酸堿平衡和水電解質紊亂acid-basedisorders酸堿失衡acid-basebalance酸堿平衡acute/chronicacidosis急性/慢性酸中毒acidemia酸血癥acute/chronicalkalosis急性/慢性堿中毒alkalemia堿血癥simpleacid-basedisorder單純性酸堿失衡mixedacid-basedisorder混合性酸堿失衡buffersystem緩沖對系統deltagap陽離子間隙respiratoryalkalosis呼堿metabolicalkalosis代堿hyperchloremia高氯血癥hyperoxemia高氧血癥hypercalcemia高鈣血癥hyperkalemia高鉀血癥hypernatremia高鈉血癥magnesiumexcess鎂過多hypermagnesemia高鎂血癥hyperphosphatemia高磷血癥aniongap陰離子間隙respiratoryacidosis呼酸metabolicacidosis代酸hypochloremia低氯血癥hypoxemia低氧血癥hypocalcemia低鈣血癥hypokalemia低鉀血癥hyponatremia低鈉血癥magnesiumdeficiency鎂缺乏hypomagnesemia低鎂血癥hypophosphatemia低磷血癥hypercapnia高碳酸血癥posthypercapnicmetabolicalkalosis高碳酸血癥后堿中毒diabeticketoacidosis糖尿病酮癥酸中毒uremia尿毒癥lacticacidosis乳酸酸中毒saline-responsivealkalosis鹽水反應性堿中毒

saline-resistantalkalosis鹽水抵抗性堿中毒isotonicdehydration等滲性缺水hypotonicdehydration低滲性缺水hypertonicdehydration高滲性缺水edema水腫waterintoxication水中毒休克shock休克traumaticshock創傷性休克shocklung休克肺軟組織感染furuncle癤paronychiaacutephlegmon急性蜂窩織炎hemorrhagicshock失血性休克septicshock膿毒性休克shockkidney休克腎erysipelas丹毒acutelymphangitis急性淋巴管炎acutelymphadenitis急性淋巴結furunculosis將病carbuncle癰abscess膿腫acuteulcer急性潰瘍chroniculcer慢性潰瘍fistulacannulas痿管sinustract竇道felon膿性指頭炎外科營養腸外營養parenteralnutrition或intravenousnutrition腸內營養enteralnutrition代謝性并發癥metaboliccomplications膽汁淤積cholestasis基礎能量消耗basalenergyexpenditureBEE誤吸aspiration腹瀉diarrhea外科手術手術刀scalpel刀片blade刀柄hilt手術剪surgicalscissorsarticulo-關節burso-Harticulo-關節burso-Hmyelo-骨髓vertebra才隹骨-malacia軟化蚊式止血鉗mosquitoforceps手術鐐forceps持針器needleholder拉鉤retractor環鉗ringforceps絲線silksuture剝離dissection結扎ligation剪線cuttingsuture弓I流drainagecranio-顱chondro-軟骨spondylo一椎骨fascio-筋膜-porosis多孔vertebraen.椎骨止血鉗hemostaticforceps直血管鉗straightclamp彎血管鉗Kellyclamp有齒止血鉗kocherforceps組織鉗tissueforcepsorallisforceps縫合針sutureneedle巾鉗towelclip不可吸收縫線nonabsorbablesuture切開incision止血hemostasis縫合suture拆線removingsuture骨科arthro-關節osteo->costo-肋骨thoraco-胸的teno/tendo/tendino肌-kinesia運-trophy發育1、中軸骨AXIALBONESbonen.骨ribn.肋cervicalvertebrae頸椎thoracicvertebrae胸椎lumbarvertebrae腰椎sternumn.胸骨22、顱SKULLskulln. parietalbone頂骨occipitalbone枕骨 emporalbone題骨ethmoidbone篩骨mandiblen.下頜sacrumn.舐骨sternalmanubrium胸骨柄atlasn.寰椎sternalangle胸骨角coccyx尾骨xiphoidprocess僉U突axisn.樞椎thoraciccage胸廓frontalbone額骨sphenoidbone蝶骨骨hyoidbone舌骨vomern.犁骨vomern.犁骨nasalbone鼻骨inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲maxillan.上頜骨lacrimalbone淚骨palatinebone腭骨zygomaticbone顆骨orbitn.眶coronalsuture冠狀縫sagitalsuture矢狀縫lambdoidsuture人字縫cranialfontanelle顱岡2、附肢骨TARSALBONESANDEXTREMITALBONESclaviclen.鎖claviclen.鎖骨radiusn.模骨metacarpalbone堂骨hipbone髓骨pubisn.恥骨tibian.脛骨metatarsalbone跖骨scapulan.肩月甲ulnan.尺骨phalangesn.指骨:iliumn.骼骨femurn.月殳骨fibulan.腓骨humerusn.肱骨carpalbone腕骨趾骨ischiumn.坐骨patellan.骸骨tarsalbone跑骨4、關節韌帶flexionn.屈extensionn.flexionn.屈extensionn.伸展adductionn.收medialrotation旋內lateralrotation旋外pronationn旋前.supinationn.旋后circumductionn.環轉vertebralcolumn脊柱temporal-mandibularjoint卸下頜關節articulationn.關節ligamentn.韌帶intervertebraldisc椎間盤shoulderjoint肩關節elbowjoint肘關節radiocarpaljoint椀腕關節pelvisn.骨盆hipjoint魏關節kneejoint膝關節anklejoint踝關節arthrographyn.關節造影compactan骨密度epiphysisn骨髓ossificationn.骨化synovialjoints滑膜關節fibrous纖維連結syndesmosis韌帶連結cartilaginousjoints軟骨連結articularsurface(cavity)關節面(腔)suture縫articulardisk關節盤articularlabrum關節唇articularcapsule關節囊extracapsularligament囊夕卜韌帶intracapsularligament囊內韌帶yellowligament黃韌帶fibrouslayer(membrane纖維層，纖維膜synoviallayer(membrane)滑膜層，滑膜ynovialfold(villi)滑膜諼synovialfluid滑液circumduction環轉運動vertebraljoints椎骨連結ionterspinousligament棘間韌帶intertransverseligament?突間韌帶Intervertebralsymphysis椎間聯合interverbraldiscs椎間盤Fibrousrings纖維環Pulpiformnucleus髓核—AnterioEongitudinal前縱韌帶Posterio門ongitudinal后縱韌帶Zygapophysialjoint關節突關節Lumbosacraljoint腰舐連結Costovertebraljoints肋椎關節Jointofcostalhead肋頭關節Lambdoidsuture人字縫Costotransversejoint肋橫突關節Cranialsuture顱縫Sternocostaljoints胸肋關節Coronal(sagittal)suture冠矢狀縫Synchondrosesofcranium顱結合Temporomandibularjoint卸下頜關節jointsofshouldergirdle上肢帶連結coracoacromialligament喙間韌帶Coracoclavicularligament喙鎖韌帶Acromioclavicularjoint肩鎖關節Elbowjoint肘關節Sternoclavicularjoint胸車費關節Shoulderjoint肩關節Humeroulnarjoint肱尺關節Jointsofhand手關節Humeroradialjoint肱楮關節Radiocarpaljoint,wristjoint楮腕關節，腕關節Intercarpaljoints腕骨間關節Carpometacarpaljoints腕皇關節Carpometacarpaljointofthumb拇指腕掌關節Intermetacarpaljoints掌骨間關節Metacarpophalangealjoints掌指關節Interphalangealjointsofhand指骨間關節Jointsofpelvicgirdle下肢帶連結Pubicsymphysis恥骨聯合Interpubicdisc恥骨間盤Obturatormembrane閉孔膜Sacroiliacjoints舐骼關節Pelvis骨盆Sacrotuberousligament1氏結節韌帶Greater(lesser)sciaticforamen^骨大(小)孑LTerminalline界線Greater(lesser)pelvis大小骨盆Superior(posterior)pelvicaperture骨盆上下口Pubicarch恥骨弓Subpubicangle恥骨下角Pelviccavity骨盆腔Jointsoffreelowerlimb自由下肢連結Hipjointft關節Kneejoint膝關節Transverseacetabularli城臼橫韌帶Ligamentofheadoffemur股骨頭韌帶Medial(lateral)meniscus內夕卜側半月板Transverseligamentofknee黍橫韌帶Anteriorcruciateligament前交叉韌帶Posteriorcruciateligament后交叉韌帶Fibular(tibial)collateralligament腓(脛)側副韌帶Ligamentofpatella震韌帶Tibiofibularjoint脛用l關節Tibiofibularsyndesmosis月至腓連結Cruralinterosseousmembrane」、腿骨間膜Jointsoffoot足關節anklejoint,踝關節talocruraljoint,距小腿關節intertarsaljoints跑骨間關節subtalarjoint,talocalcanealjoint品巨下關節品巨跟關節transversetarsaljoint跑橫關節talocalcaneonavicularjoint距跟舟關節tarsometatarsaljoint射跖關節transversearch^t弓intermetatarsaljoints跖骨間關節metatarsophalangealjoint?趾關節interphalangealjointsoffoot跖骨間關節archoffoot,tarsometatarsalarch￡弓，射跖弓medial(lateral)longitudinalarch內(外)側縱弓其他Arthrosclerosis關節硬化Chondromalacia軟骨軟化癥DegeneratedJointDiseas變性關節炎Bonegraft骨移植ClavicleFracture鎖骨骨折PelvicFracture骨盆骨折PlasticParisCast整形硬石膏Amputation截肢MatastaticLesion轉移性損害Osteoporosis骨質疏松癥ProsthesisReplacement人工彌補置換術腹部臟器Stomach胃Liver肝Smallintestine小腸Colon結腸(ascendingtransversedescendingsigmoid)Duodenum十二指腸 Jejunum空腸Ileum回腸Pancreas胰SpleenBileduct膽管GallbladderDuodenum十二指腸 Jejunum空腸Ileum回腸Pancreas胰SpleenBileduct膽管Gallbladder膽囊KidneyRectum直腸Cecum盲腸largeintestine大腸vermiformappendix闌尾analcanal肛管輔助檢查Abdominocentesis腹腔穿刺Urinalysis尿分析Abdominalultrasonography腹部超聲檢查Bariumenema鋇灌腸Bariumenema鋇灌腸Bariumswallow鋇餐Liverbiopsy肝活檢Stoolculture糞檢Retrogradepyelogram逆行腎盂造影Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatograph修內鏡逆行性膽胰管造影Bloodureanitrogen血尿素氮Urinecultureandsensitivity尿培養和敏感試驗UrinalysisLiverbiopsy肝活檢Stoolculture糞檢Retrogradepyelogram逆行腎盂造影Endoscopicretrogradecholangiopancreatograph修內鏡逆行性膽胰管造影Bloodureanitrogen血尿素氮Urinecultureandsensitivity尿培養和敏感試驗Urinalysis尿分析內鏡Gastroscopy胃窺鏡Enteroscopy小腸內鏡Colonoscopy結腸內鏡Cystoscopy膀胱鏡ureteroscope輸尿管鏡術式Highlyselectivevagotomy高選擇性迷走神經切斷術Gastrojejunostomy胃空腸吻合術Truncalvagotomy迷走神經切斷術Laparotomy開腹Enterectomy腸切除術Enterectomy腸切除術Appendectomy闌尾切除術Choledochectomy膽總管切除術Colectomy結腸切除術Cholecystectomy膽囊切除術Cholecystectomy膽囊切除術Colostomy結腸造痿Subtotalgastrectomy胃大部切除術Pancreatoduodenectomy胰十二指腸切除術Right/lefthemicolectomy右/左半結腸切除術Abdominoperinealresection腹會陰聯合直腸癌切除術Lowanteriorresection直腸彳氐位前切除術Hepatectomy肝切除術Nephrectomy腎切除術Nephronsparingsurgery保留腎單位手術Ureteroneocystostomy膀月光輸尿管吻合術orchiectomy;testectomy睪丸切除術ureterectomy輸尿管切除術cystectomy膀胱切除術cysto-urethralanastomosis?胱輸尿管吻合術partialorradicalnephrectomy局部/根治性腎切除術PCNL：percutaneousnephrostolithotomy經皮腎取石術ESWL:extracorporealshockwavelithotripsy體外沖擊波碎石術Surgicalexploration手術探查

心胸外valveprosthesis人工瓣膜bicuspid二尖瓣tricuspidvalve三尖瓣pulmonaryvalve肺動脈瓣aorticvalve主動脈瓣ventricle心室atriumpl.atrial心房interatrial心房間的atrioventricular房室的intrventricular心室間的atrialseptum房間隔ventricuarseptum室間隔angiography血管造影aortography主動脈造影pneumotharax；aerothorax氣胸tensionpneumotharax張力性氣胸pleuraleffussion胸腔積液hydrothorax胸腔積液puncture穿刺thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺術drainage弓I流closedthoracicdrainage閉式胸腔引流mitralstenosis二尖瓣狹窄rheumaticvalvedisease風濕性瓣膜病aorticstenosis動脈硬化mitralregurgitation二尖瓣反流valvuloplasty瓣膜成形術aorticstenosis主動脈瓣狹窄aorticstenosis主動脈瓣狹窄arteriosclerosis動脈粥樣硬化hemorrhage出血angi/o血管 vas/o血管arter/oarteri/o動脈phleb/o靜脈 ven/o靜脈aorticregurgitation主動脈反流intravenous靜脈內的hematuria血尿vascul/o血管 aort/o主動脈ather/o動脈thromb/o血栓 venule微靜脈arteriole微動脈angiostenosis血管狹窄ischemia缺血venacava腔靜脈

神外大腦： 神外大腦： cerebrum腦橋： brainstem腦橋： pons小腦： cerebellum溝：sulci橫裂： transversfissue頂葉： Parietallobe枕葉： Occipitallobe蛛網膜：ArachnoidmatterOlfactoryN 嗅神經Oculomotor 動眼神經Trigeminal 三叉神經Facial 面神經Glossopharyngeal舌咽神經Accessory副神經Spinalnerve脊神經anter