1、非謂語動詞的句法功能一 作主語A . 不定式 To see is to believe. (強調具體行動更強調一次性)B. ing Seeing is believing. 眼見為實 (一般行為)C. the+過去分詞 表一類人 The injured were sent to hospital.常用不定式的慣用句1. It is + adj. +to do sth eg: It is not safe to drink the polluted water. It is + adj.+ of sb to do sth for sb to do sth eg: It is kind of hi

2、m to help. ( He is kind.) It is impossible for him to help us. ( He is impossible. x)2. It is a/ an +n (crime, mistake, pity, shame, good idea) + to do sth eg: It is an offence to take photos here.3. It takes + to do sth eg: It would take years to rebuild the castle.常用不定式的慣用句常用-ing的慣用句1. It is no us

3、e /good waiting for him.2. My sisters falling ill worried my mother greatly.邏輯主語形容詞性物主代詞 名詞所有格二作表語.不定式說明主語的內容表具體某次動作或即將發生的動作1. My hobby is to collect old coins. The “to” is optional in sentences such as: The only thing to do / we can do is (to) write to him. All we can do is to write to him.2. Our a

4、im is to build China into a powerful, modern socialist country. ing主語常是表示事物或動作的名詞說明主語的內容（動名詞） Her job is teaching English.主語常是表示事物的名詞表示主語所具有的特征（現在分詞） The news is exciting. 過去分詞 表示主語所處的狀態主語常是表示人的名詞I am married.三作賓語. 不定式某些動詞后面要接不定式作賓語:intend, decide, wish, want, refuse, promise等注意：help (to) do sth 在ex

5、pect, mean, intend, want, like, prefer, hate等之后 +there to beeg: People dont want there to be another war.B. ing 1. 某些動詞后要接 ing作賓語：admit, avoid, dislike, mind, finish, practise, enjoy, imagine, suggest, feel like, cant help, delay, consider, etcWe dont mind him explaining the problem again.（邏輯主語常由名詞或

6、代詞也可用名詞所有格形容詞性物主代詞） 2.某些介詞詞組之后： be fond of, look forward to , be sorry for, what /how about , insist on, have difficulty in, be for / against, be interested in, without, give up, keep on兩種形式都可以但意義不同 remember to do sth forget to do sth remember doing sth forget doing sth mean to do sth try to do sth

7、mean doing sth try doing sth stop to do sth go on to do sth stop doing sth go on doing sth regret to do sth be afraid to do sth regret doing sth be afraid of doing sth兩種形式意義相同但用法不同start /begin to do doing sth(1.動詞表心理活動,如realize,understand等用不定式；2.begin與start 的進行時態后只接不定式；3.主語為無生命物用不定式It began to thund

8、er) need * sth. require doing/ to be done want sth.主語（表物） * be worth doing常用不定式的慣用語： We think it impossible to finish the work so soon. 形式賓語 (常見動詞： believe, consider, find, discover) 動詞 （ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, show, wonder等）+ how/ what/ when等疑問詞 + to do eg: He discover

9、ed how to open the safe. but/ except (prep.) + to do sth./ do sth. eg: He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep. not but 連詞詞組，表示對比或強調 They decide not to visit other places but to remain where their were.四、作賓語補足語A. 不定式 （賓語為動作的執行者） 某些動詞之后加帶to的不定式作賓補：advis

10、e, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, except, get等。 * promise sb. to do sth. （由主語去做的動作）His mother promised (him) to buy him a big cake for his birthday. 某些動詞之后加不帶to的不定式做賓補: make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, listen to, look at等。 * 被動句式中需添回to He was seen to play by the river.B. ing （賓語為動作

11、的執行者） 某些動詞之后加-ing作賓補: see, hear, notice, watch, observe, feel, listen to, look at, make, have, get, find, keep, leave, catch等。 get the car going, get the engine runningcatch/ find sb. doing sth. smell something burning see sb. do sth. 看見事物的全過程，目的在于僅僅說明發生了該件事（或動作已經完成，或經常性動作）。 see sb. doing sth. : 正在進

12、行的動作的一部分，目的是將該動作當時進行的情景呈現于讀者之前。C. 過去分詞 （賓語為動作的承受者） The mother found all the clothes washed. have done He has had his hair cut. He has had his leg broken. The boy tried his best to make himself understood with his broken English. leave the work undone/ half-done keep the door locked五、作定語A. 不定式 （表將來要發

13、生的動作） This is the doctor to operate on the patient.B. ing A parcel weighing half a ton has just been delivered. which weighs half a ton (主動式表被動) 表示所修飾的名詞的作用與用途 （動名詞） a swimming pool 表所修飾的名詞的動作（現在分詞）兩者邏輯上是主謂關系 a swimming fish *強調正在進行的動作 The doctor operating on the patient is doctor Li.常用-ing作定語的慣用句：p

14、eace-loving people English-speaking country spoken EnglishC. 過去分詞 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，表示動作的完成 fallen leaves 落葉 returned students 歸國留學生 newly arrived visitors 新到的客人 及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，表示被動及動作的完成。(與所修飾的詞是一種動賓的邏輯關系) cold boiled water 冷開水 developed country常用不定式作定語的慣用句： 用于the first, the second etc the last, the only

15、之后 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 如果沒有主謂關系，則用不定式的被動式。 見身份判斷： Do you have any letters to be typed? (打信并不是“you”) (問老板) Do you have any letters to type? (問打字員) 用于名詞、代詞之后I have a letter to write. ( write a letter.)Have you got anything to say? ( say anything) a table to write on a

16、 tool to open it with someone to talk to a restaurant to eat in ( of something to eat ) 不定式作定語，與前面的名詞或代詞有動賓關系，又和句中另一名詞或代詞有主謂關系時，用主動式。 Give me some books to read. “there + be + n./ pron. + to do” constructionThere is plenty to do. (There is plenty we can do.) *表“責任”時，用被動式。 There is plenty of work to

17、be done. we must do. 在某些名詞之后：ability, decision, desire, determination, promise, plan, failure, offer, attempt等。 He prides himself on his ability to speak French. Their offer/ plan/ promise to rebuild the town was not taken seriously.與所修飾的詞是一種動賓的邏輯關系過去分詞的一般式（已經完成的）The patient operated on will soon be

18、 allowed to go home.不定式的被動式（即將發生的）The patient to be operated on is Mr. Smith.-ing 的被動式（正在進行的）being doneThe patient being operated on is Mr. Smith.The patient having been operated on is Mr. Smith.() The patient operated on is Mr. Smith.()六.作狀語1.目的狀語 A.不定式 (not) to do, in order (not) to do so as (not)

19、 to(不用于句首)與only的連用,表達”意外與失望”, 表結果指未曾預料的結果I went to see him only to find him out.She stood up to be seen better. B. inggo swimming, go fishing, go shopping, go boating2.結果狀語A.不定式 to do sth表結果指未曾預料的結果Eg: He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.He went to Africa in 1963, never to be he

20、ard from again. too adj/adv to do; adj/adv enough to do; so adj a n.as to do; such a adj n. as to doShe is so good a student as to be loved by everyone.He moved away from his parents and missed them too much to enjoy the exciting life in New York.He is old enough to go to school.He was so foolish as

21、 to leave his car unlocked.(他確實沒有鎖車門.)He was foolish enough to leave his car unlocked.(他就是這樣的人,笨到沒鎖車門.動作是否發生,我們不清楚.)too ready/willing/glad/delighted/anxious to do 非常樂意,愿意表請求句式: Would you be so kind as to do me a favour?B. ingThe fish will eat a person in ten minutes, leaving only bones.3. 原因狀語不定式 Sh

22、e was happy to hear the good news.B. ing形式(與句中的主語是主謂的邏輯關系)一般式Smelling good, the dish was eaten up in no time. ( The dish smells good.) 完成式Having heard the news about her father, Lucie felt very happy.否定式Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.Without being timed, none of us tried our

23、best in the running.C. 過去分詞(與句中的主語是動賓的邏輯關系)Greatly inspired by the teachers words, I have made up my mind to work at English even harder.老師的話對我鼓舞很大, 我下定決心更努力的學習英語.表示被動意義的主動結構1.某些連系動詞,如smell; taste; feel; sound; prove等 Cotton feels soft. (adj)2.某些用來表示主語內在品質或性能的不及物動詞,如shut; open; move; read; write; se

24、ll; wash; clean; catch; draw; cut; photograph等The book sells well. (adv)3.某些表”發生(happen/take place), 爆發(break out) 和傳播(spread)”的不及物動詞4.某些可用于”主謂主補(adj)”結構中的不及物動詞,如wear; blow等This material has worn thin.The door blew open.5.不定式作定語與被修飾名詞構成動賓關系時 He had an important meeting to attend.6.在beadjto doEnglish

25、 is difficult to learn.7. be to blame/seek/letThe house is to let.這房子是要出租的.The cause is not far to seek.原因不難找到.I felt I was to blame, too.我覺得我也應受責備.8.sth. need/want/require doing9.be worth doing4.時間狀語-ing On arriving in Paris, they called at the wine shop. Having received their final medical check,

26、the astronauts boarded their spacecraft.在接受最后的身體檢查后,宇航員邊登上了太空船.(The astronauts received their final medical check.B. 過去分詞Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.發現這個句子譯成英文后詞序完全不同了（The sentence was translated into English.)與連詞連用Once published, the book

27、 caused a remarkable stir.轟動John, dont speak until spoken to.5.方式，伴隨情況或附加說明狀語-ingHe came running back to tell us the news.他跑著回來告訴我們這個消息Some students came into the classroom, following Mr. Zhang.He stopped as if remembering something. 與連詞連用B.過去分詞Mr. Zhang came into the classroom, followed by a group

28、of students.6.程度狀語A.不定式（修飾形容詞）用主動式表被動The sentence is difficult to understand.B.-ing放在具有相關意義的形容詞之前作強調 freezing(冰凍似的)/biting(刺骨的) cold burning/boiling/steaming hot soaking(濕透的) wet dazzling(耀眼的) white dead drunk; wide open; bright red tearing(心碎的，激烈的) angryC.過去分詞damned pretty 美死了7.條件狀語-ingPlaying all

29、day, you will waste your valuable time.B. 過去分詞Given more time, we could do it much better.If left alone on a desert island(荒島), what would you do first?8.讓步狀語ing Granting this to be true, we cannot explain it.B. 過去分詞Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.Even if invited,

30、I wont go.With復合結構With a lot of things to buy, she hurried to the supermarket.With a lot of things bought, she left the supermarket.The old man sat there, with his dog sleeping beside him.He sat there on the sofa, (with) a map spread on his knees.He lay there, (with) his hands crossed behind his head.He walked into the room, with his head held high.常見錯誤:無依著分詞結構When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.Rushing out of the house, a lorry knocked me over. Rushi