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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區的她考研考博-英語-樂山職業技術學院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題
“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.
InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.
Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.
Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.
Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.
Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.
Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.
Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.
16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?
17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?
18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.
19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?
20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?
問題1選項
A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.
B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.
C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.
D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.
問題2選項
A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.
B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.
C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.
D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.
問題3選項
A.unexpected
B.outofcontrol
C.ill-informed
D.contradictory
問題4選項
A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.
B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.
C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.
D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.
問題5選項
A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.
B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.
C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.
D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:C
第5題:D
【解析】16.主旨大意題。文章開頭引出城鄉居民在患心理疾病上的差異,隨后拋出實驗來闡述城鄉居民在生理和心理的不同,所以C選項“城鄉居民心理機制的差異”正確。A選項“為什么城市不適合居住”:文章沒有討論這個話題,故錯誤。B選項“如何發現應對壓力的人的內心活動”和D選項“為什么城市居民比鄉村居民患情緒障礙的風險更高”:是文章內容的一部分,不能概括全文,故錯誤。因此C項正確。
17.推理判斷題。根據第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.(現代學者同意這個觀點。去年,荷蘭研究人員發現,城市居民患焦慮癥的風險比平靜的農村居民高21%,患情感障礙的風險比鄉村居民高39%。),引用雪萊的話以后,緊接著提出城鄉居民在患精神類疾病風險的不同,所以B選項“引入以下關于城市和農村居民的討論”正確。A選項“表達對倫敦這樣的大城市的厭惡”和C選項“顯示對文學作品的了解”:不是文章想要表達的重點,故錯誤。D選項“指出城市和農村差異的起因”:這里不能得出城鄉差異的起因,故錯誤。因此B選項正確。
18.語義推測題。outofkilter的意思是“失常,失衡”,根據第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.(對于那些在農村長大的人來說,這種相關性在意料之中。然而,對于那些在城市長大的人來說,這種相關性就不存在了。換句話說,土生土長的都市人的調節機制似乎失衡了。),對于生長在農村的人來說,這種相關性可以預料,也就是有規律可循,處于正常的狀態,而對于生長在城市的人來說,這種相關性已經消失,也就是說不是正常該有的狀態,所以B選項“失控的”正確。A選項“想不到的”,C選項“所知不多的”和D選項“矛盾的”不符合題意,故錯誤。因此B選項正確。
19.推理判斷題。根據第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.(生活在農村的人杏仁核的活動水平最低。),可知實驗的結果是C選項“面對壓力時,農村居民的杏仁核活動水平最低”,故正確。A選項“城市居民有壓力時扣帶皮層活動水平最高”:根據第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.(一個人的童年生活在城市的時間越長,他的扣帶皮層部位就越活躍,無論他在實驗期間住在哪里。),可知扣帶皮層活躍與否與壓力無關,而與生長環境有關,故錯誤。B選項“參與者成長的地方對于預測心理活動更重要”:文章沒有強調參與者成長的地方對于實驗結果的重要性,在實驗過程中需要參考參與者成長的地方,故錯誤。D選項“扣帶皮層的調節機制在現在居住在城市的人群中失效”:根據第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.(扣帶皮層是大腦皮層的一部分(同樣存在于兩個大腦半球),負責調節杏仁核。)和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.(城市居民的比例最高。),可知居住在城市中的人的扣帶皮層沒有失效,故錯誤。因此C選項正確。
20.事實細節題。根據第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.(就像這類研究中的常見情況,樣本量很?。ㄒ虼瞬幌衿谕哪敲纯煽浚?,結果顯示的是一種關聯,而不是一種確定的因果關系。),可知這個研究的局限在于不能得出因果關系,所以D選項“不能得出社會壓力和精神之間有因果關系的結論”正確。A選項“掃描技術用于檢查大腦”,B選項“選擇參與者的隨機性”和C選項“要求參與者解決的數學問題設計不合理”文章沒有提到,故錯誤。因此D選項正確。
2.單選題
Themenwerefullof()becausetheythoughttheirfriendshadbeenunjustlypunished.
問題1選項
A.diagnosis
B.indigestion
C.indignation
D.aggression
【答案】C
【解析】句意:這些人非常憤怒,因為他們認為他們的朋友受到了不公正的懲罰。
考查名詞辨析。diagnosis診斷,結論;indigestion消化不良,難理解;indignation憤怒,憤慨;aggression侵略。故C符合句意。
3.單選題
Inaculturelikeours,long()allthingsasameansofcontrol,itissometimesabitofashocktoberemindedthatthemediumisthemessage.
問題1選項
A.accustomedtosplitanddivided
B.accustomedtosplittinganddividing
C.accustomedtosplitanddividing
D.accustomedtosplittinganddivided
【答案】B
【解析】考查語法知識。對比四個選項,關鍵問題在于split和divide的形式變化。accustomtodoing是固定用法,后面的動詞均應使用動詞-ing形式。因此B選項符合題意。
4.單選題
Duringrecentyearswehaveheardmuchabout“race”:howthisracedoescertainthingsandthatracebelievescertainthingsandsoon.Yet,the(1)phenomenonofraceconsistsofafewsurfaceindications.
Wejudgeraceusually
(2)
thecoloringoftheskin:awhiterace,abrownrace,ayellowraceandablackrace.But
(3)
youweretoremovetheskinyoucouldnot
(4)
anythingabouttheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Thereis
(5)
inphysicalstructure,thebrainortheinternalorgansto
(6)
adifference.
Therearefourtypesofblood.
(7)
typesarefoundineveryrace,andnotypeisdistincttoanyrace.Humanbrainsarethe
(8)
.Noscientistscouldexamineabrainandtoldyoutheracetowhichtheindividualbelonged.Brainswill
(9)
insize,butthisoccurswithineveryrace.
(10)
doessizehaveanythingtodowithintelligence.Thelargestbrain
(11)
-examinedbelongedtoapersonofweak
(12)
.Ontheotherhand,someofourmostdistinguishedpeoplehavehad
(13)
brains.
Mentaltestswhicharereasonably
(14)
shownodifferencesinintelligencebetweenraces.Highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace.
(15)
equaleducationaladvantages,therewillbenodifferenceinaveragestandings,eitheronaccountofraceorgeographicallocation.
Individualsofeveryrace
(16)
civilizationtogobackwardorforward.Trainingandeducationcanchangetheresponseofagroupofpeople,(17)
enablethemtobehaveina
(18)
way.
Thebehaviorandideasofpeoplechangeaccordingtocircumstances,buttheycanalwaysgobackorgoontosomethingnew
(19)
isbetterandhigherthananything
(20)
thepast.
問題1選項
A.complete
B.full
C.total
D.whole
問題2選項
A.in
B.from
C.at
D.on
問題3選項
A.since
B.if
C.as
D.while
問題4選項
A.speak
B.talk
C.tell
D.mention
問題5選項
A.something
B.everything
C.nothing
D.anything
問題6選項
A.display
B.indicate
C.demonstrate
D.appear
問題7選項
A.All
B.Most
C.No
D.Some
問題8選項
A.same
B.identical
C.similar
D.alike
問題9選項
A.remain
B.increase
C.decrease
D.vary
問題10選項
A.Only
B.Or
C.Nor
D.So
問題11選項
A.ever
B.then
C.never
D.once
問題12選項
A.health
B.body
C.mind
D.thought
問題13選項
A.big
B.small
C.minor
D.major
問題14選項
A.true
B.exact
C.certain
D.accurate
問題15選項
A.Provided
B.Concerning
C.Given
D.Following
問題16選項
A.make
B.cause
C.move
D.turn
問題17選項
A.and
B.but
C.though
D.so
問題18選項
A.ordinary
B.peculiar
C.usual
D.common
問題19選項
A.that
B.what
C.whichever
D.whatever
問題20選項
A.for
B.to
C.within
D.in
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:B
第4題:C
第5題:C
第6題:B
第7題:A
第8題:A
第9題:D
第10題:C
第11題:D
第12題:C
第13題:B
第14題:A
第15題:B
第16題:B
第17題:A
第18題:B
第19題:A
第20題:D
【解析】第1題:考查形容詞詞義辨析。complete“完整的;徹底的;完全的”;full“完全的;完整的;滿的;豐富的”;total“全部的;整個的;總計的”;whole“完整的;純粹的”。根據空格處后面的phenomenonofrace“種族現象”,以及下文對各種族的介紹可知此處說的是“整個的”這種現象。選項D符合題意。
第2題:考查固定搭配。根據后文的“awhiterace,abrownrace,ayellowrace…”可知空格處所在句子提及如何來判斷種族,judgefromsth“從某事判斷”,是固定搭配。選項B符合題意。
第3題:考查邏輯連接詞辨析。空格處后“youweretoremovetheskin”(你去掉皮膚),youcouldnot…(你不能……),這兩者存在假設關系,因此空格處需要填入一個表示假設的連詞,選項B“如果”符合題意。
第4題:考查動詞詞義辨析。speak“講話;發言;講演”;talk“說話;討論”;tell“告訴;說出;分辨”;mention“提到;說起”??崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐恰叭绻悴蝗タ雌つw,你就不可能分辨他人任何有關個人所有種族的事情”,因此選項C符合題意。
第5題:考查邏輯關系。上文提到如果不看人的皮膚,將無法區分種族,并且下文提到每個種族的血型都沒有什么區別(notypeisdistincttoanyrace),由此可知,無論是在物理結構、大腦、還是內部結構,各個種族間都是沒有區別的,因此,空格處應填入nothing,選項C符合題意。
第6題:考查動詞詞義辨析。display“展示;陳列”;indicate“表明;指出”;demonstrate“證明;展示”;appear“出現;似乎”。根據第一段最后一句話中的“afewsurfaceindications”可以推斷空格處可以填入indicate,選項B符合題意。
第7題:考查邏輯關系??崭裉幥懊嫣岬健坝兴姆N血型”,后面提到“沒有哪種血型是任何一個種族特有的”,可知是對所有的血型進行了研究,因此空格處應該填入表示“全部”意思的單詞。選型A“所有的”符合題意。
第8題:考查形容詞詞義辨析。same“相同的”;identical“完全相同的”;similar“相似的”;alike“相像的”。根據空格處后面那句“沒有科學家通過檢查一個人的大腦能判斷你這個人屬于哪個種族”,說明人類的大腦是沒有區別的,因此選項A符合題意。
第9題:考查動詞詞義辨析。remain“保持”;increase“增加”;decrease“減少”;vary“改變;使多樣化”。前面提到科學家無法通過一個人的大腦判斷他屬于哪個種族,說明人類大腦是相同的。該句空格處后面的insize“在尺寸上”,說明人類大腦雖然相同,但是有尺寸差別,選項D符合題意。
第10題:考查邏輯連接詞。根據空格后的“thelargestbrain”與“week”可知人的智力與大腦的大小沒有關系,因此,選項C“也不”符合題意。
第11題:考查副詞詞義辨析。ever“永遠;曾經;究竟”;then“然后;于是;當時”;never“從未;決不”;once“一次;曾經”。根據空格前“thelargestbrain”(最大的大腦)與“examined”(被檢查)的對應可知“曾經”符合題意。
第12題:考查名詞詞義辨析。health“健康”;body“身體”;mind“理智;智力”;thought“思維,思想”。前文提到了intelligence,此處與之對應的應該是mind。
第13題:考查形容詞詞義辨析。big“大的”,small“小的”;minor“次要的,較小的”;major“主要的,重要的”。前文提到大腦大的人智力卻比較低,根據“ontheotherhand”可知空格處所在的句子說的是“一些名人擁有小的大腦”。選項B符合題意。
第14題:考查形容詞詞義辨析。true“真實的;正確的”;exact“準確的;精確的”;certain“必然的;無疑的”;accurate“精確的”。由空格處所在句子的后一句“highandlowtestresultsbothcanberecordedbydifferentmembersofanyrace”(高的和低的智力測試結果被任何種族的不同成員記錄),證明這次測試的結果是非常真實的。選項A符合題意。
第15題:考查邏輯連接詞辨析。provided“假如;倘若”;concerning“關于;就……而言”;given“考慮到”;following“在……以后”。空格處所在句子后面提到的內容都是關于“equaleducationaladvantages”(平等的教育優勢),因此,空格處填入選項B符合題意。
第16題:考查動詞詞義辨析。make“使得;進行;準備,整理;制造;構成”;cause“引起;導致”;move“移動;感動”;turn“轉動;轉彎;翻過來;兌換”。空格處所在句子的大意是“每個種族的人都可能導致文明向前或后退”,選項B符合題意。
第17題:考查連詞的辨析??崭裉幥懊娴膬热荨坝柧毢徒逃芨淖円徊糠秩说姆磻迸c后面的“使他們……”存在遞進關系,所以選項A符合題意。
第18題:考查形容詞詞義辨析。ordinary“普通的;平凡的”;peculiar“特殊的;獨特的”;usual“通常的,慣例的”;common“共同的;普通的”??崭裉幩诰渥拥拇笠馐恰坝柧毢徒逃芨淖円徊糠秩说姆磻?,并且能夠讓他們用一種獨特的方式表現出來。選項B符合題意。
第19題:考查關系代詞。不定代詞something,anything,everything等后面的關系代詞要用that。選項A符合題意。
第20題:考查固定搭配。inthepast“在過去”,因此選項D符合題意。
5.單選題
ThenewdocumentaryBullyispowerfulstuff.Trytogetthroughevenjusttheopeningsequencewithouttearingup.Hopefullyitwillwakeupparents,teachers,andschooladministrators.Butlet’salsohopetheyrespondthoughtfullytothisburningfilm,becausetooofteninourrushtoaddressaproblem,Americaneducatorsandpoliticianshaveawell-intentionedoverreactionthatminimizescommonsenseinfavorofblanketsolutions.
ManyschoolsintheUnitedStatesaregenuinelytryingtocurbchild-on-childabuseand,atlonglast,arepayingmoreattentiontothecruel,unpleasantremarks.Butatthesametime,wehavetorememberthatnoteveryunpleasant,orevenadverse,interactionbetweenstudentsconstitutesbullying.Insomeplaces,anti-bullyingpoliciesarenowsoexpansivethattheymakeeye-rollingapunishableoffense,lumpingitinwithotherformsofverbalandphysicalassault.Doingsonotonlytakesaseriousissuetotherealmoftheabsurd,italsodilutestheimportanceofanti-bullyingeffortsingeneral.Ifeverythingisbullying,thennothingis.
Somekidshavealreadyfiguredouthowtoturnthenewsystemonitshead.Insomeschools’zealtoaddressbullying,everyclaimisimmediatelyelevatedbeyondtheclassroomteachertoameetingwiththeprincipal.AparentinCaliforniasaidthatlastmonththatanelementary-schoolbullybeganthreateningtoreporthervictimsasbulliessotheywouldhavetosufferthroughsuchameeting—andineffectcreatingabullyinghallofmirrors.
We’vebeenherebefore.Weaponsanddrugsinschoolsareaseriousproblem,too.Inresponse,schooldistricts,states,andthefederalgovernmentbegantofavorzero-tolerancepolicies.Inshortorder,“zero-tolerance”policiesbecamethejokingpointforlate-nightcomicsaskidsweresuspendedforbringingtoschoolaspirin,acnemedicine,oraG.I.Joedollwithasmallplasticgun.
Theobviouslessonthereandwithbullyingisthatthereisnosubstitutefordiscretionandjudgmentbytheadultsincharge.Insomecircumstances,eye-rollingcouldbeabusivebehaviorjustasaspirincanbeusedorabused.Butadultsshouldn’tgiveupthehardroleofmakingnuancedjudgmentcallsbycreatingridiculouslyrigiddisciplinecodes.Replacingthoughtlessinactionwiththoughtlessactionwon’tsolvetheproblem.
1.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeople’sreactiontobullying?
2.Whatisthestrategyofthekidsindealingwithanti-bullyingpolicies?
3.The“zero-tolerance”policiestowardsdrugsandweaponsendedupbeing().
4.Theword“there”inthefirstlineofthelastparagraphrefersto().
問題1選項
A.Theywakeupthoughtfully.
B.Theydemonstratelittlecommonsense.
C.Theyattachimportancetothefilm.
D.Theygotoofar.
問題2選項
A.Toassaulttheprincipalatthemeeting.
B.Toturntheclassroomintoawallofmirrors.
C.Topayattentiontokids’verbalremarks.
D.Torenderthemineffectivebyabusingbullying.
問題3選項
A.elevated
B.suspended
C.ridiculed
D.condemned
問題4選項
A.witheye-rollingandpunishableoffenses
B.withverbalandphysicalassault
C.withaspirinandacnemedicine
D.withdrugsandweapons
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:D
【解析】第1題:1.根據第一段最后一句“...Americaneducatorsandpoliticianshaveawell-intentionedoverreactionthatminimizescommonsenseinfavorofblanketsolutions.”因為在我們急于解決問題的過程中,美國教育家和政客往往出于善意,反應過度,而忽略了有利于全面解決方案的常識。所以選項D(他們反應過度)符合原文。選項B是選項D產生的結果,所以選項D更恰當。
2.根據第三段第一句“Somekidshavealreadyfiguredouthowtoturnthenewsystemonitshead.”有些孩子已經想出辦法如何顛覆這個新系統。根據本段的例子也可以看出,孩子們恃強凌弱使得系統失去效率。選項D符合原文。
3.根據第四段最后一句““zero-tolerance”policiesbecamethejokingpoint.”零容忍政策成為了一個笑柄。選項C與原文意思相近。
4.根據原文可知,前面兩段分別講了校園欺凌和毒品武器的問題,最后一段總結這兩種事件給人們帶來的經驗教訓。所以there指的是持有毒品和武器,選項D符合原文。
第2題:
第3題:
第4題:
6.單選題
Failureisprobablythemostfatiguingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoreexhaustingthannotsucceeding,beingblocked,notmovingahead.Itisanevilcircle.Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.
Weexperiencethistirednessintwomainways,asstart-upfatigueandperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskthatweareforcedtotakeup.Eitherbecauseitistootediousorbecauseitistoodifficult,weavoidit.Andthelongerwepostponeit,themoretiredwefeel.
Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evennotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones,Theremedyisobvious,thoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:willpowerexercise.ThemomentIfindmyselfturningawayfromajob,orputtingitunderapileofthingsIhavetodo,Iclearmydeskofeverythingelseandattachtheobjectionableitemfirst.Topreventstart-upfatigue,alwaystreatthemostdifficultjobfirst.
Performancefatigueismoredifficulttohandle.Herewearewillingtogetstarted,butwecan'tseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappeartobeinsurmountableandhoweverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Themountingexperienceoffailurecarrieswithitanever-increasingburdenofmentalfatigue.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcan,thenlettheunconscioustakeover.
1.Whichofthefollowingcanbecalledanevilcircle?
2.Accordingtothepassage,whenkeepingputtingoffatask,wecanexperience().
3.Toovercomestart-upfatigue,weneed().
4.Theword“insurmountable”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans().
5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
問題1選項
A.Success-zeal-success-zeal
B.Failure-tiredness-failure-tiredness
C.Failure-zeal-failure-tiredness
D.Success-exhaustion-success-exhaustion
問題2選項
A.tiredness
B.performancefatigue
C.start-upfatigue
D.unconsciousness
問題3選項
A.toughness
B.prevention
C.muscles
D.strongwillpower
問題4選項
A.thatcannotbesolved
B.thatcannotbeunderstood
C.thatcannotbeimagined
D.thatcannotbeobjected
問題5選項
A.Itiseasiertoovercomestart-upfatigue
B.Performancefatigueoccurswhenthejobwearewillingtotakegetsblocked
C.Onewillfinallysucceedafterexperiencingtheevilcircle
D.Fatigueoftenaccompaniesfatigue
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:D
第4題:A
第5題:C
【解析】1.細節事實題。根據文章第一段Thereisnothingmoreexhaustingthannotsucceedingbeingblocked,notmovingahead.Itisanevilcircle.Failurebreedsfatigue,andfatiguemakesithardertogettowork,whichaddstothefatigue.可知失敗會導致疲憊,而疲憊會使你更難工作,進而導致疲憊加重,于是進入惡性循環,受阻不前,影響進度。因此,B項正確。
2.推理判斷題。根據文章第二段Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskthatweareforcedtotakeup.Eitherbecauseitistootediousorbecauseitistoodifficult,weavoidit.可知,我們會因為任務過于乏味或太難而推遲完成任務,這種情況就是start-upfatigue。因此,C項正確。
3.細節事實題。根據文章第三段Theremedyisobvious,thoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:willpowerexercise.可知,解決辦法就是需要我們加強意志力的鍛煉。因此,本題選擇D項正確。
4.詞匯題。題干詞匯insurmountable意思是不能克服的,難以解決超越的。A選項“不能被解決”,B選項“不能被理解的”,C選項“不能被想象的”,D選項“不能被否決的”。因此,A選項正確。
5.推理判斷題。由文章第二段可知可以通過鍛煉意志力來克服start-upfatigue可知A項正確。B選項可通過原文Herewearewillingtogetstarted,butwecan’tseemtodothejobright.推斷得出。C選項在原文中沒有明確說明,過于絕對。根據原文最后一段Themountingexperienceoffailurecarrieswithitanever-increasingburdenofmentalfatigue.可知D選項正確。故本題正確答案為C選項。
7.單選題
______theclaimaboutGermaneconomicmight,itissomewhatsurprisinghowrelativelysmalltheGermaneconomyactuallyis.
問題1選項
A.Togive
B.Given
C.Giving
D.Havinggiven
【答案】B
【解析】考查given的用法。A項togive不定式;B項given過去分詞作介詞放句首,表“考慮到”;C項giving現在分詞;D項havinggiven現在完成時;句意:考慮到有關德國經濟實力的說法,德國經濟實際上是相對較小的,這多少有些令人驚訝。因此該題B項正確。
8.單選題
Summerholidaysspentonthehotghettostreetsare______thetimemiddle-classstudentsdevotetocamps,exoticvacationsandhighlyorganizedsports.
問題1選項
A.ashardlyculturallyenrichingas
B.ashardlyenrichingcultureas
C.hardlyasculturallyenrichingas
D.hardlyasculturalenrichingas
【答案】C
【解析】考查副詞用法。句意:在貧民窟炎熱的街道上度過暑假,在文化的豐富程度遠不及中產階級學生在夏令營、海外旅行和組織有序的體育活動上度過暑假。根據be動詞are確定enriching為形容詞,用副詞culturally修飾形容詞,排除B、D選項;根據hardly修飾asculturallyenrichingas確定hardly放在最前面,所以C選項hardlyasculturallyenrichingas
符合題意。因此C選項正確。
9.單選題
Auction(拍賣)arepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heaskedthecrowdtogatherintheauctionroomtobidforvariousitemsonsale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhighestfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoodsforthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronaraisedplatform.
TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauctionandtheEnglishwordcomesfromtheLatin“antic”,meaning“increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar,thesemileswerecalled“subhanta”,meaning“underthespear’’,aspearbeingstuckinthegroundasasignalforacarvedtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensold“bythecandle’’,ashoecandlewaslitbytheauctioneerandbidscouldbemadewhileitwasburning.
Practicallyallgoodscanbesoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,skins,wool,tea,cobra,fir,mat,vegetablesandwines.Auctionsalesarealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,oldbooks,oldchinaandworksofart.TheauctionroomsatChristie’sandSotheby’sinLondonandNewYorkareworldfamous.Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobetoldandwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbythebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannotgivesfulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,calleddrafter,asgenerallyas.Theauctioneerneednotbeginwithlotoneandcontinuethenumericalorder,hesafelywaituntilhethefactthatcertainbuyersareintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestingin.Theauctioneer’sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsaresoldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebidding.
1.Auctionedgoodsaresold(
).
2.Theendofbiddingiscalled“knockingdown”because(
).
3.Inthesentence“TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakeninwar,59theword“spoils”mostprobablymeans(
).
4.InEnglandacandleusedtoburnatauctionsales(
).
5.Anauctioncataloguegivesbuyers(
).
問題1選項
A.forthehighestpriceoffered
B.atfixedprices
C.atpriceslowerthantheirtruevalue
D.atpricesofferedbytheauctioneer
問題2選項
A.theauctioneerknocksonthetable
B.theauctioneernamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods
C.thegoodsareknockeddownontothetable
D.theauctioneerbangsthetablewithahammer
問題3選項
A.uselessgoods
B.spears
C.variouskindsoffood
D.propertytakenfromtheenemy
問題4選項
A.becausetheauctionsalestookplaceatnight
B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather
C.tokeeptheauctionroomwarm
D.tolimittimewhenoffersofpricescouldbemade
問題5選項
A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods
B.detailsofthegoodstobesold
C.tileorderinwhichgoodsaretobesold
D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:D
第4題:D
第5題:B
【解析】1.文章第一段第二句提到出價最高的人成為商品的買家(Heencouragesbuyerstobidhighestfiguresandfinallynamesthehighestbidderasthebuyerofthegoods),所以選項A符合題意。
2.文章第一段最后一句話提到當拍賣商在一塊高出來的臺面上敲擊小錘時,競價也就結束了(Thisiscalled“knockingdown”thegoodsforthebiddingendswhentheauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronaraisedplatform),選項D符合題意。
3.題干中的單詞spoil有“戰利品”的意思,除此之外,從“從戰爭中得到的”takenfromwar可以推測這個詞的意思是“戰利品”。選項D符合題意。
4.文章第二段指出,18世紀、19世紀的英國,拍賣時會點燃一根短蠟燭,而“當蠟燭在燃燒時,人們可以競價”(InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesgoodswereoftensold“bythecandle’’,ashoecandlewaslitbytheauctioneerandbidscouldbemadewhileitwasburning),由此可知,蠟燭被用來記拍賣的時間。選項D符合題意。
5.文章提到如果廣告沒有列出所有細節,拍賣者就會印發商品目錄(Iftheadvertisementcannotgivesfulldetails,cataloguesareprinted)。選項B符合題意。
10.翻譯題
Withalittlemoredeliberationinthechoiceoftheirpursuits,allmenwouldperhapsbecomeessentiallystudentsandobservers,forcertainlytheirnatureanddestinyareinterestingtoallalike.Inaccumulatingpropertyforourselvesorourposterity,infoundingafamilyorastate,oracquiringfameeven,wearemortal;butindealingwithtruthweareimmortal,andneedfearnochangenoraccident.TheoldestEgyptianorHinduphilosopherraisedacorneroftheveilfromthestatueofthedivinity;andstillthetremblingroberemainsraised,andIgazeuponasfreshagloryashedid,sinceitwasIinhimthatwasthensobold,anditisheinmethatnowreviewsthevision.Nodusthassettledonthatrobe;notimehaselapsedsincethatdivinitywasrevealed.Thattimewh
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