考向19閱讀理解命題來源句式高考英語閱讀理解命題點來源高頻句型

類型一轉折/對比強化句式1.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,

however,twokindsofanimalscometogetherina

partnership(伙伴關系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.2.Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,

but

that'sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.3.Doctorshavefoundthatthe"pears"havelessinternalfat,

but

the"apples"havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.

4.Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.

Quitethereverse.

Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.5.Foraboutacentury,FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageofEngland

while

OldEnglishbecamethelanguageofpeasants.（注意強對比的雙方；及雙方的不同點）6.

While

mostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.（前半句與后半句的推測是相反的關系）7.

Although

manypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.

8.Afterthefire,ChristopherWren,thearchitect,wantedacitywithwiderstreetsandfinenewhouseofstone.

Infact,

thestreetsarestillnarrow,buthedidbuildmorethanfiftychurches,amongthemthenewSt.Paul's.（infact,actually事實上，表示轉折）9.Thebesttreatmentforfatnessistoreducetheinternalfat.

Butunfortunately

itseemsthatdietingsimplymakesanapple-shapedpersonintoasmallerappleandapear-shapedpersonintoasmallerpear.(unfortunately不幸地；fortunately幸運地)10.Asaresult,EnglishwordsofPoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman.Insomecases,modernEnglishevenshowsadistinction(區別)betweenupper-classFrenchandlower-classAnglo-Saxoninitswords.We

even

havedifferentwordsforsomefoods,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.（even表示遞進）

類型二分類說明（舉例/

講好處/講問題/講應用/講特點）Therearetwotypesoffat:

externalfat

(fatunderskin)and

internalfat

(fatinsidethebodywall).

Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe"pears"havelessinternalfat,butthe"apples"havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.

Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.類型三原因/結果突出[常用詞匯：because/

as/since/for/as

a

result/

cause

/make

/contributed

to/reston/restin/markedby/one

result

/therefore/aimedat]1.As

Iwasnotexperiencedincooking,Ithoughtifadozenwasgood,twodozenwouldbebetter,soIdoubledeverything.（as引導時間狀語從句或者原因狀語從句）2.Foraboutacentury,FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageofEnglandwhileOldEnglishbecamethelanguageofpeasants.

Asaresult,

EnglishwordsofPoliticsandthelawcomefromFrenchratherthanGerman....3.Thehotsunhadcausedthedoughtodoubleinsizeandthefermentingyeast

make

thesurfaceshakeandsighasthoughitwerebreathing.（cause,make等表示使動含義的動詞）4.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironmentfriendlyproductshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.5.Women'sfriendshipswitheachother

reston

sharedemotionsandsupport,butmen'srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.（reston基于……）6.Oneresult

isthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.（oneresult其中的一種結果）7.Themajormarketforce

restsin

thegrowingPopulationofwhite-collaremployees.（restin在于…）8.…theresultisnosound.

Therefore,byproducingaperfectcopyofthenoiseanddelayingitbyhalfawavecycle,wecankilltheunwantednoise.（therefore表示因果關系，前因后果）9.TheYouthSummitwas

aimedat

increasingunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenyoungstudentsofthetwocountriesthroughvisitsanddiscussions.（aimat目標）10.Sowhy

bothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?

Herearetworeasons.

First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,…Second,bytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves..11.Manycitiesaroundtheworldtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(環境)friendlyproductshave

contributedto

thepollutionproblem.類型四強調句/倒裝句加強表達力度1.ItwasonOctober1st,1949whenhejoinedthePartythathewaskilled.2.Wherewasitthatyoufoundyourlostpen?3.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopiece.

4.AmongthesepeoplewasamannamedAlfredButts.

5.Outsidesweretwomen.類型五使用rather(than)/instead/more

than

/lessthan1.Withnowindows,nowheretohangclothesandtemperaturesbelow0’c,itmayseem

more

likeasurvivaltest

than

arelaxinghotelbreak.2.Atthemomentthereisnoknownwayofreducingtheinternal

ratherthan

externalfat.3.Inthehighlyindustrializedearly-twentieth-centuryUnitedStated,however,overproduction

ratherthan

scarcitywasbecomingaproblem.4.Thus,theidealAmericanhomemakerwasviewedasconsumer

ratherthan

aproducer.5.Fromthenon,humanswouldincreasinglytaketheirlivingfromthecontrolledproductionofafewplants,

ratherthan

gettingalittlehereandalittletherefrommanyvarietiesthatgrewwild.6.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.

Rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperformagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.7.Becauseofthewavelengthofthex-raysused,softx-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.

Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.8.Sothereisrealcauseforconcernifconsumersdistrusttheregularfoodsupplyandbuyonlyexpensiveorganicfoods

instead.

【檢測訓練】1WiththeaimofeducatingbothlocalsandvisitorsaboutArcticanimalsandthevalueofpreservingNorway'snaturalheritage.Bardu'sPolarParkoffersencounters(通近)withhandraisedwolves.Istoodnervouslyoutsidetheenclosure(圈地)atPolarPark.SomewherebehindthewirewerefiveNorwegiangreywolves."Thesearejustbigdogs,"Ikeptsayingtomyself.“Andtheyprobablyhavehadbreakfastalready.”StigSletten,PolarPark'sanimalmanager,said,'"Onceyou’reinwiththewolves,liedownanddon'tstarethemintheeye.Letthemapproachyou.Don'tstickyourhandsout.Andabsolutelydon'tstickyourtongueout."Thatwewereabouttoenteracagefullof“socialized”wolveswasalldowntoStigandhisdevotedteam.ItwasStigwhofoundedPolarParkbackin1994.AnditwasStigandhisteamwhohand-raisedthepark'swolvesfrombirth.“Thesewolveshaveallbeenbroughtuptobecomfortableamonghumans,”heexplained.“Allowingthemtomeetvisitorsisactuallyagoodwaytoreduceboredomandstress”Confidentthatweunderstoodthestrictrulesofinteracting,Stigopenedtheenclosureandweallfollowedhim.Withinsecondsthepackwasrunningrewardsus,eyesforward,longnosesdown.Foranexposedhuman,thefirstapproachoffivegreywolves,socializedornot,wasaslightlyunrestandheart-quickeningexperience.Butanysenseoftrepidationwasquicklyreplacedbydelight.Thefivewolvesturnedouttobefunandcurious,andeagertocheckusoutaswewerethem.“Mostpeopleconsiderwolvesunapproachable.Therearealotofnegativeorunpleasantimpressionsaboutwolves,bothinNorwayandacrosstheworld."saidStig."OneofourmainaimshereistoeducatebothlocalsandvisitorsaboutArcticanimals.Oncethey'vegottouchwiththewolvesofPolarPark,manyofourvisitorsleavewithadifferentview.”1.Whydidtheauthorkeepsayingtohimselfoutsidetheenclosure?A.Tomemorizestrictrules. B.Torestricthisexcitement.C.Tostudywolvesinadvance D.Torelievehisnervousness.2.WhatisStigSletter'sadviceontheencounterwiththewolves?A.Approachingthemactively. B.Standingupwithhandsout.C.Avoidingstickingyourtongueout. D.Lookingatthemwithakindsmile.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"trepidation"inparagraph5probablymean?A.fun B.fear C.curiosity D.confusion4.Whatmaythedifferentviewbeinthelastparagraph?A.Humansandwolvescanbondwell. B.Preservinganimalsturnsouteasy.C.Wolvesareabletoprotecthumans. D.Thevalueofeducationisignored.【答案】1.D2.C3.B4.A【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在巴爾迪的極地公園與人工飼養的狼邂逅的故事。1.推理判斷題。根據第二段“Istoodnervouslyoutsidetheenclosure(圈地)atPolarPark.(我緊張地站在極地公園的圍欄外。)”及“"Thesearejustbigdogs,"Ikeptsayingtomyself.“Andtheyprobablyhavehadbreakfastalready.”(“這些只是大狗，”我一直對自己說。它們可能已經吃過早餐了。)”可推斷，作者自言自語是為了緩解自己的緊張。故選D。2.細節理解題。根據第三段“Onceyou’reinwiththewolves,liedownanddon'tstarethemintheeye.Letthemapproachyou.Don'tstickyourhandsout.Andabsolutelydon'tstickyourtongueout.(一旦你進入狼群，躺下，不要盯著它們的眼睛。讓它們接近你。不要伸出你的手。還有千萬別吐舌頭)”可知，SigSettet建議在與狼見面的時候不要伸出舌頭。故選C。3.詞句猜測題。根據第四段“Foranexposedhuman,thefirstapproachoffivegreywolves,socializedornot,wasaslightlyunrestandheart-quickeningexperience.(對于一個暴露的人類，第一次接近的是五只灰狼，不管是否社會化，這都是一個稍微不安和心跳加速的經歷。)”及第五段“Butanysenseoftrepidationwasquicklyreplacedbydelight.Thefivewolvesturnedouttobefunandcurious,andeagertocheckusoutaswewerethem.(但所有的trepidation很快就被快樂所取代。這五只狼看起來很有趣，也很好奇，它們急切地想看看我們是不是它們。)”可推斷，這種由稍稍不安和心跳加速的經歷所造成的“恐懼感”很快被快樂所取代，劃線詞的意思與“fear(恐懼)”的意思最為接近，故選B。4.推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Mostpeopleconsiderwolvesunapproachable.Therearealotofnegativeorunpleasantimpressionsaboutwolves,bothinNorwayandacrosstheworld.(大多數人認為狼是不可接近的。在挪威和世界各地，人們對狼有很多負面或不愉快的印象)”及“Oncethey'vegottouchwiththewolvesofPolarPark,manyofourvisitorsleavewithadifferentview(一旦他們接觸到極地公園的狼，我們的許多游客離開時就會有不同的看法).”可知，很多人認為狼是難以接近的且對狼的印象是不好的，但是他們在極地公園與狼邂逅之后會改觀。由此可推斷，這個“不同的看法”可能是“人類可以與狼相處得很好”。故選A。2Formanyofus,summertimemeansroadtripstothebeachormountains,orattheveryleastsomeadditionaldustandbirdpoopontheexteriorofourvehicles.Theextradirtleadsustodooneoftwothings:washourcarinthedrivewayorheadtothecarwash.Butwhichchoiceisbetterfortheenvironment?Themainconcernswitheitherchoicearetheamountoffreshwaterbeingusedandthetypesofchemicalsusedtoremovethedirt.Bothoftheseconcernscanbecloselymonitoredwhenwashingthecarathome,saysKatyGresh,spokeswomanfortheSouthwestRegionofthePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.Sheadvisescarownerstoputasideasetamountofwaterfortheentirewash.“It’sjustlikebrushingyourteeth,”shesays.“Youdon’twanttoleavethewaterrunningorusemorethanyouneedforthejob.”Butevenfollowingthisadvicecomeswithanenvironmentalrisk:Washingyourcarinthedrivewayorstreetflushesthedirtywaterintostormdrains.JohnSchombertisexecutivedirectorof3RiversWetWeather.Hisorganizationworkstoeducatethepublicaboutstormsewers(下水道)andwaterrunoff,keepingthisuntreatedwaterfromenteringtheAlleghenyregion’swaterways.“Weaskpeopletoconsiderwashingtheircarsonlawnsorotherpermeable(透水的)surfaceswherethewatergetsabsorbed,”Schombertsays.“Soilcanbreakdownandhelpfilter(過濾)thosethings,”Schombertsays.“Stormsewersarenotmadeforwastedisposal.”Evenwhencarownersusenaturalsoapstowashtheircars,whichSchombertsaysareprobablyineffectiveatbreakingdowngreaseanyway.Thecommercialcarwashdownthestreetknowsfullwelltherulesregardingwastewaterinstormsewers.AccordingtotheInternationalCarwashAssociation(ICA),professionalcarwashesmustusewaterreclamationsystems.Thesemandatedprocessesnotonlykeepthedirtywateroutofstormsewersandregularwatertreatmentsystems,buttheyalsoworktoreducewaterusageatcommercialfacilities.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedwordprobablymeaninthefirstparagraph?A.top B.bottomC.inside D.outside6.Whatworriespeoplewhentheyhavetheircarswashed?A.Thedirtcannotberemovedeasily.B.Largequantitiesofwaterarewasted.C.Thewashingwaysdonogoodtotheircars.D.DTheusedchemicalsareharmlesstotheenvironment.7.What’sthedisadvantageofwashingcarsathome?A.Itisnoteasytodealwith.B.Itcannotcleanthedirtcompletely.C.Itconsumesalargeramountofwater.D.Itdoesmuchdamagetotheenvironment.8.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext?A.DoYouPutCarwashingatRisk?B.WhichIsBetter:CarWashorDIY?C.WhyDishwashersAreBetterthanHandWashing?D.DoAmericansUseLessWaterthanTheyDidYearsAgo?【答案】5.D6.B7.D8.B【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了哪一種洗車方法對環境更有益處：在家還是去洗車公司。5.詞句猜測題。根據劃線部分所在句子“Formanyofus,summertimemeansroadtripstothebeachormountains,orattheveryleastsomeadditionaldustandbirdpoopontheexteriorofourvehicles.”可知，對于我們中的許多人來說，夏天意味著去海灘或山上的公路旅行，或者至少意味著在我們車的exterior有一些灰塵和鳥糞。結合句意和常識可知，灰塵和鳥糞通常在車的外部，即劃線詞意為“外部，外面”，與outside同義。故選D。6.細節理解題。根據第二段中““It’sjustlikebrushingyourteeth,”shesays,“Youdon’twanttoleavethewaterrunningofmorethanyouneedforthejob.”（“這就像刷牙一樣，”她說，“你不想讓水流得比所需的更多。”）”可知，人們在外邊洗車時擔心會浪費掉更多的水。故選B。7.細節理解題。根據第二段中的“Butevenfollowingthisadvicecomeswithanenvironmentalrisk:Washingyourcarinthedrivewayorstreetflushesthedirtywaterintostormdrains.（但即使遵循這一建議，也會帶來環境風險：在車道或街道上洗車會將臟水沖進雨水溝）”可知，在家自己洗車的缺點是對環境有害處。故選D。8.主旨大意題。根據第一段最后一句“Theextradirtleadsustodooneoftwothings:washourcarinthedrivewayorheadtothecarwash.Butwhichchoiceisbetterfortheenvironment?（這些額外的臟東西會讓我們做以下兩件事之一：在私人車道上洗車，還是去洗車處洗車。但是哪種選擇對環境更好呢？）”結合下文對兩種方法優缺點的介紹可知，本文主要介紹了在專業洗車店里洗車和自己動手洗車，到底哪個對環境更有益處，故B選項“洗車處和自己動手洗車哪個更好?”符合文章標題。故選B。3Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.Theconceptofintegrityhasplayedakeyroleinmoralphilosophythroughouthistoryandispromotedinallsocietiesbecauseofitsimportancetosocialrelations.Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.Besides,societiescanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.Itcanshapethelivesofpeoplelivinginaparticularsociety,thelivesofallfellowpeopleand,initsbroadestsense,eventhedestinyofanation.Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyaredishonest,itcouldhavebadeffects,jeopardizingthehealthymoralityofthesociety.Additionally,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Societyexpectsandrequiresintegrity.Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentofitsmembers.Beingapartofsuchamorallylivelycommunitycouldserveasabasisforabsorbingtraitsofgoodcharacter.Thiscouldbeofadistinctadvantagetoanyindividualsinthesociety.However,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsomeindividualstopursueintegrity.Ifthatisthecase,wehavetoaskquestionsaboutthemoralnatureofsocietyfirstbeforeraisingquestionsaboutindividualintegrity.Questionsaboutintegritymayturnouttobeaboutwhatkindofsocietyitis,ratherthanabouttherelationshipbetweenindividualinterestsandcharacteristicsofasociety.Thepursuitofadequateindividualintegrityoftendepends,notsomuchonunderstandingwhooneisandwhatonebelievesandiscommittedto,butratherunderstandingwhatone’ssocietyisandimaginingwhatitcouldbe.Undernocircumstancescanweunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.People,whoarehonest,trustworthy,compassionateandcaring,arethefactorsdecisiveinthegrowthofindividualsaswellasthedevelopmentofasociety.9.Individualintegrityhasbeenvaluedinsocietybecause________.A.ithelpsdevelopphilosophy B.itisimportanttosocialrelationsC.itisthebasisofcriticalthinking D.itensurespeople’sparticularroles10.Theunderlinedword“jeopardizing”inParagraph2probablymeans________.A.assessing B.strengthening C.destroying D.influencing11.Thewriterbelievesthat________.A.individualintegritydependsonwhatonebelievesB.thenatureofsocietyisdecidedbyeconomicdevelopmentC.thepursuitofindividualintegritychangeswithtimeD.socialstructuresguidetheformationofindividualintegrity12.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?CP:CentralpointP:PointSp:Sub-pointC:ConclusionA. B. C. D.【答案】9.C10.C11.D12.A【解析】這是一篇議論文。本文主要講的是正直是誠實和堅強的品質，個人誠信對社會是至關重要的，它使人們能夠充分利用自己的批判性思考能力。不迫使人們承擔特定的角色，也不鼓勵個人背叛彼此，社會也有利于個人誠信的發展。9.細節理解題。根據第一段中“Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.(個人誠信對社會至關重要，它使人們能夠利用自己的批判性反思能力，不強迫人們扮演特定的角色，也不鼓勵個人互相背叛)”可知，個人誠信在社會上受到重視，因為它是批判性思維的基礎。故選C。10.詞句猜測題。根據第二段中“Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.Itcanshapethelivesofpeoplelivinginaparticularsociety,thelivesofallfellowpeopleand,initsbroadestsense,eventhedestinyofanation.(個人誠信能振奮整個社會的精神。它可以影響生活在某一特定社會中的人民的生活，影響所有人民的生活，從最廣泛的意義上說，甚至影響一個國家的命運)”以及畫線詞上文“Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyarecorrupt,itcouldhavebadeffects”和后文“thehealthymoralityofthesociety.”可知，相反，如果生活在社會中的人是腐敗的，就會有不良的影響，危害社會的健康道德。故畫線詞意思是“破壞”。A.assessing評價；B.strengthening加強；C.destroying破壞；D.influencing影響。故選C。11.細節理解題。根據第三段中“Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentofitsmembers.(一個由正直的人組成的社會，以及在原則上從不妥協的人，可以對其成員的個人發展產生積極的影響)”可知，作者認為，社會結構引導個人誠信的形成。故選D。12.推理判斷題。根據第一段中“Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.(正直是一種誠實的品質，并且對你認為正確的事情保持堅定的態度)”提出了關于正直的概念；第二段中“Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.(個人誠信能振奮整個社會的精神)”提出第一個分論點，個人誠信能振奮整個社會的精神；第三段中“Ontheotherhand,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.(此外，社會可以有利于個人誠信的發展)”提出第二個分論點，即社會可以有利于個人誠信的發展；以及第三段中“Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentofitsmembers.(一個由正直的人組成的社會，以及在原則上從不妥協的人，可以對其成員的個人發展產生積極的影響)”提出第一個次要點，社會結構引導個人誠信的形成；第四段中“However,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsomeindividualstopursueintegrity.(然而，對于一些追求誠信的個人來說，一些社會結構是錯誤的)”為第二個次要點，指出社會結構的錯誤；最后一段中“Undernocircumstancescanweunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.(在任何情況下我們都不能低估人類誠信在社會中的重要性)”對文章進行總結；可推知A最符合文章結構。故選A。4Wearenotwhowethinkweare.TheAmericanself-imageisspreadwiththegoldenglowofopportunity.WethinkoftheUnitedStatesasalandofunlimitedpossibility,notsomuchaclasslesssocietybutasaplacewhereclassismutable—aplacewherebrains,energyandambitionarewhatcount,notthecircumstancesofone’sbirth.TheEconomicMobilityProject,anambitiousresearchledbyPewCharitableTrusts,lookedattheeconomicfortunesofalargegroupoffamiliesovertime,comparingtheincomeofparentsinthelate1960swiththeincomeoftheirchildreninthelate1990sandearly2000s.Hereisthefinding:The“ragstoriches”storyismuchmorecommoninHollywoodthanonMainStreet.Only6percentofchildrenborntoparentswithfamilyincomeattheverybottommovetothetop.Thatisright,just6percentofchildrenborntoparentswhorankedinthebottomofthestudysample,intermsofincome,wereabletobootstraptheirwayintothetop.Meanwhile,anincredible42percentofchildrenbornintothatlowestarestillstuckatthebottom,havingbeenunabletoclimbasinglerungoftheincomeladder.ItisnotedthateveninBritain—anationwethinkofasburdenedwithahidebound(守舊的)classsystem—childrenwhoarebornpoorhaveabetterchanceofmovingup.Whenthestudieswerereleased,mostreportersfocusedonthefindingthatAfrican-Americansborntomiddle-classoruppermiddle-classfamiliesareearningslightlyless,ininflation-adjusteddollars,thandidtheirparents.Oneofthestudiesindicates,infact,thatmostofthefinancialgainswhitefamilieshavemadeinthepastthreedecadescanbeattributedtotheentryofwhitewomenintothelaborforce.ThisismuchlesstrueforAfrican-Americans.Thepicturethatemergesfromallthecorrelationsandpercentagesisofanationinwhich,overall,“thecurrentgenerationofadultsisbetteroffthanthepreviousone”,asoneofthestudiesnotes.Themedianincomeofthefamiliesinthesamplegroupwas$55,600inthelate1960s;theirchildren’smedianfamilyincomewasmeasuredat$71,900.However,thisrisingridehasnotliftedallboatsequally.Therichhaveseenfargreaterincomegainsthanthepoor.EvenmoretroublingisthatournationofAmericaasthelandofopportunitygetslittlesupper:fromthedata.Americansmovefairlyeasilyupanddownthemiddlerungsoftheladder,butthereis“stickinessattheend”—fouroutoftenchildrenwhoarebornpoorwillremainpoor,andfouroutoftenwhoarebornrichwillstayrich.13.WhatdidtheEconomicMobilityProjectfindinitsresearch?A.Childrenfromlow-incomefamiliesareunabletobootstraptheirwaytothetop.B.Hollywoodactorsandactressesareupwardlymobilefromragstoriches.C.Theragstorichesstoryismorefictionthanreality.D.Theragstorichesstoryisonlytrueforasmallminorityofwhites.14.ItcanbeinferredfromthewriterthatAmerica,asaclasslesssociety,should________.A.perfectitsself-imageasalandofopportunityB.haveahigherlevelofupwardmobilitythanBritainC.enableAfrican-Americanstohaveexclusiveaccesstowell-paidemploymentD.encouragethecurrentgenerationtoworkashardasthepreviousgeneration15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.TheUSisalandwherebrains,energyandambitionarewhatcount.B.Inequalitypersistsbetweenwhitesandblacksinfinancialgains.C.Middle-classfamiliesearnslightlylesswithinflationconsidered.D.Childreninlowest-incomefamiliesmanagetoclimbasinglerungoftheladder.16.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.SocialUpwardMobilityinAmerica B.IncredibleIncomeGainsinAmericaC.America:LandofUnequalWealth D.America:NotLandofOpportunityforall【答案】13.C14.A15.B16.D【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了TheEconomicMobilityProject的研究發現，美國并不是一個到處充滿機會的地方，白人和黑人之間還是存在不平等的，由窮到富的故事與其說是現實不如說是幻想。13.推理判斷題。根據文章第三段“Hereisthefinding:The“ragstoriches”storyismuchmorecommoninHollywoodthanonMainStreet.Only6percentofchildrenborntoparentswithfamilyincomeattheverybottommovetothetop.（研究發現:“白手起家”的故事在好萊塢比在普通民眾中更為常見。在家庭收入最低的家庭中，只有6%的孩子能升到社會頂層。）”可知，白手起家的故事與其說是現實，不如說是虛構的。故選C。14.推理判斷題。根據文章第二段“TheAmericanself-imageisspreadwiththegoldenglowofopportunity.WethinkoftheUnitedStatesasalandofunlimitedpossibility,notsomuchaclasslesssocietybutasaplacewhereclassismutable—aplacewherebrains,energyandambitionarewhatcount,notthecircumstancesofone’sbirth.（美國人的自我形象洋溢著機會的金光。我們認為美國是一塊充滿無限可能的土地，與其說它是一個沒有階級的社會，不如說它是一個階級是可變的地方——在這里，智力、精力和雄心是最重要的，而不是一個人的出身。）”可推知，美國，作為一個無階級社會，應該完善自己的自我形象，成為一個充滿機遇的國家。故選A。15.細節理解題。根據文章第五段“Whenthestudieswerereleased,mostreportersfocusedonthefindingthatAfrican-Americansborntomiddle-classoruppermiddle-classfamiliesareearningslightlyless,ininflation-adjusteddollars,thandidtheirparents.（當這些研究公布時，大多數記者關注的是出生于中產階級或中上層家庭的非裔美國人的收入(經通脹因素調整后)略低于他們的父母。）”和文章第六段“Oneofthestudiesindicates,infact,thatmostofthefinancialgainswhitefamilieshavemadeinthepastthreedecadescanbeattributedtotheentryofwhitewomenintothelaborforce.ThisismuchlesstrueforAfrican-Americans.（事實上，其中一項研究表明，白人家庭在過去三十年里取得的經濟收益大部分可以歸因于白人女性進入勞動力市場。這對非裔美國人來說就不那么真實了。）”可知，在經濟收入方面，白人和黑人之間的不平等依然存在。故選B。16.主旨大意題。根據文章最后一段“EvenmoretroublingisthatournationofAmericaasthelandofopportunitygetslittlesupper:fromthedata.Americansmovefairlyeasilyupanddownthemiddlerungsoftheladder,butthereis“stickinessattheend”—fouroutoftenchildrenwhoarebornpoorwillremainpoor,andfouroutoftenwhoarebornrichwillstayrich.（更令人不安的是，從數據來看，我們這個充滿機遇的國家卻得不到什么晚餐。美國人很容易就能爬上爬下梯子的中間梯級，但是有一個“最后的粘性”——10個出身貧困的孩子中有4個會繼續貧窮，10個出身富裕的孩子中有4個會繼續富有。）”可知，美國并不是所有人都有機會的土地。故選D。5ItwasNewYeartime,butIwasn’tlookingforwardtoit.Thatwinter,mymotherandmystepfathermovedourfamilytoSouthernCalifornia.MybrotherandIwereleavingourruralAlabamabehind.ThiswouldbeourfirstNewYearawayfromAlabama.MymothertooktoCalifornialikeaswantoaroyallake.Myathleticlittlebrother,Paul,waskeyedupataclimatethatallowedhimtogotothebeachwheneverhewanted.I,however,wasafatchildwithheavysouthernpronunciation.Myfirstdayinthenewclass,Iintroducedmyselfinalowvoice.ThemomentIopenedmymouthtospeak,thewholeclassburstintolaughter,“Hetalksfunny.”ItwassofrustratingthatIwenttoplaceacalltoGrannySmithafterschool,whowasmybiggestsupport,ButIdidn’tgetthrough.OnSundayevening,thephonerang.ItwasGranny.Sheoftentookadvantageofthediscountedlong-distanceratesonSundays.Shesaidshe’dshippedaNewYearpackage.Sureenough,itarrived.Surprisedatthebox,largeenoughtoholdasmallrefrigerator,weeagerlytoreitopen.ThesmellofGranny’shousefilledtheroom:acombinationoffriedmeat,sausages,furniturepolishanddecorations.HerhousewastinyandalwaysfilledwithtackyholidaydecorationsandhomemadefoodbeforeNewYear.Butinmychildhoodeyes,itwaspreciousandfantastic.Therewerecountlesstinsandcontainers.Weopenhemtodiscoverpilesofholidaytreats.Sheevenincludedourtraditionalcandybats.Theboxwasasbottomlessasamagicalbox.There,beneathallthese,wasfamiliarholiday