1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都師范大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題The remarkable （ ）of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin toestablish his theory of evolution.問題1選項A.classificationB.varietyC.densityD.diversion【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。classification “分類，類別”； variety “多樣化”；

2、density “密度”；diversion “轉(zhuǎn)移，消遣”。句意：加拉帕戈斯群島上生物顯著的多樣性激發(fā)了達爾文去建立自己的進化論。由后半句“激發(fā)了達爾文去建立自己的進化論”可推知該島上的生物是多樣的。答案B2.單選題Creating so much confusion, Jason realized he had better make （ ）what he was trying to tell the audience.問題1選項A.exclusiveB.explicitC.objectiveD.obscure【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。exclusive “獨有的，排外的”；exp

3、licit“明確的，清楚的”； objective“客觀的”； obscure“不清楚的，隱蔽的”。句意：在造成諸多困惑后，杰森意識到自己最好把試圖告訴聽眾的事情弄清楚。由Creating so much confusion可知Jason最好是把這些困惑給弄清楚。答案B3.單選題If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central

4、 to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human

5、-resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who hold, it is never c

6、onsulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy, While American firms often talk about

7、 the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firm. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in tr

8、aining workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when breakthrough technology arrives. If American workers, for example, lake

9、 much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing station than workers in German (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in German than it is in the united States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retai

10、ning generate costs and created bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of the technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff

11、the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following apply to the management of human resources in American companies?2.What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3.Acc

12、ording to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competitive advantage is （ ）.4.What is the main idea of the passage?問題1選項A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.C.They attach more importance to wo

13、rkers than to equipment.D.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.問題2選項A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.D.He is directly und

14、er the chief financial executive.問題3選項A.the introduction of new technologyB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees問題4選項A.American firms are different from Japanese an

15、d German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitiv

16、e capacity.【答案】第1題:D第2題:C第3題:B第4題:D【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。由第一段“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. 獲得技能被認為是個人的責任”可知D項是對該句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，答案D第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由第二段“The executive who hold, it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

17、人力資源主管這個職位從不被征求主要決策的意見，也沒有機會晉升為CEO。”可知在美國，人力資源主管在公司沒有太多發(fā)言權(quán)。C項正確，答案C第3題:細節(jié)事實題。由第二段“While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firm. 雖然美國公司經(jīng)常談論在員工培訓上的巨額開支，但事實上，他

18、們在員工技能上的投資比日本或德國公司都要少?！币约啊癆s a result, problems emerge when breakthrough technology arrives.結(jié)果是，當突破性技術(shù)的到來時，美國就出現(xiàn)了問題?！蔽恼碌诙沃v了美國公司與日德公司在勞動力培訓方面的差異，美國主要培訓那些管理層，而日德重視員工技巧培訓。第三段說到了結(jié)果，美國員工學習新技術(shù)時需要花更多時間。由此可見給員工培訓技巧是非常重要的。答案B第4題:主旨大意題。本文主要通過對比美國公司與日德國公司的人力資源策略，表明如果美國公司不培養(yǎng)員工技巧將導致美國公司在全球競爭中失去優(yōu)勢。答案D不培養(yǎng)員工技巧將導致美

19、國公司在全球競爭中失去優(yōu)勢。答案D4.單選題In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the （ ）concern of state government.問題1選項A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】考查形近詞辨析。extinct “滅絕的，熄滅的”； excluding “排除，除外”；excessive “過多的，極度的”； exclusive“獨有的，排外的”。句意：通常來講，關于國家邊境的問題都是政府尤為重視的。D項符合句意，答案D5

20、.單選題Mrs. Black finds that her piano has always had the magic power of taking her away from the grim realities of daily life and （ ）her to fairyland of her own once she started to play.問題1選項A.transformingB.transportingC.transplantingD.transcending【答案】B【解析】考查動詞辨析。 transform“改變，使變形”； transport“運輸，運送”；

21、transplant “移植，遷移”； transcend “勝過”。句意：Black夫人發(fā)現(xiàn)每當她彈鋼琴，她的鋼琴就有將自己帶離日常生活的糟糕現(xiàn)實并且將她帶到自己擁有的樂園的魔力。由taking her away from the grim realities of daily life 及 to fairyland可知“將Black夫人從糟糕的現(xiàn)實運送到樂園”符合邏輯，答案B6.單選題Some researchers feel that certain people have nervous systems particularly （ ）to hot, dry winds. They a

22、re what we call weather sensitive people.問題1選項A.subjectiveB.subordinateC.liableD.vulnerable【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞辨析。subjective 主觀的，個人的；subordinate從屬的，次要的；liable有傾向的，易的；vulnerable易受影響的。句意：一些研究人員意識到某些人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)特別易受干燥的熱風的影響，我們稱這些人為天氣敏感癥患者。由weather sensitive people可知空格處所填單詞應與sensitive意思一致，具有“易受影響的”意思，故答案D7.單選題Only

23、a selected number of landladies in the neighborhood have been allowed by the university to take in（ ）.問題1選項A.lodgersB.residentsC.settlersD.inhabitants【答案】A【解析】考查名詞辨析。lodger 房客；residents 居民；settler 移民； inhabitant 居民。句意：附近只有少數(shù)被挑選的女房東被該大學允許租房給學生。A項符合句意，答案A。8.單選題He was punished （ ）he should make the sam

24、e mistake again.問題1選項A.unlessB.providedC.ifD.lest【答案】D【解析】考查連詞辨析。unless 除非；provided 倘若；if如果；lest 以防，以免。句意：他被處罰了以免他再犯同樣的錯誤。后半句用的是虛擬語氣，表示對未來的虛擬。由句意可知，D項正確。答案D9.單選題Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they br

25、ing with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studies.In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and t

26、he etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior

27、so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, their concern is only that their questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashi

28、on, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach7 the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether

29、 the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, African American families, Spani

30、sh American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different p

31、attern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（ ）.2.What does the author say ab

32、out the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more（ ）.4.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE of the ethnic minority families in the U.S?問題1選項A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measuresB.view them from thei

33、r own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own culture問題2選項A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issuesB.The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of cult

34、ure while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.問題3選項A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific問題4選項A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to com

35、prehend.C.They dont interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families【答案】第1題:B第2題:A第3題:D第4題:D【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由第一段“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they

36、 bring with them from their own culture. 不熟悉他們所研究的文化和種族群體的研究人員必須采取額外的預防措施，以擺脫他們從自己的文化帶來的任何偏見?！笨芍芯空咴谘芯磕吧幕瘯r有從自己的文化出發(fā)的傾向。答案B第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由第二段“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or

37、ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位研究法中，目標是用描述一種對某一種文化或民族有意義并且重要的行為，而不考慮其他文化或民族。在客位研究方法中，目標是描述一些適用于不同文化的行為。”可知這兩種研究的重心不同。答案A第3題:推理判斷題。通過上題以及對第二段和第三段的理解可知，emic

38、approach主位研究法偏向于研究某一個群體的文化；etic approach客位研究法研究不同文化的共同之處。答案D第4題:細節(jié)事實題。由第三段倒數(shù)第二句“In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. 在研究少數(shù)民族家庭時，研究人員可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)，與

39、美國白人家庭相比，少數(shù)民族家庭中的大家庭更具有支撐地位。”可推知少數(shù)民族家庭比白人家庭有更親密的親情關系。答案D10.單選題Marcia and Bill were （ ）of the presidents scholarship for fine arts.問題1選項A.creatorsB.donorsC.recipientsD.instigators【答案】C【解析】考查名詞辨析。creator “創(chuàng)造者，創(chuàng)建者”；donor “捐贈者”；recipient “接受者”；instigator “煽動者，教唆者”。句意：Marcia和Bill是美術(shù)領域的總統(tǒng)獎學金的接受者。C項符合句意，答案

40、C11.單選題Fewer and fewer of todays workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, （ ）the same company.問題1選項A.all elseB.much worseC.less likelyD.let alone【答案】D【解析】考查詞組辨析。all else “其他所有”；much worse “更差”；less likely “最不可能的是”；let alone“更不必說”。句意：當今人們越來越不希望一生只干同樣的工作，更不用說只待在一家公司了。D項符合句意，答案D12

41、.單選題Since Tom was （ ）from the burden that had been imposed on him, he began toconcentrate more on his own interest.問題1選項A.exiledB.exemptedC.expectedD.executed【答案】B【解析】考查動詞辨析。 exile “放逐，流放”； exempt“免除，豁免”； be exempted from “被免除”； expect “期望”；execute “實行”。 句意：自從曾經(jīng)加在他身上的擔子被移除后，Tom開始更專注于自己的興趣。由后半句“Tom開始

42、專注于自己的興趣”可知B項正確，答案B13.單選題When it comes to teaching（ ）, many parents believe that if they teach their children and treat them kindly, the kids will know how to behave.問題1選項A.mentalityB.moralityC.complicatedD.majority【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。mentality 心理，智力；morality道德，品行，美德；complicated 復雜的； majority 多數(shù)。句意：說到道德

43、教育，許多家長相信如果他們溫和地教育孩子，對待孩子，孩子們就知道如何守規(guī)矩了。下文提到的內(nèi)容屬于道德品行范疇，故B項符合題意。答案B14.單選題One study found that job applicants who make more eye contacts are （ ）as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.問題1選項A.referredB.perceivedC.recommendedD.presumed【答案】B【解析】考查動詞辨析。referred 提到，關系到；perceived感覺，認為； recommen

44、ded 推薦，勸告； presumed 以為，假定。句意：一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，眼神接觸多的求職者會被視為更有警覺、獨立、自信和有責任心。B項符合句意，答案B15.單選題The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six （ ）librariesspecially serve the countryside.問題1選項A.mobileB.driftingC.shiftingD.rotating【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。mobile library “流動圖書館”； drifting “漂流的”； shifting

45、 “不斷移動的”； rotating “旋轉(zhuǎn)的”。句意：這項服務在全國36個圖書館運行，而6個移動圖書館專門服務農(nóng)村。由固定搭配可知A項正確。16.單選題She was an experienced traveler who had （ ）both Africa and Europe in her twenties.問題1選項A.traversedB.transferredC.trampledD.trespassed【答案】A【解析】考查形似詞辨析。 traversed 橫越，穿過；transferred 使轉(zhuǎn)移，使調(diào)動；trampled 踐踏，無視；trespass侵占，侵入。句意：她是一個

46、有經(jīng)驗的旅行者，在她二十多歲的時候就穿越了非洲和歐洲。只有A項符合題意，答案A17.單選題Egyptian authorities are trying to prevent their historical monuments from （ ）the savages of time.問題1選項A.standing byB.counting onC.succumbing toD.holding up【答案】C【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。standing by 支持，準備行動； counting on 依賴，依靠；succumbing to屈服于 ；holding up拿著。句意：埃及當局正在試圖

47、阻止他們的歷史古跡隨著時間推移而消隕。C項符合題意，答案C18.翻譯題我們的國家走向現(xiàn)代化，最大的障礙，并不是資源問題，也不是資金問題，更不是技術(shù)問題，而是十幾億人口的素質(zhì)問題。資金可以積累，技術(shù)可以創(chuàng)造，也可以引進， 但十幾億人口的整體素質(zhì)是無法引進的，必須靠我們自己去提高。據(jù)約略估計，中國品牌約占國內(nèi)冰箱和洗衣機市場的90%,空調(diào)市場的70%-80%, 彩電市場的60%。在許多領域，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有很大提高。中國一家主要的家電廠商，已經(jīng)從價格轉(zhuǎn)向以質(zhì)量、高效銷售和售后服務進行競爭。【答案】（1）On the way to modernization, the biggest obstacle t

48、o our country is not the shortage of natural resources, nor the lack of funds, still less the problem of technology, but rather the quality of over one billion people. Funds can be accumulated, technology can be created or imported, but the quality of such a large population, which cannot be introdu

49、ced from abroad, should be improved on our own.（2）Its roughly estimated that Chinese brands approximately account for 90% domestic market share of refrigerators and washing machines, with 70% to 80% of air conditioners, 60% of color TVs. In many fields, the quality of Chinese brand products has impr

50、oved greatly. A major Chinese manufacturer of home appliances has oriented its competition from price to the quality of product, high effective sales and after-sales service.19.翻譯題許多事情不與朋友分享，就無法自得其樂，而讀書則可以。獨坐家中，卻得以周游世界，了解千萬事端的緣由?；钤诋斒溃瑓s可以與千萬年前的先人對話。讀書增長閱歷； 哪怕是萬里之外、相隔千年，也能感受到他人對人生的感悟。其樂融融，唯有讀書能賦予。未能從讀

51、書中享受到樂趣的人，乃貧乏之人：從讀書中享受最大樂趣的人，是獲得最大幸福的人?！敬鸢浮縏here are many things from which you would not entertain yourself if you dont share them with your friends. However, reading is an exception. By reading, you can sit at home to travel around the world and get to know the reasons of thousands of things. As a

52、 modern man, you can converse with ancestors from millions of years ago. Reading can enrich your experiences, as you can taste others insight of life even if they lived thousands of miles away or thousands of years ago. Only reading can provide you with such pleasure. People who cannot enjoy reading

53、 are poor; People who gain the greatest fun from reading are the happiest.20.單選題The teachers of the college are making great efforts to （ ）in their students the habit of speaking English.問題1選項A.cultivateB.accomplishC.assistD.require【答案】A【解析】考查動詞辨析。cultivate “培養(yǎng)，陶冶”；accomplish “完成，實現(xiàn)”； assist“幫助”；req

54、uire“需要，要求”。句意：這所大學的老師花很多努力培養(yǎng)學生說外語的習慣。A項符合題意，答案A21.單選題Nancy was surprised that they have（ ）. They seemed to be a happy couple.問題1選項A.split upB.broken downC.fallen throughD.knocked out【答案】A【解析】考查動詞詞組辨析。split up“分開；離婚”； broken down “出故障”；fallen through “失敗”； knocked out “使筋疲力盡；神志不清”。 句意：南希很驚訝他們已離婚，因為他

55、們看上去是那么幸福的一對。由surprised及happy對比可知，A項符合題意。答案A22.單選題History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems and ideologies can join hands in meeting the common challenges to human（ ）and development.問題1選項A.evolutionB.survivalC.rivalryD.dignity【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。evolution 進化，演變； survival生存，幸存

56、 ；rivalry 競爭，對抗； dignity 尊嚴。句意：歷史已經(jīng)表明，不同社會制度、不同意識形態(tài)的國家可以攜手應對人類生存與發(fā)展的共同挑戰(zhàn)。由and development 可知該空與development是并列關系，故B項符合句意，答案B。23.單選題We have invested （ ）80,000 in this project, but till now there is no hope for us to get a penny back.問題1選項A.subsequentlyB.unexpectedlyC.approximatelyD.reluctantly【答案】C【解析

57、】考查副詞辨析。subsequently“隨后”；unexpectedly “出乎意料地”； approximately “大約”；reluctantly “不情愿地”。句意：盡管我們已在這個項目上投資了大約8萬英鎊，但是直到現(xiàn)在我們拿回一分錢的希望都沒有。C項最符合句意，故答案C24.翻譯題Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong，have governed my lifethe longing for love，the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suff

58、ering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasyecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of livi

59、ng for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves lonelinessthat terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it finally，because in the union of love I have seen the prefigur

60、ing vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, at last. I have found.One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their children out of a sense of guilt. Parents who both hold down full-time jobs may feel