238HUIREN@NCEPU詞匯GenerationmixInstalledcapacityThermalpowerCoal-fueled,coal-fired,coalpowerGasturbineHydropowerNuclearpowerWindpowerWindfarmWindturbine,bladeSolarpowerPhotovoltaicSolarwaterheatersBio-massGridinterconnectionRenewableenergyPowerindustryreformSeparationofgenerationfromgridSeparationthedistributionandtransmissionnetworksSeparationofthenon-coreassetsBiddingforon-gridLoad,demandPowerflow,loadBottleneckDemand-supplybalanceRenewableenergylawCoal-powerallianceMine-mouthpowerplantsTransmissioncorridor2/4/20239HUIREN@NCEPUGridinterconnectionNortheastTibetNorthChinaNorthwestSouthChinaCentralChinaEastChinaTaiwan500KVAC(2)2001/051200MW

±500KVDC(3)1989/2003/22077200MW

500KVAC(1)2003/09800MW

120KVDC(1)2005/06360MW

±500KVDC(1)2004/023000MW

500KVAC(3)20011900MW

500KVAC(2)2006/061200MW

StateGridCorporation

2/4/202310HUIREN@NCEPUNorthCorridorCentralCorridorSouthCorridorThecapacityofeachcorridorwillreachabout20GWin2020.PowertransmissionfromTheWesttotheEast:Threetransmissioncorridors2/4/202311HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandChina’sinstalledcapacityandpowergenerationoutputaresecondlargestintheworld’selectricityindustryfollowingtheUnitedStatesSource:ChinaElectricityCouncil(/cec-en/index.htm2/4/202312HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandChinaU.S.WorldtotalInstalledcapacity(GW)356.6979.63,372.8(%ofworldtotal)(9.6%)(26.4%)(100%)Powergeneration(TWh)1,654.23,858.515,614.1(%ofworldtotal)(10.6%)(24.7%)(100%)Powergenerationpercapita(KWh/person)1,28813,1202,578Electricityintensitypercapitais1/10thatofU.S.andlessthanhalfoftheworld’saverage.2002PerCapitaGenerationinKWhperperson2002Data2/4/202313HUIREN@NCEPUChinahasbecomeacountrywiththesecondlargestinstalledcapacityintheworld,beingonlynexttoUS.中國的裝機容量居世界第二，僅次于美國2/4/202314HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandCoalisthemajorgenerationsupplyfuel.NuclearThermalHydroOthersPowergenerationin2004Installedcapacityin2004(1,807TWh)(328TWh)(50TWh)2/4/202315HUIREN@NCEPUTheproportionofcoalpowerissohighthattheinstalledcapacityofcoalpoweraccountsfor73%ofthetotalinstalledcapacity,andthegenerationvolumeofcoalpoweris1,807TWh,accountingfor83%ofthetotalgenerationvolume.煤電的比例非常高，占總裝機容量的73％，發電量為1,807TWh，占總發電量的83%。Tera:1012TWh:TeraWattshour2/4/202316HUIREN@NCEPUThefeaturesofChina’senergystructuredeterminesuchapowermixwithcoalpowerasthemajorcomponent.ThecoalresourcesinChinaaccountfor11%oftheworld’stotalcoalreserves,andoilandnaturalgasaccountfor2.4%and1.2%ofthetotalreservesrespectively.Duringarelativelylongperiodinthefirstthreedecadesofthe21stCentury,theprimaryenergymixwithcoalplayingadominantrolewillnotbechanged.中國能源結構的特點決定了煤電在電能中的主導地位。中國的煤儲量占世界總儲量的11%，油和天然氣分別占總儲量的2.4%和1.2%。在21世紀初很長一段時間內，煤占主導的主要能源結構不會發生變化。2/4/202317HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandCoal-fueledinstalledcapacitymixin2003byunitsize.Thetotalinstalledcapacityis289,770MW2/4/202318HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandSource:ChinaStatisticalAnnualandChinaEnergyResourceStatisticalAnnual,andChinaElectricPowerInformationCenter.2002data.IndustryAgriculture,forestry,ranchingandfisheryResidentialOtherCommercialTransportationandcommunicationConstructionPreliminaryindustrySecondaryindustryTertiaryindustry10.71%70.87%5.2%13.22%IndustryelectricityusedominatesothersectorsShareoftotal2002electricityusebysectorin4countriesChina’s2002elec.

use2/4/202319HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandYearTotalAgriculture,forestry,ranchingandfisheryIndustryandconstructionTransportation,communication,commercialandothersResidentialRateofincreaserelativetothepreviousyear200214,97978010,6191,6001,98010.4%5.2%70.87%10.71%13.22%200318,63355913751.22,422.21,900.824.4%3%73.8%13%10.2%200421,762687.516,3012,329.52,44416.3%3.16%74.9%10.7%11.24%200524,69074018,4802,6302,84013.5%3%74.85%10.65%11.5%‘02-’05annualgrowth

18%

-2%

20%

18%

13%Electricityconsumption(2002-2005)Businessconsumptiongrowthdominatestotalgrowth2/4/202320HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandPowershortageswerebeingcausedbyneedformoregenerationcapacity(TrillionYuan=$130B)2/4/202321HUIREN@NCEPUChina’spowermarkethasbeenfacingshortagesince2002,therewerecurtailmentsinthepeakperiodinsomeprovincialgrids.從2002年開始，中國的電力市場就面對電能短缺的局面，在某些省網（或省份）發生用電高峰時期拉閘限電。Peakperiod,peakhour用電高峰Peakload（峰荷），baseload（基荷）Theshortagealsoledtoanoveralldelayintheopeningofon-gridpricecompetitioninwholesalemarket.另外，電能短缺也全面推遲了在電能批發市場實行競價上網。2/4/202322HUIREN@NCEPUAfterthepowersurplusin1997,thestatebegantocontrolthepowerconstructionprojects.1997年電能供大于求之后，國家開始嚴格控制電力建設項目。Inthefuture15years,China’spowersupplywillstillfacethecyclicshortageduetothedistortionofthemarketsignalsandtherigidityoftheprojectapproval.在未來的15年，由于市場信號的扭曲和電力建設項目審批的僵化，中國仍然會發生周期性的電能供應短缺。2/4/202323HUIREN@NCEPUEspecially,therapiddevelopmentofthehigh-energy-consumptionsectorsinChinagreatlyboostedtheincreaseofthepowerconsumption.尤其是高耗能企業的快速發展，急劇地增加了電能的消耗量。2/4/202324HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandDemandexceededsupplyBalanceSupplyexceededdemandDemandandsupplyconditionbyregion(2005)Powershortagesoccurredinthreemajorregions.Thenumberofprovincialgridswithcurtailmentsinthepeakperiod:

12(2002)

22(2003)

24(2004)

26(2005)2/4/202325HUIREN@NCEPUCausesofpowershortagesClimaticvariability(droughtsandheatwaves)Economy,andthereforeenergyuse,isgrowingfasterthanelectricgenerationcapacitycanbebuilt.2/4/202326HUIREN@NCEPUThefollowingillustrationwouldhelpreaderstounderstandthemagnitudeofdemanddynamics:tosupporttheGDPgrowthwithanaveragerateof6.5%forthenext15yearstoachieveafour-foldincreaseofpercapitaincome,Chinaneedstoaddnewannualcapacityof48GWinasteadystategrowthmodel,equivalenttotwo-thirdsofUK’stotalinstalledpowergenerationcapacitytoday.下述事實可以幫助讀者理解電能需求變化的幅度：為了在未來15年內維持GDP6.5％的平均增長速率，實現人均收入翻四翻，中國需要持續每年增加48GW裝機容量，相當于今天UK總的裝機容量的2/3。2/4/202327HUIREN@NCEPUCausesofpowershortagesCoalsupplyshortagesandtransportbottle-necksEscalatingcoalpricesanddecreasedenergycontentofcoal.Differencesinpricetrendsof“regulatedpowerprices”and“unregulatedcoalprices”.Blueindicatessupplysourcesandredindicatesmajorloadcenters2/4/202328HUIREN@NCEPUChina’sloadcentersandcoalresourcescentersareseparated,thebottleneckofthecoaltransportationmakesthefuelsupplyverytight,whichinfluencesthenormalproductionandsupplyofthepowerandacceleratesthepowershortage.中國的負荷中心和儲煤中心分布在不同地區，煤傳輸的瓶頸造成原料供應緊張，影響了電能的正常生產和供應，加劇了電能的短缺。2/4/202329HUIREN@NCEPUIntermsofnuclearpowergeneration,Chinawilladvancefromthemoderatedevelopmentstrategytoacceleratingdevelopmentstrategy.NuclearpowerwillplayanevenmoreimportantroleinChina'sfuturepowerdevelopment.Especiallyinthedevelopedcoastalareaswithheavypowerload,nuclearpowerwillbecomethebackboneofthepowerstructurethere.Chinahasplannedtobuildupanother30setsofnuclearpowergeneratorwithin15yearswithtotalinstalledcapacityof36to40millionkWh,accountingforabout4%ofChina'stotalinstalledcapacityoftheelectricpowerindustry.2/4/202330HUIREN@NCEPUNuclearpowerKEYNPPinoperationNPPunder

constructionNPPbeingproposed2/4/202331HUIREN@NCEPUAddressingpowersupplyshortagesGenerationsectorDevelopingcoal-firedgeneration–highboilerpressure,highcapacity,andenvironmentallyfriendly–isthedirection.Acceleratingdevelopmentofhydropower,nuclearpower,andgas-firedpowergeneration.Introducingrenewableenergy(solar,wind,…)NetworksectorStrengtheningthegrid.Intensifyingenergyconservationeffortsandimprovingenergyefficiency.2/4/202332HUIREN@NCEPUEnvironmentalchallengesSource:InternationalEnergyAssociation2004China’scarbondioxideemissionsfromconsumptionoffossilfuelsareexpectedtoincreasefrom3,000milliontonsin2000to5,700milliontonsin2020.

2/4/202333HUIREN@NCEPUEnvironmentalchallengesemissionremovalefficiencySO28.01Mt0.97Mt10.8%Smokedust3.13Mt120.8Mt97.5%ChinaisexperiencingrisingSO2andNOX.EfficiencyofSO2andsmokedustemissionreductionsystems(2003)Emissiontrends2/4/202334HUIREN@NCEPUImprovinggenerationanddeliveryefficiencyInternaluseofelectricity%Powertransmissionlosses%Coalconsumption(g/kWh)20055.827.1837420205.16.2320Greatergenerationanddeliveryefficiencyisreducingratesofinternaluseofelectricity,transmissionlosses,andcoalconsumption.2/4/202335HUIREN@NCEPUStrategiesforovercomingcoalsupply

anddeliverychallengesAlliancesbetweencoalminingcompaniesandpowergenerationcompaniesMine-mouthpowerplantssubstitutingelectrictransmissionforcoaltransportationShenhuamodel:simultaneousstockholdingandbuildingofpowerstationsShanxicokingcoalco.model:buildingofpowerstationbycoalminesLunengmodel:buildingofcoalminesbypowerenterprisesHuainanmodel:jointventuretoestablishthenewcoalminesandpowerstations2/4/202336HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformhistory2004199719982002200220022004StatePowerCorp.(SPC)establishedDissolvedMinistryofElectricity

East

Chinastartspilotregionalpowermarketoperation.PowerRegimeReformformallyapprovedbytheStateCouncilStateElec.Regul.Commission(SERC)created(October2002)SPCrestruc-turedSeparationofgen.assetsfromtransmis-sionassets2/4/202337HUIREN@NCEPURemarkableprogresseshavebeenmadeinseparatingthegenerationfromthegridandinsplittingthestatepowermonopolyintofivenationalgenerationholdinggroupssinceMarch2002,whenthereformprogramwasapprovedbyArticleFiveoftheChinaStateCouncil.自從2002年3月國務院5號文件批準電力改革以來，在廠網分開和打破電力壟斷，成立5個國家控股的發電集團方面已取得了顯著的進展。2/4/202338HUIREN@NCEPUButtherecentshortageforcedthederegulatingbodiessuchastheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandtheStateElectricityRegulatoryCommissiontopostponesomeofthederegulationmeasuressuchasseparatingthedistributionandtransmissionnetworksandopeningregionalwholesalemarkets.但是最近的電能短缺迫使電力改革的主體，國家發改委和國家電監會推遲了改革進程，例如輸配分開和開放區域批發市場。2/4/202339HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformgenerationassetsgrid

assetsChinaHuanengGroupChinaDatangGroupChinaGuodianGroupChinaHuadianGroupChinaPowerInvestmentCorporationStateGridCorporationofChinaChinaSouthernPowerGridCorporationFormerSPCTo“introducecompetitionandbreakthemarketmonopoly”generationandgridsectorswereseparated.RestructuringoftheStatePowerCorporationofChinaDecember20022/4/202340HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformComparisonoftheinstalledcapacityofdifferenttypesofplayers(2004)Big5GenerationGroupsState-ownedenterprisesotherthanBig5groupsLocal,go