Teachingcontents:Module2Grammar:LinkwordsDescriptionofstudents:50Students.Seniorhighschoolstudentsofthisstagehavecertainlanguageability,buttheyusuallyprefertomemorizevocabularyandreadpassagesinsteadoflearninggrammar.GrammariscrucialtotheirEnglishcapacity,however.Therefore,itisimportanttoemphasizegrammarteachingandmakegrammarstudyinteresting.Time&date:Saturday,June28th,TeachingobjectivesRemindthestudentsoftheimportantfunctionofcohesionthatlinkwordsperforminthelogicaldevelopmentofapassage.Teachthestudentstodistinguishthedifferencebetweenthelinkwordsbut,however,althoughandwhilebygivinglotsofexamples.Learning-abilitytarget:Helpthestudentsgrasptheusageoflinkswordsbut,however,althoughandwhilebygivinglotsofexamples.Important&difficultpoints:thedifferentusageof“but”and“however”,thevarioususagesofthelinkword“while”.Teachingstrategies:LecturingandpracticingTeachingaids：Aprojector.Teachingprocedure:Step1Warming-up:Givethestudentssomeexamplesoftheconsequencesofterribleandcarelessuseofthelinkwords.Inthisway,theteachercansuccessfullyarousethestudents’interestinthisgrammar,andatthesametimeremindthemoftheimportanceofthelinkwordsinthedevelopmentofaparagraphorsentence.T:Goodmorning,Class.Todaywearegoingtotalkaboutthelinkwords.Someofyoumaywonder:whatarelinkwords?Tomakeyoufamiliarwithlinkwordsasquicklyaspossible,firstofall,I’llshowyousomeexampleswiththeusageoflinkwords.Butbecareful,theseareexampleswithinappropriateuseoflinkwords.Asyouread,youaretofindwheretheproblemis.Youcandothisingroupsoffour.I’llgiveyou3minutestocorrectthefollowing3bizarresentences.Ready?Sentence1:Honeyissweet,andthebeestings.Sentence2:Asitwasbarelyfouro’clock,thelightswerealreadyon.Sentence3:Thepuppyisverylovablebecauseitisnotatalltidy.(GiveSsafewminutesandthenselectseveralstudentstosharetheirthoughtswiththeclass.)T:Ok,boysandgirls,I’msureyouhavefinished.Doyouwanttoshareitwiththeclass?Anyvolunteer?S1:InSentence1,wethink“and”shouldnotbeused,becausethetwopartsdon’tconnectsmoothly.Wewillchange“and”to“but”.T:Great!That’saveryclearexplanation.Whatabouttheothertwosentences?S2:Sentence2isreallystrange,becauseatfouro’clock,wedon’tneedtoturnthelighton.T:Yes.Thelogicdoesn’tmakesense.Maybewecanchange“as”into…S3:Although.T:Great!Thenthesentenceisaperfectone.WhataboutSentence3?S4:Nobodywillloveapuppybecauseitisdirty.Wethink“because”isnotusedcorrectly.Wecanuse“although”.T:Thatisalsoacorrectanswer!Great!Icanseethatyouallhaveaverygoodsenseoflogic.Step2GrammarExplanationT:Well,boysandgirls,fromthewarm-upIseeyourgoodsenseoflogic.Youknow,inordertodevelopaparagraphorasentenceinalogicalway,thecorrectusageoflinkwordsareveryimportant.Nowpleaseturntopage14andreadthethreesentenceswith“but”and“however”listedinpart1,trytoanswerthefollowingfourquestions.(GiveSs7minutestoreadandthink.)T:Ok,dearclass.Haveyoufinishedit?BeforeIcheckyouranswers,I’llfirstillustratethecommonusageof“but”and“however”first.BUTToconnecttwocoordinateclauses(連接兩個并列分句)Example:Ioughttohavehelpedher,butInevercould.Toconnecttwocoordinativeconstituents(連接兩個并列成分)Example:Theyseethetreesbutnottheforest.Henolongerfeltdisappointed,buthappyandhopeful.Itisfollowedbyaadverbialmodifier(后接狀語)Example:Hetriedtosaveit,butinvain.Heglancedabout,butseeingonlytheemptyroom.HOWEVERItisofteninsertedinthemiddleofasentence(多插在句子中間)Example:Hisfirstresponsewastosayno.Later,however,hechangedhismind.Salesarepoorthismonth.Theremay,however,beanincreasebeforeChristmas.Sometimes,itcanalsobeputatthebeginningorendofasentence.(有時也放在句首或句尾)Example:I’llofferittoTom.However,hemaynotwantit.YouknowallthisaswellasIdo,however.T:Fromtheaboveexamples,haveyoufoundsomethingspecialabout“however”?S1:Itseemsthattherearespecialrequirementsaboutitslocationinasentence.T:Great!ThatistheverythingthatIwanttoremindyouof.Yousee,“but”and“however”haveverysimilarmeaninginasentence.Thedifferencesbetweentheirusagelieinthat“however”usuallyappearsinspeciallocations,likethebeginningandendofasentence,especiallythespeciallocationinthemiddleofasentencefollowedbyacomma.T:OK.Nowlet’sturntoPart2todosomepracticewith“but”or“however”.Inthispart,twokindsofinformationareoffered,oneisaboutthesituationindevelopedcountries,theotherisaboutthesituationinapoorcountry.Choosetherelevantpartstoformasentencewiththelinkword“but”or“however”.Remember,thetwopartsmustformacontrast.Inadevelopedcountry,peoplehaveniceclothestowear;butinapoorcountry,peoplehavefewclothes.Inadevelopedcountry,peoplehaveniceclothestowear;butinapoorcountry,peoplehavefewclothes.Inadevelopedcountry,mostpeoplehaveahome;inapoorcountry,however,amuchlargerpercentageofthepopulationishomeless.Inadevelopedcountry,onecangetgoodmedicalcare.However,inapoorcountry,thereisoftennomoneyformedicalcare.Inadevelopedcountry,peoplehavesmallfamilies;inapoorcountry,thefamilyislarger,however.T:Allright,boysandgirls!Iguessnowyouhavegraspedtheusageof“but”and“however”.We’llpracticeitmorelater.Nowlet’sturntoPart3toseetheusageofanothertwolinkwords“although”and“while”.ALTHOUGHIthassimilarmeaningwith“though”,oftenusedtoleadtheAdverbialClauseofConcession.（常用來引導讓步狀語從句,與though同義。）Hesaidtheyweremarried,althoughI’msuretheyaren’t.Shewalkedhomebyherself,althoughsheknewthatitwasdangerous.WHILEItisoftenusedtoleadtheAdverbialClausetosignifycomparison,concessionandtime.(引導狀語從句，表達對比、讓步、時間等)Somecountriesarerich,whileothersareextremelypoor.(comparison)IthoughtIheardhimcomeinwhilewewerehavingdinner.(during)Idoeverysinglebitofhouseworkwhilehejustdoesthedishesnowandagain.(but)WhileIacceptthathe'snotperfectinmanyrespects,Idoactuallyquiteliketheman.(although)T:Asyoucansee,inSentence1and2,“while”isusedtoshowcomparisonbetweentwodifferentcountries.Step3PracticeT:OK,boysandgirls.Todaywehavelearntseverallinkwords“but”“however”“although”and“while”.Haveyougraspedthem?Nowwe’llhaveashortexamtotestwhetheryouhavegraspedthem.Thereare10multiple-choicequestionsintotal,Iwantyoutodoitalonein10minutes.1.Johnsaveshismoney,_____Georgespendsallhegets.A.whetherB.asC.thoughD.while2.I’dlovetocome___Ican’tmakeittill8o’clock.A.soB.butC.howeverD.while3.____I’mwritingthis,youcanbedoingsomethingelse.A.BeforeB.AfterC.UntilD.While4.______timeswerechanged,BursleywasstillBursley.A.WhetherB.ThoughC.WheneverD.However5.Thesouthofthecountrygrowsricher,______thenorthgrowspoorer.A.while B.neitherC.if D.although6.____heisveryold,heishealthy. A.As B.However C.Though D.Whereas7.Britainisnotmountainous,___Italyis. A.however B.while C.although D.unless8.Hewasfeelingbad.Hewenttowork,______,andtriedtoconcentrate. A.however B.so C.although D.while9.Hepromisedtohelpme.____,heisbusyandhasn’tcome. A.WhileB.Although C.HoweverD.Whether10.She’sbeenlearningItalianforsixyears,______shedoesn’tspeakitverywell.A.forB.soC.butD.asT:Nowtimeisup.Pleaseexchangeyouranswerswithyourpartner.I’llshowyouthecorrectanswers.1D2B3D4B5A6C7B8A9C10CT:Hasanyonegotallthecorrectanswers?Verygood!Whichonedoyouhavedifficultyinselecting?Iheardlotsofstudentssaynumber8.Let’sdoittogether.Mayeyoudon’tknowthisword“concentrate”,itmeanstofocusyourattentionindoingsomething.Wecanseeaclearcontrastbetweenthefirsthalfofthesentencesayingthathewenttoworkalthoughhewasillandthesecondpartofthesentencesayingthathecouldn’tfocushisattention.Soweneedalinkwordtoshowthecontrast,therefore“so”isnotappropriate.Thenlet’sseethelocationofthe